| 单词 | 目前 |
| 释义 | 〔instant〕Now under consideration; present.正在考虑的；目前的〔Kashmir〕A historical region of northwest India and northeast Pakistan. Conquered by Moslems in the 14th century, it was part of the Mogul empire after 1587 and became an independent kingdom in 1751. The British pacified the region in 1846 and installed a Hindu dynasty, which was overthrown by a Moslem revolt in 1947. Continued fighting in the area led to United Nations intervention (1949 and 1965) and the current partition of the region between India and Pakistan.克什米尔：印度西北部和巴基斯坦东北部一历史地区。该地区于14世纪被穆斯林征服，1587年后又成为莫卧儿帝国的一部分，1751年成为一个独立王国。1846年英国人平定该地区，建立印度王朝，但于1947年被一次穆斯林起义推翻。该地区持续不断的战争导致了联合国的干预（1949年和1965年）以及目前印度和巴基斯坦的分治〔surly〕The fact that the wordsurly means "churlish" nicely indicates its fall in status. Churlish derives from the word churl, which in its Old English form ceorl meant "a man without rank, a member of the lowest rank of freemen,” as well as "peasant" in general. In Old Englishceorl may have been a term of contempt; it certainly became one in Middle English,wherecherl meant "base fellow, boor,” with churlish descending in meaning accordingly. Surly, on the other hand, started its life at the top of the scale but fell just as far. Looking at instances of this word in Middle English and Early Modern English,we see thatsurly was only one spelling for this word, another spelling beingsirly, which makes it clear that it came from the word sir, the term of honor for a knight or for a person of rank or importance in general. Thussirly, the form under which the early spellings of the word are entered in the Oxford English Dictionary, first meant "lordly.” Surly, entered as a separate word in the OED and first recorded in 1566, meant perhaps "lordly, majestic,” in its earliest use,subsequently being used in the sense "masterful, imperious, arrogant.” As the gloss "arrogant" makes clear, the wordsirly could have a negative sense, and it is this area of meaning that is responsible for the current "churlish" sense of the word.surly 意为“粗野的”事实生动地说明了这个词的地位下降。 Churlish 是 churl 的派生词，其古英文形式 ceorl 的意思是“没有爵位的男人，或者是自由民中最低等级的男人”，大概象“农民”一样。 古英语中ceorl 可能含有贬意； 中古英语中肯定是贬意，其cherl 的意思是“卑贱的人，粗野的人”，相应地 churlish 的意思也下降了。 另一方面，Surly 开始是个高尚的字，后来地位同样下降。 从中古英语和早期现代英语中的实例，我们可以看到，surly 的拼法只有一个， 另一个是sirly ，它清楚地表明这个字来自 sir （给于骑士或有等级或有身份的人的尊称）。 因此，sirly 这个字的最初形式记载在 牛津英语词典 中，开始的意思为（有威严的，高傲的）。 Surly 作为另一个字最初于1566年记录在 OED 中， 最初的意思是“老爷的、尊贵的”，以后的意思为“老爷般的、命令式的、傲慢的”。“傲慢”这个字条清楚地说明sirly 可能有过否定的意思， 也正是在这层意义上，它和目前“粗野的”意义有关〔stampede〕The Spanish wordestampida, meaning "explosion, bang, crash, uproar,” seems very fitting to describe a rush of animals, such as buffaloes, horses, or cattle,and was so used first in American Spanish.From this use came our wordstampede (actually from the Spanishestampido, a masculine noun corresponding to the feminine estampida, first recorded in 1828). Thusstampede, now a general English word, is an Americanism, that is, a word or expression that originated in the United States.Later the United States was to see stampedes of miners who rushed westward to find gold.Not surprisingly, an early instance of this word to describe a stampede of human beings is found in theSan Francisco Herald in 1851. 