| 单词 | 记述 |
| 释义 | 〔travel〕An account of one's journeys.游记：对某人游历的记述〔Hone〕American diarist and public official. HisDiary (first published in 1889) gives a valuable account of New York City life and politics between 1828 and 1851. 霍恩，菲利普：(1780-1851) 美国日记作者和官员。他的《日记》 （1889年初版）对1828年至1851年纽约市的生活和政治进行了很有价值的记述 〔hopefully〕And though this use ofhopefully may have been a vogue word when it first gained currency 30 years ago, it has long since lost any taint of jargon or pretentiousness for the general reader.The well-attested acceptance of the usage reflects an implicit popular recognition of its usefulness;there is no precise substitute.Someone who saysHopefully, the treaty will be ratified makes a hopeful prediction about the fate of the treaty,whereas someone who saysI hope (or We hope or It is hoped ) the treaty will be ratified expresses a bald statement about what is desired. Only the latter could be continued with a clause such asbut it isn't likely. · It might have been expected, then, that the initial flurry of objections tohopefully would have subsided once the usage became well established. Instead, increased currency of the usage appears only to have made the critics more adamant.In the 1969 Usage Panel survey the usage was acceptable to 44 percent of the Panel;in the most recent survey it was acceptable to only 27 percent.(By contrast, 60 percent accepted the analogous use ofmercifully in the sentence Mercifully, the game ended before the opponents could add another touchdown to the lopsided score. ) Yet the Panel has not shown any signs of becoming generally more conservative:in the very same survey panelists were disposed to accept once-vilified usagessuch as the employment ofcontact and host as verbs. · It seems that this use ofhopefully has been made a litmus test, which distinguishes writers who take an active interest in questions of grammar or usage from the great mass of people who keep their own linguistic counsel.No one can be blamed who useshopefully in blithe ignorance of the critics' disdain for it, since the rule could not be derived from any general concern for clarity or precision.But writers who are aware of the critical controversy face a more delicate decision.Some will simply flout the rule,seeing no reason that they should be deprived of a useful construction.Others may choose to avoid the usage,whether they are motivated by discretion or civility. ·Like other sentence adverbs such asbluntly and happily, hopefully may occasionally be ambiguous. In the sentenceHopefully, the company has launched a new venture, the word hopefully might be construed as describing the point of view of either the speaker or the subject. Such ambiguities can be resolved either by repositioning the adverb (as inThe company has launched the new venture hopefully ) or by choosing a paraphrase ( One may hope that the company has launched the new venture ). 尽管hopefully 的这一用法在30年前首次通用的时候曾是个时兴词， 但对于广大读者来说它早已失去了俚语或矫饰的色彩。屡经证实的对这一用法的接受反映了对其实用性的普遍默认；而且并不存在其他精确的代用词。有人如果说但愿条约能被批准 ， 便是对条约的命运作了充满希望的预测，反之如果有人说我希望 （或 我们希望 或 希望 ) 条约将会被批准 则表达了对其期望之物的大胆声明。 只有后者可以接从句象但这不大可能 。 也许我们本可以期待当这一用法已变得根深蒂固之后， 对hopefully 的一片反对声可稍事平息。 然而，这一用法的流行似乎反而使批评家们更为坚定。在1969年用法调查使用小组的调查中44%的成员接受这一用法；在最近一次的调查中却只有27%的成员接受。（相比之下，60%的人接受mercifully 在句子 幸好，在对手能够给这一边倒的比分再加上一分之前，比赛就结束了 中的类似用法） 但是并没有任何迹象表明调查小组成员正在普遍变得更保守：在同一次调查中小组成员们倾向于接受被一度废除的某些用法，如把contact 和 host 用作动词看来。 似乎hopefully 的用法已经成了一块试金石， 它把对语法和用法怀有浓厚兴趣的作家和保留着他们自己的语言学顾问的广大民众区分开来。那些全然忽视批评家们的蔑视使用hopefully 的人不该受到指责， 因为规则并不来源于任何对清晰和精确的关注。但是意识到了批评界争议的作者们面对着一个更为微妙的决定。有些人干脆违反规则，他们认为没有理由要失去这么一个实用的结构。另外一些人则选择避免这一用法，无论其动机是出于谨慎还是出于礼貌。象许多其它句中副词如bluntly 和 happily一样，hopefully 经常出现歧义。 在下句 Hopefully, the company has launched a new venture 中， hopefully 一词可以解释为记述说话者的观点或者句中主语的观点。 