| 单词 | 变换 |
| 释义 | 〔poststructuralism〕Any of various theories or methods of analysis, including deconstruction and some psychoanalytic theories, that deny the validity of structuralism's method of binary opposition and maintain that meanings and intellectual categories are shifting and unstable.后结构主义：包含解构和一些精神分析学理论在内的各种分析方法或理论，其反对构造主义中二元对立的有效性，主张意义和知识种类是一直变换不定的〔yodel〕To sing (a song) by yodeling.真假嗓音变换地唱（歌）〔meteor〕meta- [meta-] meta- [前缀，表“变换，变化”] 〔ticket〕A change of scene would be just the ticket for us.环境的变换正是我们所需要的〔wizardry〕A power or an effect that appears magical by its capacity to transform:魔力：由于具有变换能力而显得有魔力的力量或效果：〔move〕A change of residence or location.搬家：居住地点的变换〔prevailing〕 Current often stresses the present time;the term is frequently applied to what passes from one to another or to what is subject to frequent change: Current 经常强调现在；这个词经常用来指从一物转到另一物的东西或经常变换的东西： 〔metaplasm〕meta- [meta-] meta- [前缀，表示“变位，变换”] 〔yodel〕A song or cry that is yodeled.真假嗓音变换唱出的歌或发出的叫喊声〔remuda〕mudar [to change] from Latin mūtāre * see mei- 1mudar [变换] 源自 拉丁语 mūtāre * 参见 mei- 1〔lingo〕A look at the entry in the Indo-European roots entry fordöghū- will show that the wordstongue, language, and lingo are related, all going back to the Indo-European rootdöghū-, "tongue.” The relationship betweenlanguage and lingo is not particularly surprising given their related meanings and common root, but one might be curious as to the routes by which these two words came into English.Language, as did so many of our important borrowings from Latin, passed through French into English during the Middle Ages, the forms involved being Latinlingua, "language,” its descendant, Old French langue, and its derivative, langage. Lingo, on the other hand, entered English after the end of the Middle Ages when Europe had opened itself to the larger world. We have probably borrowedlingo from lingoa, a Portuguese descendant of Latin lingua. The Portuguese were great traders before the English were,and it is not unlikely that the sense "foreign language" was strengthened as the Portuguese traveled around the world.Interestingly enough,the first recorded instance oflingo in English is in the New World (1660) in a reference to the "Dutch lingo.” The development in sense to "unintelligible language" and "specialized language" is an obvious one.当我们看到印欧语系词根条目dnghu- 时， 我们就可以看出tongue，language 和 lingo 之间的联系， 它们都拥有共同的印欧语系词根dnghu- “舌头”。 当我们知道language 和 lingo 拥有共同的词根并且在意思上有关联时，我们就不会惊异于他们之间的联系， 但我们可能会对这两个词是通过何种方式进入英语的感到很好奇。和许多重要的从拉丁语借来的词一样，language 是在中世纪时通过法语传入英语的， 变换的形式为拉丁语的lingua “语言”、它的变体，古法语中的 langue 和它的派生词 langage。 另一方面，Lingo是在欧洲向一个更广阔的世界开放自己的时候即在中世纪结束后期进入英语的。 我们可能从拉丁文lingua 的葡萄牙语变体 lingoa 借入了 lingo 。 葡萄牙人是英国人之前的大商人，当他们在周游世界的同时，很可能那种“外语”的意义得到了加强。很有趣的是，最先出现在英语中的lingo 新大陆（1660年）一书中用来指“荷兰语”。 所以变成“难懂的话”和“行话”的意思的发展过程是很明显的〔shuffle〕To move about from place to place; shift:移动：从一个地方挪到另一个地方；变换：〔fentanyl〕[alteration of the chemical name] [化学名字的变换] 〔dynamic〕Of or relating to variation of intensity, as in musical sound.力度变化：与力度变化有关的，如音乐力度的变换〔commutate〕To reverse the direction of (an alternating electric current) each half-cycle to produce a unidirectional current.变换电流方向：颠倒每一半周（交流电流的）方向，以产生单方向性电流〔suffer〕suffer a change in staff.See Synonyms at experience 经历职员的变换 参见 experience〔modulate〕To vary the frequency, amplitude, phase, or other characteristic of (electromagnetic waves).