| 单词 | 看上去 |
| 释义 | 〔towardly〕Appearing likely to succeed; promising.看上去象要成功的；很有希望的〔continual〕Interminable refers to what is or seems to be endlessand is often applied to something prolonged and wearisome: Interminable 表示没完没了的或看上去没完没了的东西，常指延续时间很长且令人厌倦的事物： 〔proceed〕looked surprised, then proceeded to roar with laughter.看上去很吃惊，然后开始大笑不止〔wherever〕He seems to make enemies wherever he goes.他看上去走到哪儿敌人就树到哪儿〔know〕To perceive as familiar; recognize:察觉，认得：看上去觉得熟悉；认识：〔demoniac〕One who is or seems to be possessed by a demon.着魔的人：被（或看上去象被）魔鬼控制的人〔none〕The jeans looked none the better for having been washed.因为已被洗过，那件牛仔衣无法看上去更好〔ugly〕The central meaning shared by these adjectives is "offensive to the sense of sight": 这些形容词共有的中心意思是“看上去令人讨厌的”： 〔mimic〕an insect that mimics a twig.看上去象一根小树枝的昆虫〔mill〕"A crowd of school children milled about on the curb looking scared"(Anne Tyler)“一群小学生在路边四处奔跑，看上去象受了惊吓”(安妮·泰勒)〔impact〕Each generation of critics seems to select one particular usage to stand as the emblem of what they view as linguistic crassness.Thirty years ago it was the use ofcontact as a verb, but opposition to that form has more or less disappeared,and attention now focuses on the verbal use ofimpact meaning "have an effect, affect.” Eighty-four percent of the Usage Panel disapproves of the constructionto impact on, as in the phrasesocial pathologies, common to the inner city, that impact heavily on such a community; and fully 95 percent disapproves of the use ofimpact as a transitive verb in the sentence Companies have used disposable techniques that have a potential for impacting our health. But even these figures do not reflect the degree of distaste with which critics view the usage:in their comments some Panelists labeled the usage as "bureaucratic,” "pretentious,” "vile,” and "a vulgarism.” ·It may be that the particular pretentiousness associated with the verbal use ofimpact is caused by its derivation from an already questionable metaphoric use of the noun impact, as in phrases such asthe political impact of the decision or the impact of the program on the community, in which no more is usually meant than might have been expressed by effects or consequences. But thoughimpact may have begun life a generation ago as an inflated substitute for "affect significantly,” it has by now become so common in corporate and institutional contexts that younger speakers appear to regard it as wholly standard and straightforward usage.Within a few years, accordingly,the usage is likely to be no more objectionable thancontact is now, since it will no longer betray any particular pretentiousness on the part of those who use it.See Usage Note at contact 每一代的批评家好象都挑了一个特别的用法作为他们认为的语言上的愚蠢行为的象征。三十年以前是contact 作为动词的用法， 但是对这种形式的反对或多或少已经消失了，注意力现在集中到了impact 意思为“有不好的影响、影响”的动词用法上。 用法专题小组成员中百分之八十四不同意to impact on 的结构， 如在短语对内城区来说很普通的社会病理学，对这样一个社区产生了很大影响的 当中； 百分之九十五的成员完全不同意impact 在句子 公司已经使用了可能会对我们的健康产生不良影响的易处理技术 中当作及物动词来使用。 但是即使是这些数字也没有反映出批评家们对这种用法厌恶的程度：在他们的评论当中有些成员把这种用法说成是“官僚主义的”、“装腔作势的”，“可耻的”，还说这是“粗鄙的语言。”也许和impact 的动词用法有关联的虚饰成份是由于它是从名词 impact 的一个早有争议的比喻用法衍变而来造成的。 如在短语这个决定在政治上的影响 或者 这个计划对公众的影响 中它的意思并没有比用 effects 或者 consequences 表达出来的意思要多。 尽管impact 作为“明显地影响”的夸大了的替代可能在一代人之前开始产生， 但是现在的年轻一代使用者看上去把它当成了完全标准的、直接的用法，这在共同的和惯例的文章中已经很普遍了。相应地在几年内，这种用法很有可能不比今天的contact 更引起反对， 因为对于那些使用它的人来说这不会再显得有点矫揉造作了 参见 contact〔heave〕To rise or seem to rise over the horizon into view, as a ship.