| 单词 | 加以 |
| 释义 | 〔bylaw〕A casual glance at the wordbylaw might make one think that the element by- means "secondary, subsidiary,” especially sincebylaw can mean "a secondary law.” It is possible thatby-, as in byway, has influencedbylaw in the sense "secondary law"; however,bylaw existed long before the sense in question. The word is first recorded in 1283 with the meaning "a body of customs or regulations, as of a village, manor, religious organization, or sect.”By- in this word comes from Old Norse, as may the wordbylaw, and is related to if not identical with the element -by in the names of many places, such as Whitby, where Scandinavians settled when they invaded England during the early Middle Ages.We get the sense of this-by if we compare the related word entered as bær, b÷r, bȳr, in the standard dictionary of Old Icelandic, meaning "a town or village" in Norway, Sweden, and Denmark and "a farm or landed estate" in Iceland. We thus see whybylaw would mean "a body of customs of a village or manor" and why we use the word to mean "a law or rule governing the internal affairs of an organization.”随意瞟一眼单词bylaw 可能会使人想起前缀 by- ，意为“第二位的，次要的”， 因为bylaw 意为“附属的法规”。 可能因为前缀by- 位于 byway 中， 它影响了bylaw “附属法规”这一意义； 然而bylaw 一词在上述意义产生之前早已存在。 该词最初是在1283年以“一种习俗或规章体系，如村庄、县邑、宗教组织或派系之中”这种含义记载的。前缀By- 来自古斯堪的纳维亚语中， 正如bylaw 一词在许多地名之中与后缀 -by 若不是完全一致，就是彼此相关， 如惠特比，这是斯堪的纳维亚人在中世纪早期侵入英格兰之后的定居地。如果我们将古冰岛标准字典中的相关词bær, b÷r, bȳr （在挪威、瑞典和丹麦这些国家中意为“城镇或村庄”而在冰岛意为“农场或庄园”）加以比较，就会得出后缀 -by 的含义。 我们因而可以明白为什么bylaw 一词意为“村庄或县邑的习俗体系” 以及我们为什么使用其“一种法规或规则，用于管理一个组织的内部事务”这一意义〔eclectic〕Selecting or employing individual elements from a variety of sources, systems, or styles:选择的，（从不同材料）挑选的：从不同的来源、体系或风格中选出单项成分加以应用：〔unrequited〕Not reciprocated or returned in kind:未得回报的，无报答的：未得回报的或未被以同种方式加以报答的：〔jungle〕sorting through the jungle of regulations.把一堆错综复杂的规则加以分类整理〔divisionism〕A branch of neoimpressionism in which colors are divided into their components and mechanically arranged so that the eye organizes the shape.点描派，新印象画派：新印象画派的一支，把颜色分成其基本成分并加以机械性的布置，通过视觉来组织新画的形状〔alarmist〕A person who needlessly alarms or attempts to alarm others, as by inventing or spreading false or exaggerated rumors of impending danger or catastrophe.大惊小怪者；危言耸听者：不必要地进行警告或试图警告别人的人，如对即将来临的危险、灾难加以捏造或传播虚假夸张的谣言〔loom〕Revolution loomed but the aristocrats paid no heed.革命已迫在眉睫，但贵族们并未加以注意〔Medina〕A city of western Saudi Arabia north of Mecca. Mohammed lived here after fleeing from Mecca in 622. The Mosque of the Prophet, containing Mohammed's tomb, is a holy site for Moslem pilgrims. Population, 290,000.麦地那：沙特阿拉伯西部一城市，位于麦加以北。穆罕默德自622年逃离麦加后就住在这儿。建有穆罕默德陵墓。穆罕默德清真寺是穆斯林教徒朝寺的圣地。人口290,000〔rubber〕A yellowish, amorphous, elastic material obtained from the milky sap or latex of various tropical plants, especially the rubber tree, and vulcanized, pigmented, finished, and modified into products such as electric insulation, elastic bands and belts, tires, and containers. Also called caoutchouc ,India rubber 橡胶：一种浅黄色的弹性非晶体物质，从各种热带植物尤其是橡胶树的乳液或胶乳中提取，然后加以硫化、着色、磨光、加工成如电绝缘材料、弹性带和弹性条、轮胎和容器等产品 也作 caoutchouc,India rubber〔addition〕The act or process of adding, especially the process of computing with sets of numbers so as to find their sum.