| 单词 | 翻译 |
| 释义 | 〔quicklime〕lime [lime] translation of Latin calx vīva calx [lime] vīva [live] * see lime 3lime [生石灰] 拉丁语 calx vīva的翻译 calx [石灰] vīva [天然的] * 参见 lime3〔Ecclesiastes〕from Greek Ekklēsiastēs [preacher] translation of Hebrew Qoholeth 源自 希腊语 Ekklēsiastēs [牧师] 希伯来语 Qoholeth的翻译 〔cockatrice〕from calx calc- [heel] translation of Greek ikhneumōn [tracker] * see ichneumon 源自 calx calc- [在后紧随] 希腊语 ikhneumōn的翻译 [追捕者] * 参见 ichneumon〔buckbean〕Translation of Flemish bocks boonen [goat's beans] 佛兰芒语 bocks boonen的翻译 [山羊的豆子] 〔Chapman〕English writer, dramatist, and translator noted for his translations of Homer'sIliad (1598-1611) and Odyssey (1616). 查普曼，乔治：(1559?-1634) 英国作家、戏剧家和翻译家，以其翻译的荷马史诗《伊利亚特》 （1598-1611年）和 《奥德赛》 （1616年）而闻名 〔byword〕translation of Latin prōverbium 拉丁语 prōverbium的翻译 〔quicksilver〕seolfor [silver] translation of Latin argentum vīvum * see silver seolfor [银] 拉丁语 argentum vīvum的翻译 * 参见 silver〔Schlegel〕German scholar who wrote influential criticism, translated several Shakespearean works, and composed poetry. He also edited a literary magazine with his brotherFriedrich (1772-1829), a philosopher, poet, and critic whose essays formed the intellectual basis of German romanticism. 席雷格尔，奥古斯特·威廉·冯：(1767-1845) 德国学者，著有具有影响性的评论文章，翻译过数部莎士比亚的作品，并作有诗歌。他还与他兄弟弗里德里奇 (1772-1829年）共同编辑一本文学杂志。弗里德里奇是一位哲学家、诗人和批评家，其文章构成了德国浪漫主义的唯智论基础 〔dub〕To insert a new soundtrack, often a synchronized translation of the original dialogue, into (a film).配音：在（电影）中插入一条新声道，一般是原对话的同步翻译〔czar〕The wordczar can also be spelled tsar. Czar is the most common form in American usageand virtually the only one employed in the extended senses "any tyrant" or informally, "one in authority.”Buttsar is preferred by most scholars of Slavic studies as a more accurate transliteration of the Russian and is often found in scholarly writing with reference to one of the Russian emperors.单词czar 也能拼写为 tsar。 Czar 是最普遍的美国用法，并且实际上是唯一引申为“任何独裁者”或者非正式指“当权者”的词语。但是tsar 是大多数斯拉夫语研究学者更多地用作俄语的更加正确的翻译， 并且经常在学术文章中指其中的一位沙皇〔predicament〕from Late Latin praedicāmentum translation of Greek katēgoria 源自 后期拉丁语 praedicāmentum 希腊语 katēgoria的翻译 〔notwithstanding〕Middle English notwithstandinge translation of Medieval Latin nōn obstante * see non obstante 中古英语 notwithstandinge 中世纪拉丁语 nōn obstante的翻译 * 参见 non obstante〔Bushman〕Translation of Afrikaans boschjeman 南非荷兰语 boschjeman的翻译 〔sheatfish〕sheath translation of German Scheide [sheathfish] sheath 德语 Scheide的翻译 [六须鲇] 〔calcspar〕Partial translation of Swedish kalkspat 瑞典语 kalkspat的部分翻译 〔potpourri〕French pot pourri translation of Spanish olla podrida * see olla podrida 法语 pot pourri 西班牙语 olla podrida的翻译 * 参见 olla podrida〔nonstandard〕The termnonstandard was introduced by linguists and lexicographers to describe usages and language varieties that had previously been labeled with terms such as vulgar and illiterate. Nonstandardis not simply a euphemism but reflects the empirical discoverythat the varieties used by low-prestige groups have rich and systematic grammatical structuresand that their stigmatization more often reflects a judgment about their speakersrather than any inherent deficiencies in logic or expressive power.Note, however, that the use of nonstandard forms is not necessarily restricted to the communities with which they are associated in the public mind.Many educated speakers freely use forms such ascan't hardly or ain't I to set a popular or informal tone. · Some dictionaries use the termsubstandard to describe forms, such asain't, associated with uneducated speech, while reservingnonstandard for forms such as irregardless, which are common in writingbut are still regarded by many as uneducated.Butsubstandard is itself susceptible of disparaging interpretation, and most linguists and lexicographers now use onlynonstandard, the practice followed in this Dictionary.