看见，出现：出现或看上去要出现在地平线进入视野，如一条船〔juggernaut〕"It doesn't assume that people need necessarily remain passive when confronted by what appears to be the juggernaut of history"(Christopher Lehmann-Haupt)“它并不想当然地认为，人们在面对看上去是势不可挡的历史潮流的事物时必定会保持消极顺从的态度”(克里斯托弗·莱曼—豪普特)〔pocketbook〕The link between the senses "billfold, purse,” and "pocket-sized book" of the wordpocketbook can be clarified with a little historical information. The compound is first recorded in 1617 in the sense of "a small book designed to be carried in a pocket.”It is only recently that such books have looked like the paperbound books we are familiar with;these early paperbacks were bound like any book but were smaller in size.The next recorded use ofpocketbook (1685) is again for a book designed to fit in the pocket but this time used for notes or memoranda.The same word was then applied to a case that was shaped like a bookand in which money or papers could be kept.Finally, the wordpocketbook was transferred to yet another container for keeping things, a purse or handbag,rarely fitting in the pocketand not necessarily shaped like a book.Pocketbook 一词的两种词义“钱夹，手袋”和“口袋大小的书”之间的关联通过一点历史知识予以澄清。 这一复合词在1617年被首次记录为“被设计放在口袋里携带的一本小书”的意思。只是到不久前这种书看上去才象我们所熟悉的纸质封皮的书籍；这些早期的纸皮书装订得除了大尺寸上小点之外与其它书都一样。Pocketbook (1685年）的下一个记录下来的用法又是指设计的以适合口袋大小的书， 但这次它却被用来做笔记或便笺。这一词后来又被用来指定形为本书一样的盒子，并且里面可以存放钱或纸张。最后，pocketbook 这个词又转指另一种存放物品的容纳物， 比如一只手袋或手提包，它很少会放得进口袋，形状也不一定象书。〔trick〕"Mimicry is the trick by which a moth or other defenseless insect comes to look like a wasp"(Marston Bates)“拟态是飞蛾或其他无防御手段的昆虫具有的使自己看上去象一只黄蜂的特点”(马斯顿·贝茨)〔superman〕Overman and Beyondman hardly seem likely names for a superhero, but perhapsOverman might be "leaping tall buildings at a single bound" had the German word Übermensch been translated differently than it was. However, Nietzsche's term for the ideal superior man was translated into English assuperman, first recorded in a work by George Bernard Shaw published in 1903. Such a term comes to us through a process called loan translation, or calque formation,whereby the semantic components of a word or phrase in one language are literally translated into their equivalents in another language,GermanÜbermensch, made up of über, "super-,” and Mensch, "man,” thus becoming superman. Becauseüber- can also be translated "beyond" and "over,” we also findoverman and beyondman as calques for the word Übermensch, but they did not take root.Shaw, in a letter written before 1917, noted that"some of our most felicitous writers . . . had been using such desperate and unspeakable forms as Beyondman, when the glib Superman was staring them in the face all the time.”Hence, when it came to naming a new comic strip hero,Superman was the logical choice, a name first recorded in 1938. Overman 和 Beyondman 看上去几乎不象超级英雄的名称， 但是，如果将德语中 Übermensch 这个单词译作不同于原有的译法时，那么，也许 Overman 可能是“纵身一跃就能跃过高楼大厦”。 然而，尼采给予理想超人的名称译成英语为Superman ， 这个词最早见于乔治·萧伯纳的出版于1903年的一部作品中。这个词是通过借译而来的，或者说是通过仿造而来的，在以上这样的过程中，一个词或词组的语义成分被直译成另一语言中的与之相对应的成分。德语单词 Übermensch 是由 uber （即英语中"super-”之意）和 Mensch （即英语中"man"之意）组成的，这样的话，此词在英语中就成了 Superman 。 因为 über 也可译为"beyond"和"over"， 所以我们发现 躡ermensch 也被借译为 overman 和 beyondman 。 但是，这两个词并没有在英语中确立下来。萧伯纳在写于1917年之前的一封信中说道：“一些措辞最巧妙的英语作家，竟一直使用象Beyondman这种令人绝望而又无法形容的词，却对一直面对面盯着他们的‘Superman’视而不见”。这样，当要命名一个新的连环漫画中的英雄时，Superman 一词就成了理所当然的选择，这个名称首次记录于1938年 〔allophane〕From Greek allophanēs [appearing otherwise] 源自 希腊语 allophanēs [在其它方面看上去] 〔bad〕The adverbbadly is often used as the complement of verbs such as feel, as inI felt badly about the whole affair, where the choice ofbadly as opposed to bad may convey an implication that the distress is emotional, rather than physical.Although the origin of this usage is a matter of dispute,the usage is now widespread and is supported by analogy to the use of other adverbs withfeel (as inWe feel strongly about this issue ). In an earlier survey,a majority of the Usage Panel accepted this use ofbadly in speech, thoughbad is less likely to occasion objections. · Badly is also used in some regions to mean "unwell,” as inHe was looking badly after the accident (comparepoorly, which is also used in this way). In an earlier survey, however, the usage was found unacceptable in formal writing by 75 percent of the Usage Panel.