调制：变换（电磁波的）频率，振幅，周相或其它特点〔nomad〕A member of a group of people who have no fixed home and move according to the seasons from place to place in search of food, water, and grazing land.游牧部落一员：一群没有固定的家并随季节变换到处移动寻找食物、水和牧场的人中的一员〔suave〕The hostess averted a confrontation between the two guests with an adroit and diplomatic change of subject.女主人娴熟老练地变换了话题从而避免了两位客人之间的冲突。〔modulate〕To change or vary the pitch, intensity, or tone of (one's voice or a musical instrument, for example).调整，改变音量：改变或变换如嗓音或音乐装置的音高，强度，或音调〔metathesis〕from metatithenai [to transpose] 源自 metatithenai [变换] 〔unshift〕To release the shift key on a typewriter or computer keyboard.松开一台打字机或计算机的键盘上的字形变换键〔transformation〕Replacement of the variables in an algebraic expression by their values in terms of another set of variables.变换：以另一套变量置换为一个代数表达式中变量的值〔commutation〕from commūtātus [past participle of] commūtāre [to alter, exchange] * see commute 源自 commūtātus commūtāre的过去分词 [转变，变换] * 参见 commute〔migrate〕To change location periodically, especially by moving seasonally from one region to another.迁移，移栖：定期变换所在地，尤指季节性地从一地迁移到另一地〔transformation〕A mapping of one space onto another or onto itself.变换：一个空间与另一个空间或自身的一一对应〔convert〕To change (something) into another form, substance, state, or product; transform:变换：使（某物）转变成另一种形式、物质、状态或结果；使转化：〔contrapositive〕A proposition derived by negating and permuting the terms of another, equivalent proposition; for example,All not-Y is not-X is the contrapositive of All X is Y. 质位变换命题：由否定和置换另一等价命题的项而得到的命题；例如，“所有的非Y是非X" 是 “所有的X是Y" 的质位变换命题 〔move〕To change the course of:转向：变换路线：〔transitory〕"the disorder of his life: the succession of cities, of transitory loves"(Carson McCullers)See Synonyms at transient “他混乱的生活：不断的变换他生活的城市和转瞬即逝的爱情”(卡森·麦克卡勒尔斯) 参见 transient〔anagram〕A word or phrase formed by reordering the letters of another word or phrase, such assatin to stain. 换音造词法，回文构词法：变换字母顺序以形成另一词，如Satin 变为 Stain 〔Plovdiv〕A city of south-central Bulgaria on the Maritsa River southeast of Sofia. Originally built by Thracians, it fell to Macedonia in 341b.c. and to Rome in 46. The city changed hands frequently in the Middle Ages and was controlled by Russia from 1877 to 1885. Population, 378,000. 普罗夫迪夫：保加利亚中南部一城市，位于马里查河河畔、索非亚东南。它最初由色雷斯人建立，公元前 341年落入马其顿之手，46年又被罗马吞并。在中世纪该城的统治权频繁变换；从1877年到1885年它一直被俄国控制。人口378,000 〔orange〕Oranges imported to China from the United States reflect a journey come full circle,for the orange had worked its way westward for centuries, originating in China,then being introduced to India,and traveling on to the Middle East, into Europe,and finally to the New World.The history of the wordorange keeps step with this journey only part of the way. The word is possibly ultimately of Dravidian origin, that is, it comes from a language or languages in a large non-Indo-European family of languages,including Tamil and Telugu, that are spoken in southern India and northern Sri Lanka.The Dravidian word or words were adopted into the Indo-European language Sanskritwith the formnāraṅgaḥ. As the fruit passed westward,so did the word,as evidenced by Persiannārang and Arabic nāranj. Arabs brought the first oranges to Spain,and the fruit rapidly spread throughout Europe.The important word for the development of our term is Old Italianmelarancio, derived from mela, "fruit,” and arancio, "orange tree,” from Arabicnāranj. Old Italianmelarancio was translated into Old French as pume orenge, theo replacing the a because of the influence of the name of the town of Orange, from which oranges reached the northern part of France.The final stage of the odyssey of the word was its borrowing into English from the Old French formorenge. Our word is first recorded in Middle English in a text probably composed around 1380,a time preceding the arrival of the orange in the New World.