| 单词 | 有所 |
| 释义 | 〔eclectic〕an eclectic taste in music; an eclectic approach to managing the economy.对音乐有所选择的品味；以综合各派的方式来处理经济事务〔shaky〕Wavering in firmness:动摇的：在稳固方面有所动摇的：〔permanent〕Not expected to change in status, condition, or place:不变的：不希望在地位、条件或处所上有所变化的：〔moving〕 Affecting applies especially to what is heart-rending or bittersweet: Affecting 尤指心有所动或者苦乐皆有的： 〔move〕To cause to progress or advance.使前进：导致有所进展或前进〔docket〕A label or ticket affixed to a package listing the contents or directions for assembling or operating.明细表：附在包裹上的标签，记有所装物品的组装或操作指南〔Bernoulli〕Family of Swiss mathematicians and scientists, includingJakob or Jacques (1654-1705), an important theorist of ordinary calculus and the calculus of variations. His brother Johann or Jean (1667-1748) developed integral and exponential calculus. Johann's son Daniel (1700-1782) anticipated the law of conservation of energy, did pioneering work in the molecular theory of gases, and contributed to probability theory and the theory of differential equations. 伯努利：瑞士数学家和科学家家族，包括雅各 或 雅克 （1654-1705年），是关于一般微积分和变分微分的重要理论家。其兄弟 约翰 或 让 （1667-1748年）发展了整数和指数微积分。约翰的儿子 丹尼尔 （1700-1782年）提前发现了能量守恒定律，在气体分子理论方面做了开拓性的工作，并对概率理论和微分方程理论有所贡献 〔complete〕Having all necessary or normal parts, components, or steps; entire:完全的：具有所有必要的或常规的部分、元件或步骤；全部的：〔other〕"a strange, other dimension . . . where his powers seemed to fail"(Lance Morrow)“一个奇特的、不同的方面…在此他的能力似乎有所不逮”(兰斯·莫罗)〔denotation〕Something signified or referred to; a particular meaning of a symbol.指示：有所表示或有所指（的事物）；符号的特定含义〔blond〕It is usual in English to treatblond as if it required gender marking, as in French, spelling itblonde when referring to women and blond elsewhere. But this practice is in fact a relatively recent innovation,and some have suggested that it has sexist implicationsand that the formblond should be used for both sexes. There is certainly a measure of justice to the claim that the two forms are not used symmetrically.Since English does not normally mark adjectives according to the gender of the nouns they modify,it is natural to interpret the final-e as expressing some additional meaning, perhaps because it implies that hair color provides a primary category of classification for women but not men.This association of hair color and a particular perception of feminine identity is suggested in phrasessuch asdumb blonde and Is it true blondes have more fun? or in Susan Brownmiller's depiction of Hollywood's "pantheon of celebrated blondes who have fed the fantasies of men and fueled the aspirations of women.” The corresponding masculine formblond, by contrast, is not ordinarily used to refer to men in contexts in which hair color is not specifically at issue; there is something arch in a reference toLeslie Howard, Robert Redford, and other celebrated blonds. See Usage Note at brunette 在英语中，通常在使用blond 时似乎认为这个词需要性别标志。 正如在法语中，指女性时拼作blonde ，指其他时拼作 blond 。 但这实际上是较新的一种用法，一些人就曾认为这个词本身就带有性别的含义，而且blond 可同时用于两种性别。 两种形式并没有相应地使用的说法是有几分道理。因为英语中通常并不根据形容词修饰的名词的性而加以标明，很自然地就词尾的-e 看作附加的意思的表示， 这也许是由于它暗示头发的颜色是女性而不是男性提供了一个鉴别的首要类型。