这种歧义可以通过调换副词位置（如公司已经满怀希望地到办了一个新企业 )或选择另一种说法( 有人希望这个公司已经创办了一个新企业 )来消除 〔ferninst〕Ferninst, meaning "opposite, next to, against,” has been attributed to Irish English, brought over during the peak years of Irish immigration to the United States in the mid-19th century. However, other, earlier citations with various spellings date further back: "I walked with them to a room nearly fornent the old state-house" (Davy Crockett). These variant forms are traceable to the American colonial period, when the source of ferninst was probably Scotland or other parts of the British Isles. The term is now dying out; Craig M. Carver, in his book American Regional Dialects, reports that "only nine [ DARE ] informants, all well over sixty-five years of age, used this term.” A derived noun ferninster, meaning "someone who is deliberately contrary,” is also used: "The trouble with the Republican leaders in Congress . . . is that they are just ferninsters" (William Allen White). Ferninst 的意思是“在…对面、附近或旁边，”该词曾被认为属于爱尔兰英语，是19世纪中期爱尔兰人迁移到美国的高峰期带来的。然而，其它或更早的不同拼写的引证可追溯到更远： “我和他们走到几乎正对着那个旧客舱的一个屋子里” （戴维克·罗克特）。这些不同的形式可追溯到美国殖民时期， ferninst 的起源可能是苏格兰或英国小岛的其他部分。这个词条现在消失了；克瑞格·M·卡文，在他的书 美国地区方言 中记述了“仅九个[ 美国方言 资料提供者，年纪都已过了六十五岁，用这个词条”。派生的名词 ferninster， 意思是“故意相反的人，”也用于： 共和党领导在议会中的麻烦…是因为他们只是些自相矛盾的人 （威廉·艾伦·怀特） 〔odyssey〕After the Odyssey a Homeric epic recounting the wanderings of Odysseus after the fall of Troy 源自 Odyssey ，荷马史诗中记述了奥德修斯在特洛伊失败后的漂泊生活 〔Piozzi〕British writer whose booksAnecdotes of the Late Samuel Johnson (1786) and Letters to and from the Late Samuel Johnson (1788) recount her friendship with the famed lexicographer. 皮奥齐，赫思特·林奇：(1741-1821) 英国作家，她的作品《已故塞缪尔·约翰逊博士的生活轶事》 （1786年）和 《已故塞缪尔·约翰逊博士的书信》 （1788年）记述了她与这位著名的辞典编撰家的友情 〔consideration〕A treatment or account:描述：一段描述或记述：〔life〕An account of a person's life; a biography.传记：某人生活的记述；传记〔account〕A narrative or record of events.记述，报告：一叙述事件或事件的记录〔Odyssey〕The younger of the two surviving ancient Greek epic poems, traditionally ascribed to Homer but containing much orally transmitted material composed over several centuries, and concerning the adventures and ordeals of the Greek warrior Odysseus after the fall of Troy as he struggles to return home and reestablish himself as king of Ithaca.奥德赛：古希腊两本仅存史诗中较新的一部，始于荷马记述但也合并了历代口耳相传的故事内容，描写希腊战士奥德赛在特洛伊城陷后如何挣扎奋斗以返回家园并夺回伊萨基王位所经历的冒险与考验〔Conti〕Italian merchant and traveler who left vivid accounts of his 30-year exploration of southern Asia.笛昆蒂，尼克尔德：(15世纪) 意大利商人及旅行家，他写有关于自己在南亚30年探险生活的生动记述〔Cummings〕American writer. Best known for his lyrical and typographically eccentric poetry, he also wroteThe Enormous Room (1922), an account of his imprisonment in France during World War I. 卡明斯，爱德华·埃斯特林：(1894-1962) 美国作家。以其抒情的而又印刷怪异的诗歌著称，他还写了《巨大的房间》 （1922年），这是关于他在第一次世界大战期间被囚禁在法国的记述 〔phytography〕The science of plant description; descriptive botany.记述植物学，植物分类学：植物描述的科学；植物分类学〔Mandeville〕Dutch-born British physician, philosopher, and satirist whose major work,The Fable of the Bees (1714), depicts all activity as being motivated by self-interest. 曼德维尔，伯纳德：(1670?-1733) 荷兰裔英国的医生、哲学家和讽刺作家，其主要著作《蜜蜂寓言》 （1714年），记述了为利己主义所驱动而作出的所有活动 〔Maitland〕British jurist and historian noted for his many works on the history of English law.梅特兰，弗雷德里克·威廉：(1850-1906) 英国法学家和历史学家，以其众多记述英国法律历史的著作而著称〔sedimentology〕The science that deals with the description, classification, and origin of sedimentary rock.沉积学：研究沉积岩的记述、分类和来源的科学〔memorabilia〕a book containing the memorabilia of a life in the theater.一本记述了戏剧生涯中难忘经历的书〔annals〕A descriptive account or record; a history:记述，记载；历史：〔Suetonius〕Roman historian whose major work,Lives of the Caesars, is an account of the lives of the first 12 Roman emperors. 苏埃托尼乌斯：罗马历史学家，主要著作《恺撒生平》 ,记述了前12个罗马皇帝的生平 〔Troas〕An ancient region of northwest Asia Minor surrounding the city of Troy. It formed the setting for the events recounted in theIliad. 特洛阿斯：小亚细亚西北部的一个古代地区，环绕着特洛伊城。它成为《伊利亚特》 中记述的事件的发生地 〔fix〕fix a misspelling; fix the out-of-date accounts.改正拼写错误；修改过时的记述〔Tacitus〕Roman public official and historian whose two greatest works,Histories and Annals, concern the period from the death of Augustus ( a.d. 14) to the death of Domitian (96). 塔西佗，普布留斯·科内利乌斯：() 古罗官员和历史学家，他的两部最伟大的著作，《历史》 和 《编年史》 ，记述了从奥古斯都之死( 公元 14年）到多米西安之死（96年）这期间的史实 |
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