从美国进口到中国的桔子恰恰反映出兜圈子似的行进里程，因为原产于中国的桔子几个世纪以来不断向西行进，先是被引入印度，之后传播到中东国家、欧洲，最后引进了新大陆，orange 这个词的发展历史只与桔子的发展历程在一部分时段上是有其同步性的， 它最可能是来源于达罗毗荼，也就是说，它来源于非印一欧语系中的一种或多种语言，包括用于印度南部和斯里兰卡北部的泰米尔语和泰卢固语。达罗毗荼语是以梵文形式引入印欧语系的，形式如narangch。 当这种水果向西传播时，这个单词也同样西传，从以下可得到明证，如波斯语中的narang 和阿拉伯语中的 naranj。 阿拉伯人把第一批桔子带到西班牙后，这种水果又迅速传遍整个欧洲。我们现时所用的这个词的发展期中重要的一词便是古意大利语melarancio ，源于 mela， “水果”及 arancio， “桔树”， 来源于阿拉伯语naranj。 古意大利语melarancio 翻译成古法语为 pume orenge， o 变换为 a 是因为受奥伦奇城名的影响， 桔子即由此地进入法国北部。这一单词长途跋涉的最后一站是它由古法语orenge 进入英语词汇。 我们所用的这一词汇最初载入中世纪英语是在大约1380年左右的一份文本当中，早于桔子进入新大陆的时间〔catalyze〕To produce fundamental change in; transform:变革：在…方面产生根本性的变化；变换：〔metaplasm〕Alteration of a word by the addition, omission, or transposition of sounds or syllables or the letters that represent them.词形变异：一个词的变化，通过音、音节或代表它们的字母的增加、删除或变换而来〔prodigious〕No one would now say, as did a character in Fanny Burney'sEvelina (1778), "You are prodigiously kind!”But this utterance, exclamation point and all,illustrates two important points about intensives, linguistic elements,such asextremely or awfully, that provide force or emphasis.One point is that we press words that originally had other meanings into service as intensives.Prodigiously is an adverb formed on prodigious, which meant such things as "ominous, amazing, enormous,” going back to the Latinprōdigiōsus, "portentous, marvelous, unnatural.”Prodigiously, first recorded in 1595, meant "portentously, ominously,”and was later used to mean "wonderfully, astonishingly,”therefore making a perfect candidate for use as an intensive.The other point about intensives illustrated byprodigiously is that they go in and out of fashion. The character inEvelina used prodigiously in a way that was no doubt very stylish; no one would find it so today.Perhaps the main reason for such shifts in the use of these intensives is that once they have been used for a whilethey no longer intensify.现在没有人会象芬妮·伯尼的小说埃维莉娜 (1778年）中的人物那样说， “您真是太好了!”但这种说法，感叹号和全句，说明了关于加强语气的重要两点，如extremely 或 awfully 这样的语言要素， 具有加强语气或表示强调的作用。要点之一是我们把一些最初有其他意思的词当作了加强语气的词来使用。Prodigiously 是在意为“不祥的，惊人的，巨大的”的形容词 prodigious 基础上形成的副词， 可追溯到拉丁词prodigiosus， 意思是“不祥的，奇异的，不自然的。”Prodigiously 最早记录于1595年， 意为“预兆性地，不祥地，”后来意为“奇妙地，惊人地，”因此很适于用作强调词。Prodigiously 说明的关于强调词的另一个要点是这些词流行一时然后就过时了。 埃维莉娜 中的人物使用 prodigiously 的方式无疑是很时髦的； 但今天已没有人这样用了。或许这些强调词用法变换的主要原因是一旦这些词被使用了一段时间后，其加强语气或强调作用就不再明显了〔affine〕Of or relating to a transformation of coordinates that is equivalent to a translation, contraction, or expansion with respect to a fixed origin and fixed coordinate system.仿射的：与一个固定原点及固定坐标系有关的等价于平移、收缩或展开的坐标变换式的，与其相关的〔modulus〕The number by which a logarithm in one system must be multiplied to obtain the corresponding logarithm in another system.对数的模：当从一个系统变换到另一个系统时为得到相应的对数须乘以的一个数〔dash〕To add an enlivening or altering element to.增加生气：增加使活跃或变换的因素〔metastasis〕meta- [meta-] meta- [前缀，表“变化，变换”] |
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