副词badly 常用作动词的补充，如 feel， 在句子我对整个事件感觉很糟 中， 选择badly 作为与 bad 的对立， 可能传达暗示这一压制的感觉是感情上的而不是身体上的。尽管对这一用法的起源有过争议，但现在已很普遍并被其他带动词feel 的类比词所支持， （如我们对这观点的感受很强烈 ）。 在早期调查中，用法小组大多数接受在口语中使用badly ， 尽管bad 相对不会引起异议。 Badly 也被有些地区用来表示“不好”，如在他在事故后看上去很糟 （和poorly 比较，也是同样用法）。 但在早期讨论中，75的用法专门小组成员不接受在正式书面语中使用这种形式〔zoophyte〕Any of various invertebrate animals, such as a sea anemone or sponge, that attach to surfaces and superficially resemble plants.植形动物：一种无脊椎动物，附着在表面而且看上去象植物一样，例如海葵和海绵〔mean〕"The rowhouses had been darkened by the rain and looked meaner and grimmer than ever"(Anne Tyler)“一排排房屋被雨水浇湿，看上去比以前更加破旧阴暗了”(安妮·泰勒)〔reality〕Your observations do not seem to be about reality.你的意见看上去并不实际〔unsightly〕Unpleasant or offensive to look at; unattractive.See Synonyms at ugly 难看的：看上去不舒服的或让人厌恶的；不吸引人的 参见 ugly〔make〕To appear to begin (an action):准备：看上去开始（一个动作）：〔act〕The dog acted ferocious.这条狗看上去很凶〔antinomy〕A contradiction between principles or conclusions that seem equally necessary and reasonable; a paradox.二律背反：看上去同样必要及合理的原理或结论之间的矛盾；充满矛盾的人或事〔unlimited〕Having or seeming to have no boundaries; infinite:无边界的，无限的：没有或看上去没有边界的；无限的：〔ugly〕Displeasing to the eye; unsightly.丑陋的：看上去令人不快的；难看的〔intrude〕You look busy—I hope I'm not intruding. Toobtrude is to push forward, as into consideration or sight: 你看上去很忙──但愿我没有打扰你。 obtrude 是指进入思考或视线之中： 〔real〕 Real implies that something is genuine or authentic or that what it seems or purports to be tallies with fact: Real 暗指某事物是真实的或货真价实的，或指看上去或宣称与事实吻合的东西： 〔totter〕To appear about to collapse:动摇：看上去要崩溃：〔lifestyle〕Whenlifestyle began to gain wide currency a generation ago, a number of critics objected to it as voguish and superficial,perhaps because it appeared to elevate habits of consumption, dress, and recreation to a primary basis of social classification.Nonetheless, the word has proved durable and useful,if only because such categories doin fact figure importantly in the schemes that Americans commonly invoke in explaining social values and social behavior,whether appropriately or not,as in Rachel Brownstein's remark that 当life style 在上一代人中开始广泛使用时， 许多评论家认为这个词浅薄且只风行一时，因此反对它，这可能是因为它看上去把消费习惯、衣着和享乐上升为社会阶级划分的主要基点。但是，这个词证明是持久有用的，如果仅仅因为这些范畴，事实上确实成为美国人解释社会价值与社会行为时所采用的极其重要的标准，无论合适与否，例如在雷切尔·布朗斯坦的话中 〔livelihood〕He lives in an opulent apartment but has no visible means of support.他住在一间豪华公寓里，但看上去没有任何经济来源。〔peaked〕You're looking a little peaked today.今天你看上去脸色不大好〔caprice〕 Freak is a sudden and seemingly motiveless turn of mind: Freak 指意念的突然和看上去没有动机的变化： 〔leprechaun〕Nothing seems more Irish than the leprechaun;yet, hiding within the wordleprechaun is a word from another language entirely. If we look back beyond Modern Irish Gaelicluprachán and Middle Irish luchrupán to Old Irish luchorpān, we can see the connection.Luchorpān is a compound of Old Irish lū, meaning "small,” and the Old Irish word corp, "body.” Corp is borrowed from Latin corpus (which we know from habeas corpus ). Here is a piece of evidence attesting to the deep influence of Church Latin on the Irish language.Although the word is old in Irishit is fairly new in English,being first recorded in 1604.