这种把头发颜色和女性鉴别的特殊方法联系在一起的作法，在如下的一些句子中有所体现，dump blonde（愚蠢的女人） 和 Is it true blondes have more fun?（金发女人真的更有情趣吗?） 或苏珊·布朗米勒的《好莱坞》中的描写的 "pantheon of celebrated blondes who have fed the fantasies of men and fueled the aspirations of women"（一些曾满足男人的幻想和勾起女人的野心的显赫女明星）。 不同的是相对应的男性的强调形式blond, 在行文中没有特别头发颜色的情况下通常并不专指男性； 如这句说法有调侃的意味的例句Leslie Howard, Robert Redford, and other celebrated blonds（莱斯利·霍华德，罗伯特·莱德佛拉和其他著名的金发明星中） 参见 brunette〔active〕Disposed to take action or effectuate change:积极的，热心的：乐意采取行动的或愿意有所变化的：〔complete〕To make whole, with all necessary elements or parts:使齐全，使完整：使完整，具有所有必需的元素和要件：〔diatribe〕Listening to a lengthy diatribe may seem like a waste of time,an attitude for which there is some etymological justification.The Greek worddiatribē, the ultimate source of our word, is derived from the verb diatribein, made up of the prefixdia-, "completely,” and tribein, "to rub,” "to wear away, spend, or waste time,” "to be busy.” The verbdiatribein meant "to rub hard,” "to spend or waste time,” and the noundiatribē meant "wearing away of time, amusement, serious occupation, study,” as well as "discourse, short ethical treatise or lecture, debate, argument.”It is the serious occupation of time in discourse, lecture, and debate that gave us the first use ofdiatribe recorded in English (1581), in the now archaic sense "discourse, critical dissertation.”The critical element of this kind of diatribe must often have been uppermost,explaining the origin of the current sense ofdiatribe, "a bitter criticism.” 听唠唠叨叨的絮语也许好象是浪费时间，这是一种态度，一些词源对此有所表明。该词的终源希腊单词diatribe 起源于由动词 diatribein ； 而后者是由前缀dia- “完全地”和 tribein （“消磨、消逝、花费或浪费时间”，“忙于”）所构成的。 动词diartibein 意思是“难熬”、“花费或浪费时间”， 而名词diatribe 意思是“时间消逝、消遣、热衷消遣，研究”， 还有“论文、伦理学论文，伦理学论文或讲演，争辩，论据”。在（1581年）英语中记载的第一次使用diatribe 是热衷于把时间消磨在论文、讲演和争辩中， 现在古体文含义是“论文，批评式的学术演讲”。这种论文所含批评因素必须常常占最主要的，它解释了diatribe 现代含义“尖刻批评”的词源 〔parent〕The Usage Panel is better disposed to accept the verbparent than in previous surveys, though a majority continues to find it unacceptable.In 1968 it was acceptable to only 19 percent of the Panel;in the most recent survey45 percent accepted it in the sentenceIn looking for foster homes, we give preference first to relatives and second to families with prior experience in parenting. · The use of the verbparent to mean "act as a parent to" is not entirely new:it occurs as early as 1884 in a metaphorical context.But its use in a literal sense with respect to children is a recent development and reflects a modern reconceptualization of family life.The word is not completely synonymous with the traditional expressionraise a child, though the precise nature of the differences may depend on the context.For some speakers,use of the word suggests a self-conscious shift from child to parent as the focus of the parental relationship,and it may be this implication that feeds critical reservations about the verb.But the usage also reflects a widespread practical realizationthat the activities required of a parent extend well beyond the direct interactionwith the child emphasized inchild raising. Thus theparenting classes for young parents offered by schools and state agencies encompass not only the activities traditionally associated with raising a childbut also topics such as personal self-sufficiency, household financial management, and methods of dealing with schools and health care agencies.See Usage Note at father 用法小组比以往更倾向于接受动词parent 了， 虽然还有大部分人觉得不可接受。