加，加法：累加的行为或过程，特指几组数字相加以求总和的计算过程〔supercalender〕A calender with a number of rollers for giving a high finish or gloss to paper.超级抛光机：有许多滚轮的抛光机，用以给加一层漆或加以光泽〔precisionism〕A style of early 20th-century painting in which depicted scenes or objects are reduced or simplified to elemental structural forms and rendered by a combination of abstractionism and realism.精确主义：20世纪早期的一种绘画风格，其中所描绘的场面或物像减少为或简化为基本结构形式，并以抽象主义和现实主义的综合手法加以表现〔equivalent〕"Prejudicing vital foreign policy considerations in order to rescue individuals finds its domestic equivalent in the inflated awards paid to . . . accident and malpractice victims"(Moorhead Kennedy)“为了挽救个人而对重要外交政策的考虑产生偏见，正如国内相应的对于事故和医疗误诊的受害者加以巨额补偿一样”(穆尔黑德·肯尼迪)〔compartmentalize〕"You learn . . . even the ability to compartmentalize ethics"(Ellen Goodman)“你甚至学习…把伦理学加以分割的能力”(埃伦·古德曼)〔apophasis〕Allusion to something by denying that it will be mentioned, as inI will not bring up my opponent's questionable financial dealings. 阳否阴述：通过否认某事物将被提到来加以暗示，如在句子我不想提及竞争对手其令人置疑的财政交易。 〔supposed〕The central meaning shared by these adjectives is "put forth or accepted as being true on inconclusive grounds": 这些形容词共有的意思为“没有确凿的证据而作为正确的加以提出或接受”： 〔parse〕To break (a sentence) down into its component parts of speech with an explanation of the form, function, and syntactical relationship of each part.语法分析：把（句子）分解成各个组成词类，并从形式、功能和各部分的句法关系上加以说明〔freeze〕To shut out or exclude, as by cold or unfriendly treatment:排挤：以冷淡或不友好的对待加以排挤：〔axiom〕Abbr. ax.A self-evident principle or one that is accepted as true without proof as the basis for argument; a postulate.缩写 ax.格言：不言而喻的原理或能作为真理被接受的规律，无须作为争论依据加以证明；基本原理〔minutely〕With attention to small details.缜密地：对极细枝末节也加以关注地〔unrequited〕unrequited love; an unrequited injury.未得回报的爱情；单恋；未加以报复的伤害〔ostracize〕To banish by ostracism, as in ancient Greece.放逐： （在古希腊）通过陶片放逐制度加以放逐〔blond〕It is usual in English to treatblond as if it required gender marking, as in French, spelling itblonde when referring to women and blond elsewhere. But this practice is in fact a relatively recent innovation,and some have suggested that it has sexist implicationsand that the formblond should be used for both sexes. There is certainly a measure of justice to the claim that the two forms are not used symmetrically.Since English does not normally mark adjectives according to the gender of the nouns they modify,it is natural to interpret the final-e as expressing some additional meaning, perhaps because it implies that hair color provides a primary category of classification for women but not men.This association of hair color and a particular perception of feminine identity is suggested in phrasessuch asdumb blonde and Is it true blondes have more fun? or in Susan Brownmiller's depiction of Hollywood's "pantheon of celebrated blondes who have fed the fantasies of men and fueled the aspirations of women.” The corresponding masculine formblond, by contrast, is not ordinarily used to refer to men in contexts in which hair color is not specifically at issue; there is something arch in a reference toLeslie Howard, Robert Redford, and other celebrated blonds. See Usage Note at brunette 在英语中，通常在使用blond 时似乎认为这个词需要性别标志。 