西班牙语estampida 的意思是“爆炸，巨响，击碎，吼叫”， 似乎很适合形容兽群如野牛、马群或牛的惊跑，并且首先被使用于美国西班牙语中。由此就出现了我们的stampede （事实上源于与西班牙语estampida 相对应的 estampido ，于1828年首次被记录下来）。 因此，stampede ，一个目前很普遍的英语词，是一种美国英语， 也就是说来源于美国的一个单词或词组。后来，美国目睹了成千上万向西淘金的人群。1851年在旧金山的先驱 中出现了形容大批人群蜂拥而至的这个字就不足为怪了 〔doubt〕That is also the usual choice when the truth of the clause following doubt is assumed, as in negative sentences and questions. ThusI never doubted for a minute that I would be rescued implies "I was certain that I would be rescued.” By the same token,Do you doubt that you will be paid? seems to pose a rhetorical question ("Surely you believe that you will be paid"), whereasDo you doubt whether you will be paid? may express a genuine request for information and might be followed bybecause if you do, you should make the client post a bond. In other cases, however, this distinction betweenwhether and that is not always observed, andthat is frequently used as a substitute for whether. If may also be used as a substitute forwhether but is more informal in tone. ·In informal speech the clause followingdoubt is sometimes introduced with but: I don't doubt but (or but what ) he will come. Reputable precedent exists for this construction,as in"I do not doubt but England is at present as polite a Nation as any in the World" (Richard Steele),but modern critics sometimes object to its use in formal writing.See Usage Note at but ,if 在否定句及疑问句中当doubt 后的从句所作陈述被认为是真时，用 that 。 所以我从不怀疑我会被救起 意思就是“我确信我会得救”。 同样你怀疑人家会赖帐吗？ 似乎就成了一个反问句（“你当然相信人家不会赖帐了”）， 而你怀疑人家是否付款吗？ 就表示一个真诚的询问， 可能接下来会说因为如果你怀疑的话，你就该让顾客付保证金 。 在其它情况下，whether 和 that 的区别并不很明显， 而且that 经常用来替代 whether。 If 也经常用来代替whether ， 但是语气不很正式。在非正式语气中doubt 后面的从句有时由 but引导：I don't doubt but （或 but what ) he will come。 这种结构有其先例且属规范用法，如“我不怀疑目前的英格兰象世界上其他国家一样是礼义之邦” （理查德·斯蒂尔），但现代评论家有时反对在正式文体中这样使用 参见 but,if〔suffice〕To meet present needs or requirements; be sufficient:满足：满足目前的需要或需求；充足：〔present〕For the time being; temporarily.暂时的；目前的〔far〕She is by far the best executive in the company.她目前是公司中最为优秀的决策人〔ascendant〕a conservative policy currently in the ascendant.目前保守政策处优势地位〔present〕the present leader; present trends.现任领导，目前的潮流〔moment〕A specific point in time, especially the present time:目前，现在：特定的时刻，尤指目前：〔stage〕too early to predict a winner at this stage.目前还过于太早预测胜负〔Fox〕A Native American people formerly inhabiting various parts of southern Michigan, southern Wisconsin, northern Illinois, and eastern Iowa, with present-day populations in central Iowa and with the Sauk in Oklahoma.福克斯：美洲土著居民，以前居住在密歇根州南部、威斯康星州南部、伊利诺斯州北部和洛瓦河东部的各个地区，目前人口多集中在衣阿华中部，索克人居住在俄克拉荷马州〔angiostatin〕A naturally occurring protein that is a specific inhibitor of endothelial proliferation and a potent angiogenesis inhibitor. It is under investigation as a potential cancer therapy.血管增生抑制素：自然存在的蛋白质，是专用于抑制内皮增生的药剂和有效的血管生成抑制剂。目前正进行将它用于癌症治疗的研究〔Heliopolis〕An ancient city of northern Egypt in the Nile River delta north of modern Cairo. It was the center of worship of the sun god Ra until the rise of Thebes (c. 2100b.c. ). Its importance as a historical repository with famed schools of philosophy and astronomy declined after the founding of Alexandria in the fourth century b.c. Two of its obelisks, both known as Cleopatra's Needle, are now in London and in New York City's Central Park. 