词条nonstandard 被语言学家和词典编辑人引进用来描述以前已被词条，例如 vulgar 和 illiterate归类的用法和语言种类。 Nonstandand不只是委婉的说法， 而且反映了凭经验得到的发现：被具有权威的群体所用的语种有丰富而且系统的语法结构，而且这些误解被轻蔑描绘更经常地反映了对其说话者的判断，而不是对任何天生的逻辑和表达力的缺乏。然而，要注意，非标准语形式的运用并不必要限制于在公众心目中与其所联系的团体。许多受过教育的说话者自由地用这些形式如can't hardly 或者 ain't I 说流行或非正式的句子。 有些字典用substandard 来描述此类形式， 如ain't， 并与未受教育的言语相联系， 而同时保留nonstandard 用来形容 irregardless 这一类形式， 这些形式普遍用于写作中，但仍被许多人认为是未受教育的用法。但是substandard 本身很容易引起贬低含义的翻译， 大多数语言学家和词典编辑现在只用nonstandard， 在此词典后边有练习〔version〕A translation from another language.翻译：另一种语言的翻译〔Sacajawea〕Shoshone guide and interpreter who accompanied (1805-1806) the Lewis and Clark Expedition.萨卡加维亚：随路易斯和科拉克探险队探险且任导游和翻译(1805-1806年）的肖肖尼族人〔cinquefoil〕foil [leaf] translation of Old French quintefeuille from Latin quīnquefolium translation of Greek pentaphullon * see foil 2foil [叶] 古法语 quintefeuille的翻译 源自 拉丁语 quīnquefolium 希腊语 pentaphullon的翻译 * 参见 foil2〔nonego〕Translation of German Nichtich 德语 Nichtich的翻译 〔sunbeam〕The period of European history from the 5th to the 11th century,although often called the Dark Ages,in fact did much to preserve and extend the light of civilization.One of the relatively minor contributions of the time, albeit a fortunate one for us, is the addition of the wordsunbeam to the English language. The word is believed to have entered English in the 9th century through the work of the English king Alfred the Great. A scholar as well as a king, Alfred undertook a number of translations of great Latin writings,rendering them into the English of his time, now known as Old English.Among the works translated during Alfred's reign was a store of narratives and information about England's earliest connections with the Church,called theHistoria Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum, or The Ecclesiastical History of the English People, a work composed by the Venerable Bede. Several times in his book Bede uses the Latin phrasecolumna lucis, which we would today translate as "a column of light.”Since the Old English translator did not have the wordcolumn in his vocabulary, he substituted the word beam, which meant "a tree" or "a building post made from a tree.”Columna lucis thus became sunnebeām, or "sun post,” which survives as our sunbeam. Ifsunbeam is perhaps a less stately expression than "column of light,” it has nevertheless served us well. From it the wordbeam alone came to mean "a ray or rays of light"; it subsequently became a verb meaning "to radiate.”It now allows us not only to beam with pride or happinessbut also to beam our broadcasts to other countries and ourselves, as some would have it, through space.Column would never do. 欧洲历史上从5世纪到11世纪这段时期，尽管经常成为黑暗的年代，但为保存和发展文明之光做了很多努力。这个时期相对不太重要的贡献之一，但对我们来说 十分幸运的就是阳光光束 这个单词加进了英语语言中。 人们相信这个词是通过英格兰国王阿尔费雷德大帝的努力于9世纪进入英语的。阿尔费雷德不仅是位国王，他还是位学者，他着手翻译了许多部重要的拉丁文作品，他将它们译成他那个时代的英文，即现在所说的古英语。在阿尔费雷德统治时期翻译的作品中，有一部有关于英格兰与教会的最早联系的丰富叙述和信息，书名是Historia Ecclesiastic Gentis Anglorum 或 The Ecclesiastical History of the English People （英国人民的基督教历史），作者是尊敬的比德。 在这本书中，比德数次使用了拉丁文短语columna hucis ， 今天我们将其译为“一束阳光”。因为古英语翻译家在他所掌握的词汇中还没有column （柱子）这个词，所以他用 beam 这个词代替， 当时的意思是“树”或“用树做成的建筑物的支柱”。Columna lucis 就这样成了 sunnebeam 或“光束”， 它以 sunbeam 的形式存在。 或许sunbeam（阳光光束） 这种表达方法不如“光柱”这么堂皇，但是它很合我们用。 由此，beam 这个词单独也可作“一束光或多束光”讲， 而且它逐渐地变成了动词，意思是“发射，发光”。