正如在法语中，指女性时拼作blonde ，指其他时拼作 blond 。 但这实际上是较新的一种用法，一些人就曾认为这个词本身就带有性别的含义，而且blond 可同时用于两种性别。 两种形式并没有相应地使用的说法是有几分道理。因为英语中通常并不根据形容词修饰的名词的性而加以标明，很自然地就词尾的-e 看作附加的意思的表示， 这也许是由于它暗示头发的颜色是女性而不是男性提供了一个鉴别的首要类型。这种把头发颜色和女性鉴别的特殊方法联系在一起的作法，在如下的一些句子中有所体现，dump blonde（愚蠢的女人） 和 Is it true blondes have more fun?（金发女人真的更有情趣吗?） 或苏珊·布朗米勒的《好莱坞》中的描写的 "pantheon of celebrated blondes who have fed the fantasies of men and fueled the aspirations of women"（一些曾满足男人的幻想和勾起女人的野心的显赫女明星）。 不同的是相对应的男性的强调形式blond, 在行文中没有特别头发颜色的情况下通常并不专指男性； 如这句说法有调侃的意味的例句Leslie Howard, Robert Redford, and other celebrated blonds（莱斯利·霍华德，罗伯特·莱德佛拉和其他著名的金发明星中） 参见 brunette〔Funk〕Polish-born American biochemist whose research of deficiency diseases led to his discovery of vitamins, which he named in 1912.芬克，卡齐米尔：(1884-1967) 出生于波兰的美籍生化学家，他在研究营养缺乏病时发现了维生素并于1912年加以命名〔accompany〕These verbs are compared when they mean to be with or to go with another or others.这些动词指伴随或陪同他人或其他人时对他们加以比较。〔overburden〕To subject to an excessive burden or strain; overtax.过重的负担或压力；对…加以过重负担〔hinder〕 hinder is to hold back, as by delaying: Hinder 的意思是通过延迟的方法加以妨碍： 〔cogitable〕Thinkable; conceivable:可以思考的：能加以思考的；可想象的：〔urgent〕These adjectives are compared as they mean compelling immediate attention.这些形容词在指“强求立即的关注”这个意义时加以比较。〔touchup〕The act or an instance of finishing or improving by small changes, corrections, or additions.润色，修饰：通过小的修改、更正或添加而加以润色或修饰的行为或事例〔tax〕To make difficult or excessive demands upon:使负重担：对…加以困难的或过分的要求：〔hat〕Keep this information under your hat.对这条消息加以保密〔discrimination〕Treatment or consideration based on class or category rather than individual merit; partiality or prejudice:歧视，差别待遇：根据阶级而不是根据个人的优点来加以对待和考虑的；偏心或偏见：〔gingerbread〕A soft molasses and ginger cookie cut in various shapes, sometimes elaborately decorated.姜饼：一种软的糖蜜生姜饼干，切成各种形状，有时加以精致的修饰〔active〕These adjectives are compared as they mean engaged in activity.这些形容词都表示忙于活动时对他们加以比较。〔osteopathy〕A system of medicine based on the theory that disturbances in the musculoskeletal system affect other bodily parts, causing many disorders that can be corrected by various manipulative techniques in conjunction with conventional medical, surgical, pharmacological, and other therapeutic procedures.整骨术：一种医学体系，其医学原理为：肌肉骨骼系统紊乱影响到其他身体部位，引起的许多失调，但能通过各种手工操作技巧兼以传统医学治疗、外科手术治疗、药物治疗和其他治疗程序加以矫正〔ingrain〕"A system that had been ingrained for generations could not be easily undone by change from the top"(Doris Kearns Goodwin)“一个已经好几代人都根深蒂固的系统很难靠从上加以演变来破坏”(多丽丝·克恩斯·古德温)〔tournedos〕A fillet of beef cut from the tenderloin, often bound in bacon or suet for cooking.里脊肉：从嫩腰肉上割下的牛里脊肉，通常包在咸肉或板油中加以烹调〔mortadella〕An Italian sausage made of pork, beef, and cubes of pork fat, flavored with wine and spices and smoked, steamed, or baked.烟熏香肚：一种由猪肉、牛肉和猪油块做成的意大利香肠，调有葡萄酒和香料并加以熏、蒸或烘烤〔interfere〕These verbs are compared as they mean to put oneself forward and intervene in the affairs of others when unasked to do so and often in an impudent or indiscreet manner.当这些动词指某人未经要求就介入或插手别人的事，并且通常是以一种鲁莽或不礼貌的方式时对他们加以比较。 |
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