赫利奥波利斯：埃及北部一座古城，位于尼罗河三角洲，在今开罗以北。在底比斯崛起(公元前 2100年）之前，一直是朝拜太阳神位的中心。它是一座历史的宝库，拥有众多闻名的哲学及天文学学校，其重要性直到 公元前 4世纪随着亚历山大城的建立才逐渐下降。有两块都被称作“克娄巴特拉方尖碑”，目前一块置于伦敦，另一块在纽约的中央公园里 〔far〕They will arrive at nine, as far as we know.就目前所知，他们将在九点钟到〔nonce〕The present or particular occasion:眼下，当前：目前的或特殊的场合：〔present〕A moment or period in time perceptible as intermediate between past and future; now.现在，目前：在过去和将来之间可感受到的作为过渡的时间点或段；现在〔existent〕Occurring or present at the moment; current.目前的；当代的〔catholic〕"The 100-odd pages of formulas and constants are surely the most catholic to be found"(Scientific American)“这一百页的公式和常数无疑是目前所见最广博的”(科学美国人)〔down〕Away from the present place.从目前的地方离开〔frontlist〕A publisher's list of new or current titles.出书表：出版社列出新书或目前的出书表〔prehistory〕The circumstances or developments leading up to or surrounding a current situation, event, or development; background:背景：导致或围绕目前状况、事件或发展的情况或发展状况；背景：〔passing〕"I will mention only one particular aspect of the current mess because . . . this one is surely something new and passing strange"(Walker Percy)“我将只提及目前的困境中一个特殊的方面…这一方面的确新颖并且极其奇妙”(沃克·珀西)〔Kaohsiung〕A city of southeast China southwest of Taiwan province on Formosa Strait. It is now the province's leading port. Population, 1,248,175.高雄：中国东南部一城市，位于台湾西南部，濒临台湾海峡。目前为台湾省最重要的港口。人口1,248,175〔rockslide〕The rock mass that has reached its current position through such a movement.岩滑堆：通过岩滑而到达目前位置的岩石堆〔present〕Existing or happening now; current:现在的，目前的：现在存在的或发生的；目前的：〔trimmer〕One who changes one's opinions, especially political opinions, to suit the needs of the moment.见风使舵者，趋炎附势者：改变自己的观点，尤其是政治观点以适应目前的需要〔presently〕An original meaning ofpresently was "at the present time; currently.” That sense is said to have disappeared from the literary language in the 17th century,but it has survived in popular usage and is widely found nowadays in literate speech and writing.Still, there is a lingering prejudice against this use.In the most recent surveythe sentenceGeneral Walters is . . . presently the United States Ambassador to the United Nations was acceptable to exactly 50 percent of the Usage Panel. presenthy 的一个原始意为“现在，目前”。 那种意义据说在17世纪时从文学性语言中消失，但在大众用法中仍旧存在并且现今广泛存在于受过教育人的口头语和书面语之中，然而反对这一用法的成见仍然存在。在最近的调查中华特士将军…最近是美利坚合众国驻联合国大使 这句话的接受率在词语惯用法小组里正好为百分之五十。 〔around〕In or near one's current location:附近地：在或接近自己目前的地点：〔gridlock〕"the political gridlock that prevented . . . the President and Congress from moving expeditiously to cut the budget"(Robert D. Hormats)“目前政局的僵持局面使总统和国会都不能迅速地采取行动以削减预算”(罗伯特D.霍马茨)〔friendly〕"If I read this right, you're the only friendly we have there right now"(Tom Clancy)“如果我理解正确的话，你是我们目前唯一的支持者”(汤姆·克兰西)〔radical〕Favoring or effecting fundamental or revolutionary changes in current practices, conditions, or institutions:激进的，改革的：支持或引起目前的惯例、条件或制度根本性或革命性的变化的：〔Carian〕The extinct Anatolian language of the Carians, known from scattered funerary inscriptions.卡里亚语：人的安纳托利亚语，今已消失，目前对该语言的了解来自墓碑上的铭文〔Sogdian〕The extinct Middle Iranian language of this people, known chiefly from texts and inscriptions dating from the second to the ninth centuriesa.d. 索特语：索特人所讲已经失传的伊朗中部语言，目前所知主要为可追溯至公元 第二至第九世纪的文字及铭刻 〔immediate〕Of or relating to the present time and place; current:目前的：和当时当地有关的；当前的： |
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