1968年仅有19％的小组成员认同这种用法；在最近的调查中，有45％的人接受了它,如在：在寻找收养家庭时，我们首先选孩子的亲戚，其次是有过养育孩子经历的家庭 这样的句子中的用法。 Parent 的意为“做…的父（母）”动词用法， 并不完全是个新用法：早在1884年，在一个比喻性的文章中就出现过了。但就孩子这方面而言，它的本义是近期发展的结果并反映了现代家庭生活的观念。这个词并不与习语 raise a child 完全同义， 尽管不同之处确切的性质可能取决于说话背景。但对一些人来说，使用这个词暗含一个把家长的关系作为重点的自觉的从孩子到父母的转换，也许正是这个隐含的用意引起了关于这个动词批评性的保留。然而，这个用法也反映了广泛的现实认识，即要求父母的活动扩展到超出直接与孩子的相互作用，这个相互作用在 child raising 这个短语中有所强调。 因此，由学校和国家专门部门向年轻家长提供的 parenting 课， 不仅包括传统上与抚养孩子有关的事务，而且还包括诸如个人自给自足、家庭财政管理和同学校和保健部门打交道的方法等课题 参见 father〔tip〕a disgruntled gang member who tipped the police to the planned robbery.一个向警方告发的对这次计划好的抢劫有所不满的匪徒成员〔balance〕A state of equilibrium or parity characterized by cancellation of all forces by equal opposing forces.平衡：平衡或均等的状态，具有所有力量被相反的力量所抵消的特点〔freedom〕The right of enjoying all of the privileges of membership or citizenship:特权：享有所有会员或公民的特权的权利：〔call〕To appear, as on someone else's premises, in order to get:去拿：出现在他人房舍内以图有所得：〔caricature〕The history of the wordcaricature takes us back through the centuries to a time when the Romans occupied Gaul, offering the blessings of civilization to the Gaulsbut also borrowing from them as well.One such borrowing, the Gaulish word.karros, meaning "a wagon or cart,” became Latincarrus, "a Gallic type of wagon.” This Latin word has continued to roll through the English language,giving uscar, career, cargo, carry, and charge, among others. Caricature, another offspring of carrus, came to us via French from Italian,in whichcaricatura, the source of the French word, was derived from Italian caricare, "to load, burden, or exaggerate.” Caricare in turn came from Late Latin carricāre, "to load,” derived from the Romans' Gaulish borrowingcarrus. Caricature 一词的历史可上溯到很多世纪以前当古罗马人占领高卢的时候。 古罗马人给高卢人带去文明开化的好处，同时也从高卢人那里有所借鉴。其中一个借用语，即意为“运货马车或畜拉车”的高卢语词karros ， 演变成拉丁语carrus ，意为“一种高卢式运货马车”。 这一拉丁词语在英语中继续发展，使我们得到了car，career，cargo，carry 和 charge 等诸多词汇。 Caricature 是 carrus 的另一产物， 从意大利语经法语而演变过来的。演变过程中，做为法语词源的caricatura 是从意大利语，即意为“装货，使负重荷或夸张”的 caricare 衍生而来。 反过来，Caricare 源自后期拉丁语 carricare ，意为“装货”， 而它又衍生自古罗马人从高卢语中借来的carrus 〔warn〕These verbs mean to give someone notice of and put the person on guard against actual or possible danger or risk.这些动词表示通知某人以使其对真实或潜在的危险或险情有所警觉。〔electrodynamometer〕An instrument that measures electric current by indicating the level of magnetic attraction or repulsion between a fixed and a movable coil, one of which carries the current to be measured.