现在我们不仅可以说因骄傲或幸福而散发光彩，还可以说通过大气向其它国家和我们自己广播，如果他们进行的话。Column 可不行 〔masterpiece〕Probably translation of Dutch meesterstuk 可能为 荷兰语 meesterstuk的翻译 〔tenuis〕New Latin translation of Greek psilos 新拉丁语 希腊语 psilos的翻译 〔translative〕Relating to or used in the translation of a language.翻译的：与翻译语言相关的，用于翻译语言的〔supertitle〕A written translation of the dialogue or lyrics of a foreign-language performance of an opera or a choral work, for example, shown on a screen above the performers. Also called surtitle 字幕：有关外语歌剧或合唱作品之对话部分或抒情诗的书面翻译，如显示在屏幕中演员之上的字幕 也作 surtitle〔dragoman〕An interpreter or guide in countries where Arabic, Turkish, or Persian is spoken.翻译，导游：讲阿拉伯语、土耳其语或波斯语的国家的翻译或导游〔candy〕translation of Old French sucre candi 古法语 sucre candi的翻译 〔wintergreen〕Translation of Dutch wintergroen 荷兰语 wintergroen的翻译 〔war〕A piece of liverwurst may perhaps help us gain some insight into the nature of war,at least into the semantic history of the wordwar. War and the -wurst part of liverwurst can be traced back to the same Indo-European root, wers-, "to confuse, mix up.” In the Germanic family of the Indo-European languages,this root gave rise to several words having to do with confusion or mixture of various kinds.In the case of the ancestry ofwar, the hypothetical Germanic stem .werza-, "confusion,” became .werra-, which passed into Old French, a language descended from spoken Latin but supplemented by more than 200 words borrowed from the Frankish invaders of the 5th century.From the Germanic stem came both the formwerre in Old North French, the form borrowed into English in the 12th century, and guerre (the source of guerilla ) in the rest of the Old French-speaking area. Both forms meant "war,” a very confused condition indeed.Meanwhile another Indo-European form derived from the same Indo-European root had developed into Old High Germanwurst, meaning "sausage,” from an underlying sense of "mixture,” which is, of course, related to the sense of the root "to confuse, mix up.”Modern Germanwurst was borrowed into English in the 19th century, first by itself (recorded in 1855) and then as part of the wordliverwurst (1869), the liver being a translation of Germanleber in leberwurst. 一块肝肠也许会帮助我们对战争的性质增加些认识，至少可了解war这一词的语义史。 War和 liverwurst 的一部分 -wurst 可以追溯到同一印欧语系词根 wers- “使迷惑，混杂”。 在印欧语系中的日耳曼语系中，该词根造出了好几个与迷惑或各种东西的混合物有关的词语。在war 的词源一例中，假定的日耳曼语词干 werza- “迷惑”变成了 werra- ， 又传入了来自拉丁语口语的古法语中，但是又附加了由5世纪法兰克侵略者带来的200多个单词。从日耳曼语词干中，既产生了古老的北部法语中的werre (12世纪该词传入英语），又产生了其它讲古法语地区的人用的 guerre ( guerilla 的词源）。 两个形式都表示“战争”，一个的确很糟糕的局面。同时，另一个从相同的印欧语系词根派生来的印欧语形式发展成了旧高地德语wurst “香肠”， 这是从其潜含义“混合物”而来的，“混合物”显然与“使困惑，混杂”的词根的含义有关。现代德语中的wurst 于19世纪传入英语中， 首先是它的独立形式（记载于1855年），然后是liverwurst 的一部分(1869年）， “肝”这层含义是由德语leberwurst 中的 leber 翻译而来 〔bridgehead〕Translation of French tête de pont 法语 tête de pont的翻译 〔render〕To express in another language or form; translate.翻译：用另一种语言或形式进行表达；翻译〔superman〕Translation of German Übermensch 德语 Übermensch的翻译 〔pastime〕translation of French passe temps 法语 passe temps的翻译 〔dative〕from Latin (cāsus) datīvus [(case) of giving] translation of Greek dotikē (ptōsis) 源自 拉丁语 (cāsus) datīvus [给予的（格）] 希腊语 dotikē (ptōsis) 的翻译 〔metaphrase〕from metaphrazein [to translate] 源自 metaphrazein [翻译] 〔dragoman〕from Akkadian targumānu [interpreter] 源自 阿卡德语 targumānu [翻译] 〔sundew〕Obsolete Dutch sondauw translation of Latin rōs sōlis [dew of the sun] 已废荷兰语 sondauw 拉丁语 rōs sōlis的翻译 [太阳的露水] 〔translate〕To render in another language.翻译：翻译成另一种语言〔goatsucker〕Translation of Greek aigothēlas 希腊语 aigothēlas的翻译 |
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