| 单词 | 马歇尔 |
| 释义 | 〔Eniwetok〕An atoll in the Ralik Chain of the Marshall Islands in the west-central Pacific Ocean. It was the site of U.S. atomic tests from 1948 to 1954.艾尼威多克：美国在太平洋中西部马歇尔群岛的拉里克环岛中的一个环礁小岛，是美国1948-1954年间原子弹试验基地〔Beveridge〕American politician and historian. A U.S. senator from Indiana (1899-1911), he is best known for his historical works, most notablyThe Life of John Marshall (1916-1919). 贝弗里奇，阿尔贝特·杰里迈亚：(1862-1927) 美国政治家和历史学家，来自印第安纳州的美国参议员（1899-1911年）。以其历史著作最为闻名，最著名的是《约翰·马歇尔的一生》 （1916-1919年） 〔Truman〕The 33rd President of the United States (1945-1953). He authorized the use of the atomic bomb against Japan (1945), implemented the Marshall Plan (1948), initiated the establishment of NATO (1949), and ordered U.S. involvement in the Korean War (1950-1953).杜鲁门，哈里S.：(1884-1972) 美国第33任总统(1945-1953年）。他授权对日本使用原子弹(1945年），施行了马歇尔计划(1948年），发起建立了北约组织(1949年），并命令美国加入朝鲜战争(1950-1953年）〔sarcastic〕"a deserved reputation for sarcastic, acerbic and uninhibited polemics" (Burke Marshall).“他的臭名应该得到极为讽刺的、尖酸的和无限制的攻击” （伯克·马歇尔）。〔Enewetak〕An atoll in the Ralik Chain of the Marshall Islands in the west-central Pacific Ocean. It was the site of U.S. atomic tests from 1948 to 1954.恩内威塔克：西太平洋马歇尔群岛罗立克炼上的环礁，1948到1954年被美国用来当作原子弹试爆场〔explain〕"We must never forget that it is aconstitution we are expounding" (John Marshall). “我们永远不应忘记那是宪法 ，对此我们正在加以解释” （约翰·马歇尔）。 〔McLuhan〕Canadian cultural critic and communications theorist who maintained that the method of communicating information has more influence on the public than the information itself. His books includeThe Medium is the Message (1967). 麦克卢恩，（赫伯特）马歇尔：(1911-1980) 加拿大文化批评家、传播理论学家。他认为传播信息的手段在公众身上产生的影响比信息本身还要大。他的著作包括《媒介即信息》 （1967年） 〔Harlan〕American jurist. As an associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (1877-1911) he was known for his outspoken dissenting opinions. His grandsonJohn Marshall Harlan (1899-1971) also served as an associate justice of the Court (1955-1971). 哈伦，约翰·马歇尔：(1833-1911) 美国法理学家，作为一名美国最高法院（1877-1911年）的助理法官他以直言不讳地发表反对意见而出名，他的孙子约翰·马歇尔·哈兰 （1899-1971年）也是最高法庭的一名助理法官（1955-1971年） 〔Acheson〕American statesman who promoted the Marshall Plan and helped establish NATO.艾奇逊，迪安·古德哈姆：(1893-1971) 美国政治家，促进了马歇尔计划的实施，帮助了北大西洋公约组织的建立〔marshal〕Hard-riding marshals of the Wild West in pursuit of criminalsreemphasize the relationship of the wordmarshal with horses. The Germanic ancestor of our wordmarshal is a compound made up of .marhaz, "horse" (related to the source of our word mare ), and .skalkaz, "servant,” meaning as a whole literally "horse servant,”hence "groom.”The Frankish descendant of this Germanic word,.marahskalk, starting from these humble beginnings, came to designate a high royal official and also a high military commander, not surprisingly so, given the importance of the horse in medieval warfare.The word passed into the period (beginning in 800) in which we speak of Old French, after the Franks and their Germanic language had been fused with the surrounding culture descended from Roman Gaul.When the Normans established a French-speaking official class in England,the Old French word came with them.The Middle English source of our word is first recorded as a surname in 1218 (and the surname Marshal, now spelled Marshall, has been held by some famous people),but it is first recorded as a common noun with the sense "high officer of the royal court" in the first English language proclamation (1258) by an English king, Henry III, after the Norman Conquest.Marshal was applied to this high royal official's deputies, who were officers of courts of law,and the word continued to designate various officials involved with courts of law and law enforcement,including the horseback-riding marshals we are familiar with in the United States.西部荒野骑着马对罪犯紧追不舍的警长形象，再次强调了marshal 这个词与马之间的联系。 我们这个单词marshal 的日耳曼语原形是一个由 marhaz “马”（与 mare 的语源相关）和 skalkaz “仆人，佣人”组成的合成词， 字面意思是“马的仆人”，也就是后来的“马夫”。这个日耳曼词的法兰克语的演变marahskalk 从最初卑微的含义演变到特指高级王室官员及高级军事将领， 不仅如此，在中世纪的战场上马也被提升到了重要地位。在法兰克人和他们所说的日耳曼语一起融入周围的罗马高卢人文化之后，这个词进入了我们讲古法语的时代（开始于800年）。当诺曼底人在英格兰建立了一个讲法语的官员阶层之后，古法语里的这个词便随之而来。该词在中世纪英语中最早于1218年作为一个姓氏被记录下来（一些著名人士的姓马歇尔，现在的拼写法为Marshall)，但作为指“王室的高级官员”的普通名词，它最早出现于英国王亨利三世在诺曼征服之后做的一篇英文公告(1258年）。在此文中Marshal 用于指高级王室官员的代表， 也就是司法官员。该词涉及法律和法律实施的不同官员的含义延续了下来，其中就包括我们所熟悉的美国西部骑在马背上的警长〔healthy〕"a broad grin on his ugly wholesome face" (Archibald Marshall). “他丑陋但气色很好的脸上露出灿烂的笑容” （阿尔奇伯德·马歇尔）。 〔reflexive〕"a bid for . . . reflexive left-wing approval"(Marshall Delaney)“发表对自发左翼的认可”(马歇尔·德莱尼)〔decide〕"If two laws conflict with each other, the courts must decide on the operation of each" (John Marshall). “如果两条法律相互之间有冲突，那么法院必须跟据每条法律的实施情况来做出选择” （约翰·马歇尔）。 〔Field〕American merchant who organized Marshall Field and Company, the largest wholesale and retail dry goods establishment of the late 1800's.菲尔德，马歇尔：(1834-1906) 美国商人，创建了马歇尔商店和公司，该公司是19世纪末最大的干货批发及零售企业〔Nirenberg〕American biochemist. He shared a 1968 Nobel Prize for the study of genetic codes.尼伦伯格，马歇尔·沃伦：(生于 1927) 美国生物化学家，因为遗传密码的研究而获1968年的诺贝尔奖 |
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