电测力计：测量电流的仪器，显示一个固定线圈和一个移动线圈之间磁性相吸或相排斥的程度，其中一个线圈带有所测电流〔mill〕Industrial mill towns are a far cry from the small water mill grinding grain near an Anglo-Saxon settlement,but the same wordmill is used in both contexts, showing how the meaning of a word can be generalized.The Old English wordmylen, "water mill for grinding grain,” is itself adopted from Late Latinmolīna or molīnum, "mill,” just as the Germanic peoples, such as the Anglo-Saxons, adopted the water mill from the Romans.In Middle Englishmilne, the descendant of the Old English word, was generalized to refer to a windmill, any power-driven mill for grinding grain, and a fulling mill.But it was left for the postmedieval,increasingly industrialized world really to generalize the meaning ofmill, applying it to machines such as pepper mills and cider millsand buildings such as textile mills and steel mills.Mill town is first recorded in 1847. 工业化的制造区与原来盎格鲁-撒克逊人居住地附近那种靠水力推动来磨谷物的小型磨臼大不相同，但mill 这个词对这两种情况都适用， 这可以体现出某一词汇的意思是可以有概括性的。古英语中mylen 一词有“磨谷物的水磨”的意思， 这个词由后期拉丁语中的molina 或 molinum 而来，意为“磨臼”， 正如日尔曼民族中的盎格鲁-撒克逊人从罗马人那里引进了水磨。中古英语中milne 一词由古英语词而来， 它的词义已扩大，可指风车、任何靠动力驱动来磨谷物的磨以及缩洗机。不过在中世纪晚期，不断发展的工业化世界真正使mill 这个词在意义上有所扩大， 它可以指胡椒研磨机或苹果榨汁机等机器，也可以指纺织厂或钢铁厂等工厂。Mill town 这个词最早见载于1847年 〔look〕Things are at last looking up.情况终于有所改观〔genitival〕Of, relating to, or in the genitive case.所有格的：所有格的，有关所有格的，具有所有格形式的〔invoice〕A detailed list of goods shipped or services rendered, with an account of all costs; an itemized bill.发货清单；发票：关于发送的货物或提供的服务的一份详细的清单，带有所有费用的记录；逐项列出的票单〔recessive〕Of or relating to a trait that is expressed only when the determining allele is present in the homozygous condition.隐性性状的：属于或与这种性质特点有关的，即在同型接合情况下，只有当决定性等位基因出现时它才会有所表现的特点性质〔funky〕When asked which words in the English language are the most difficult to define precisely,a lexicographer would surely mentionfunky. The meaning offunky seems well captured by Geneva Smitherman in Talkin and Testifyin: The Language of Black America, where she states that funky means “[related to] the blue notes or blue mood created in jazz, blues, and soul music generally, down-to-earth soulfully expressed sounds; by extension [related to] the real nitty-gritty or fundamental essence of life, soul to the max.”Be that as it may,funky is first recorded in 1784 in a reference to musty, old, moldy cheese. Funky then developed the sense "smelling strong or bad,” which could be used to describe body odor.Butfunky was applied to jazz, too—a usage explained in 1959 by one F. Newton inJazz Scene : "Critics are on the search for something a little more like the old, original, passion-laden blues: the trade-name which has been suggested for it is ‘funky’(literally: ‘smelly,’ i.e. symbolizing the return from the upper atmosphere to the physical, down-to-earth reality).” Funky comes from the earlier nounfunk, which meant "a strong smell or stink.” This noun can probably be traced back to the Latin wordfūmus, "smoke.” 当被问及英语中最难准确定义的是哪些词时，词典编纂者肯定会提到funky 这个词。 Funky 的含义似乎被热纳瓦·史密斯曼在 语言和证明： 美国黑人语言一节中解释得很清楚，她认为 funky 指“主要在爵士乐、布鲁斯歌曲、灵乐这些发自灵魂深处的音乐中创造出的音符式的忧郁； 由此延伸为与生命本质精髓有关的，表现美国黑人及其文化特点到极致的。”Funky 最早可能被记录于1784年，用于指发霉的、过期的奶酪。 后来，funky 引申到这层意思“闻起来强烈或有异味的，” 可以用来形容身体的气味。但funky 也用于指爵士乐方面， 这种用法于1959年在一位名叫F·牛顿的人的书爵士舞台 中有所解释： “批评家们正在找一种有些更象原始的、激情洋溢的老布鲁斯歌曲一样的东西：用来表现后的词就是‘有气息的’（字面意义：‘有气味的，’也就是说，从高高在上的格调降回到自然而率直的风格）。” Funky 一词来自较早出现的名词funk， 意为“一种刺鼻的气味或臭味”。 