没有什么东西看上去比矮妖精更具有爱尔兰特色；但是，leprechaum （矮妖精）这个单词里却隐藏着一个完全来源于另一种语言的单词。 如果我们通过现代爱尔兰语中的luprachan 和中世纪爱尔兰语 luchrupan 一词，追溯到古代爱尔兰语中的 luchorpan 这个单词， 我们就可以看出其中的联系了。luchorpan 是由古代爱尔兰语中表示“小、矮小”，意思的 lu 和古代爱尔兰语中表示“身体”的 corp 一词所构成的复合词。 corp 一词是从拉丁语中 corpus 借用过来的（这一点我们可以从 habeas corpus 【人身保护令】得知）。 这是一个证明教堂拉丁语对爱尔兰语有着重大影响的证据。虽然该词在爱尔兰语中已经很古老了，但在英语中却很新，首次记录于1604年〔monochromatic〕Having or appearing to have only one color.单色的：具有或看上去只有一种颜色的〔anger〕"The best way to escape His ire/Is, not to seem too happy" (Robert Browning). “躲避他怒火的最好办法是，不要看上去太得意” （罗伯特·勃朗宁）。〔antiquer〕One who treats or finishes new furniture so as to make it appear old or antique.复古家具制做者：处理装修新家具以使之看上去老式或古色古香的人〔madwoman〕A woman who is or seems to be mentally ill.疯女：看上去有精神病的女人〔copacetic〕We know very little about the origin of the wordcopacetic, meaning "excellent, first-rate.” Is its origin to be found in Italian, in the speech of southern Black people, in the Creole French dialect of Louisiana, or in Hebrew?John O'Hara, who used the word inAppointment in Samarra, later wrote thatcopacetic was "a Harlem and gangster corruption of an Italian word.” O'Hara went on to say, "I don't know how to spell the Italian,but it's something like copacetti.” His uncertainty about how to spell the Italian is paralleled by uncertainty about how to spellcopacetic itself. Copacetic has been recorded with the spellings copasetic, copasetty, copesetic, copisettic, and kopasettee. The spelling is now more or less fixed, however, ascopacetic or copasetic, even though the origin of the word has not been determined.The Harlem connection mentioned by O'Hara would seem more likely than the Italian,sincecopacetic was used by Black jazz musicians and is said to have been Southern slang in the late 19th century. Ifcopacetic is Creole French in origin, it would also have a Southern homeland.According to this explanation,copacetic came from the Creole French word coupersètique, which meant "able to be coped with,” "able to cope with anything and everything,” "in good form,”and also "having a healthy appetite or passion for life or love.”Those who support the Hebrew or Yiddish origin ofcopacetic do not necessarily deny the Southern connections of the word. One explanation has it that Jewish storekeepers used the Hebrew phrasekol bĕṣedeq, "all with justice,”when asked if things were O.K. Black children who were in the store as customers or employees heard this phrase ascopacetic. No explanation of the origin ofcopacetic, including the ones discussed here, has won the approval of scholars, as is clearly shown by the etymology ofcopacetic in the first volume of the Dictionary of American Regional English, published in 1985: "Etym unknown.” 我们对copacetic 这个词的词源所知甚少，其意为“极好的、一流的”。 它是起源于意大利语、南方黑人口语、路易斯安那州的克里奥耳人的法语方言还是希伯来语？约翰·奥哈拉在撒马拉的约会 中用到这个词， 他后来写到copacetic 是“变成哈莱姆黑人居住区和强盗土语的意大利词”。 奥哈拉还说，“我不知道原来的意大利词是如何拼写的，但是有点象copacetti"。与他不敢肯定如何拼写这个意大利词一样，他对copacetic 一词本身的拼法也不敢肯定。 Copacetic 曾经被拼写成 copasetic, copasetty, copesetic, copisettic 以及 kopasettee。 现在它的拼法多少已经固定成copacetic 或 copasetic， 尽管这个词的词源仍未被确定。奥哈拉所提及的它与哈莱姆黑人居住区的关系看上去比它和意大利语的关系更有可能，因为黑人爵士歌手曾用过copacetic 这个词，并且据说在19世纪晚期它曾是南方的俚语。 如果copacetic 在词源上是克里奥耳人的法语， 那么它也是从南方来的。根据这一解释，copacetic 来自克里奥耳人法语中 coupersetique 一词， 表示“有能力与人竞争的”、“有能力处理任何事情及一切事情的”、“以好的方式的”，还表示“对生活或爱情有正常的欲望或激情的”。那些认为copacetic 来自希伯来语或意第绪语的人并不一定否认这个词与南方的关系。 一种解释认为，犹太店主们在被询问是否一切都好时用了希伯来语中的短语kol bĕṣedeq 即“一切太平”之意， 在店里作工或买东西的黑人儿童将这个短语听成了copacetic。 在关于copacetic 词源的解释中，包括以上讨论的这些，没有一种得到学者们的认可， 这一点我们可以在美国方言英语辞典 （1985年出版）第一册关于 copacetic 一词的词源解释中清楚地看到：“词源不知” |
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