这个词可能可追溯到拉丁词fumus， “烟” 〔allude〕Allude and allusion are often used where the more general terms refer and reference would be preferable. Allude and allusion apply to indirect references in which the source is not specifically identified: "Well, we'll always have Paris,” he told the travel agent, in an allusion to Casablanca. Refer and reference, unless qualified, usually imply specific mention of a source: I will refer to Hamlet for my conclusion: As Polonius says, "Though this be madness, yet there is method in't.” See Usage Note at refer Allude 和 allusion 在使用时经常可以被更普遍的词 refer 和 reference 所代替。 Allude 和 allusion 用在来源没有特别指明的间接引用语中： “对，我们将永远拥有巴黎，”他对旅行社服务员说。这句话引自卡萨布兰卡。 Refer 和 reference 通常指明确提到出处，除非有所限制： 我将引用 哈姆雷特 里的话作为我的结论： 正如波洛涅斯所说，“尽管这是发疯，但其中颇有理性。” 参见 refer〔finger〕"seems almost sure to have a finger or two in crafting the final blueprint"(George B. Merry)“似乎总要在制作最后蓝图时有所参与”(乔治B.梅里)〔amateur〕The central meaning shared by these nouns is "one engaging in a pursuit but lacking professional skill": 这些名词所共有的意思是“有所追求但缺乏职业技巧的人”： 〔seed〕Intended to help in early stages:加以协助的：倾向于在早期阶段有所帮助的：〔Milhaud〕French composer who experimented with polytonality and jazz styles. His works include the operaThe Lost Sheep (1910) and the ballet Moïse (1940). 米约，大流士：(1892-1974) 法国作曲家，曾对多调性及爵士乐风格有所尝试。其作品有歌剧《迷失的羊》 （1910年）及芭蕾舞剧 《创世纪》 （1940年） 〔shakedown〕In 1969 a majority of the members of theAmerican Heritage Dictionary Usage Panel felt that the noun shakedown in the sense "extortion" and the related phrasal verb shake down were acceptable in writing, though both are now labeledslang. It would seem that certain usages take a while to attain respectability because of the company they keep.Shake and the verb phrase shake out of already meant "to steal" in Middle English. This usage ofshake is still found in the 19th and 20th centuries. Bothshake and shake out of in the sense "to steal" are clearly related to shake down, which is first recorded in 1872, shake down being glossed "to extort money from individuals.” This is a slang usage,probably occurring, as had the verbshake, largely in contexts having to do with criminal or corrupt behavior. As our Panel realized,the verb and the later nounshakedown (first recorded in 1902 in the United States) have now moved from the lingo of criminals, loan sharks, and politicians into wider currency. 1969年，大多数美国经典辞书 用法研究小组的成员认为名词 shakedown （意为“敲诈”）及相关的短语动词 shake down 在写作中是可接受的， 虽然现在两者均被标以俚语。 与之有关的意义似乎有些用法需要一些时间来获得社会的承认。在中世纪英语中，Shake 和 shake out of 已经意味着“偷盗” 。 shake 的这种用法仍见于19世纪和20世纪。 Shake 及 shake out of （意为“偷盗”）明显与 shake down （首次记载于1872年）有所联系。 shake down 被解释为“从个人处敲诈金钱”。 这是俚语用法，很可能如动词shake 一样，大量用于与犯罪或腐败行为有关的语境中。 正如我们的用法研究小组所意识到的，该动词及后来的名词shakedown （在美国最早记载于1902年）已从罪犯、高利贷者及政客的语汇发展到更广泛的使用领域 〔tempered〕Having the requisite degree of hardness or elasticity. Used of glass or a metal.经过回火的：适当的具有所要的硬度或弹性的。通常用于玻璃或金属〔camarilla〕A group of confidential, often scheming advisers; a cabal.参谋团：一群秘密的、常有所筹划的顾问者；秘密结社〔Berzelius〕Swedish chemist who published a table of atomic weights (1828); contributed to electrochemical theory; discovered cerium (1803), zirconium (1824), and titanium (1825); and isolated silicon (1823).柏济力阿斯，术斯·雅格布：(1779-1848) 瑞典化学家，出版了原子质量表（1828年）；对电化学理论有所贡献；发现了铈（1803年）；锆（1824年）和钛（1825年）；分离了硅（1823年）〔pariah〕In the wordpariah, which can be used for anyone who is a social outcast, independent of social position,we have a reminder of a much more rigid social system,where only certain people could be pariahs.The caste system of India placed members of the pariah caste very low in society;until 1949 they were also known asuntouchables. The wordpariah, however, which we have extended in meaning, came into English from Tamil paṛaiyar, the plural of paṛaiyan, the caste name, which literally means “(hereditary) drummer"and comes from the wordpaṛai, the name of a drum used at certain festivals. The word is first recorded in English in 1613.Its use in English and its extension in use probably owe much to the close relationship that developed between Great Britain and India.Indeed, many of the British servants in India were from the pariah caste.pariah 一词能用于任何一个被社会遗弃的人， 不管他的社会地位如何，在这个词中，对我们有一个更严酷的社会体制的暗示，在这种体制下，仅仅某些特定的人才能成为被社会遗弃的人。印度的社会体制把被遗弃者的社会地位订得很低，直到1949年这些人还仍旧被称作是不可接触者 。 然而，我们已经扩展了含义的pariah 一词从泰米尔语 paraiyar 即 paraiyan 的复数转入英语中来， 字面含义是“（世袭）鼓手”，源于一种特定节日用的鼓名parai 。 1613年这个词首次在英语中有所记录。它在英文中的运用和用法的扩展可能很大程度是由于大不列颠和印度的密切关系。的确，在印度许多英国人的佣人都来自于贱民阶层〔typhoon〕Perhaps few words better illustrate the polyglot background of English thantyphoon, with its Chinese, Arabic, East Indian, and Greek background. The Greek wordtyphon, both the name of the father of the winds and a common noun meaning "whirlwind, typhoon,” was borrowed into Arabic (as was many a Greek word during the Middle Ages, when Arabic learning both preserved the classical heritage and expanded upon it, passing it on to Europe).Ùūfān, the Arabic version of the Greek word, passed into languages spoken in India,where Arabic-speaking Moslem invaders had settled in the 11th century.Thus the descendant of the Arabic word,passing into English (first recorded in 1588) through an Indian languageand appearing in English in forms such astouffon and tufan, originally referred specifically to a severe storm in India.China, another great empire, gave us yet another word for a storm,in this case the hurricane that occurred in the waters around China.This Chinese word in its Cantonese form,toi fung, was similar to our Arabic borrowing and is first recorded in English guise astuffoon in 1699. The various forms coalesced and finally becametyphoon. 也许很少有单词能像typhoon 一样表明汉语、阿拉伯语、东印度语和希腊语的多国语言背景。 希腊单词typhon 既是风神的姓名又是意为“旋风，台风”的普通名词， 被借入到阿拉伯语（就象在中世纪时许多希腊语单词进入阿拉伯语一样，那时，阿拉伯人的学问保存了古典的风格，同时在把它传向欧洲时又有所扩充）。Tufan ，希腊语的阿拉伯语形式， 传入到了印度人使用的语言，11世纪时讲阿拉伯语的穆斯林入侵者在印度定居下来。这样，阿拉伯语单词的衍生，从印度语言进入英语（最早记载于1588年），并以如touffon 和 tufan 的形式出现于英语中， 最先特指印度的猛烈风暴。中国，另一个大帝国，给了我们风暴的另一个单词，这里指的是在中国附近洋面发生的飓风。汉语单词的广东语形式toi fung 同我们的阿拉伯语借用词相近， 最早以tuffoon 的形式于1699年载入英语。 各种形式合并在一起最后变成了typhoon 〔answer〕To be liable or accountable:负责：负有责任，有所交待： |
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