| 单词 | 关系 |
| 释义 | 〔immunogenetics〕The study of the interrelation between immunity to disease and genetic makeup.免疫遗传学：研究对疾病的免疫力和基因结构相互之间关系的学科〔copacetic〕We know very little about the origin of the wordcopacetic, meaning "excellent, first-rate.” Is its origin to be found in Italian, in the speech of southern Black people, in the Creole French dialect of Louisiana, or in Hebrew?John O'Hara, who used the word inAppointment in Samarra, later wrote thatcopacetic was "a Harlem and gangster corruption of an Italian word.” O'Hara went on to say, "I don't know how to spell the Italian,but it's something like copacetti.” His uncertainty about how to spell the Italian is paralleled by uncertainty about how to spellcopacetic itself. Copacetic has been recorded with the spellings copasetic, copasetty, copesetic, copisettic, and kopasettee. The spelling is now more or less fixed, however, ascopacetic or copasetic, even though the origin of the word has not been determined.The Harlem connection mentioned by O'Hara would seem more likely than the Italian,sincecopacetic was used by Black jazz musicians and is said to have been Southern slang in the late 19th century. Ifcopacetic is Creole French in origin, it would also have a Southern homeland.According to this explanation,copacetic came from the Creole French word coupersètique, which meant "able to be coped with,” "able to cope with anything and everything,” "in good form,”and also "having a healthy appetite or passion for life or love.”Those who support the Hebrew or Yiddish origin ofcopacetic do not necessarily deny the Southern connections of the word. One explanation has it that Jewish storekeepers used the Hebrew phrasekol bĕṣedeq, "all with justice,”when asked if things were O.K. Black children who were in the store as customers or employees heard this phrase ascopacetic. No explanation of the origin ofcopacetic, including the ones discussed here, has won the approval of scholars, as is clearly shown by the etymology ofcopacetic in the first volume of the Dictionary of American Regional English, published in 1985: "Etym unknown.” 我们对copacetic 这个词的词源所知甚少，其意为“极好的、一流的”。 它是起源于意大利语、南方黑人口语、路易斯安那州的克里奥耳人的法语方言还是希伯来语？约翰·奥哈拉在撒马拉的约会 中用到这个词， 他后来写到copacetic 是“变成哈莱姆黑人居住区和强盗土语的意大利词”。 奥哈拉还说，“我不知道原来的意大利词是如何拼写的，但是有点象copacetti"。与他不敢肯定如何拼写这个意大利词一样，他对copacetic 一词本身的拼法也不敢肯定。 Copacetic 曾经被拼写成 copasetic, copasetty, copesetic, copisettic 以及 kopasettee。 现在它的拼法多少已经固定成copacetic 或 copasetic， 尽管这个词的词源仍未被确定。奥哈拉所提及的它与哈莱姆黑人居住区的关系看上去比它和意大利语的关系更有可能，因为黑人爵士歌手曾用过copacetic 这个词，并且据说在19世纪晚期它曾是南方的俚语。 如果copacetic 在词源上是克里奥耳人的法语， 那么它也是从南方来的。根据这一解释，copacetic 来自克里奥耳人法语中 coupersetique 一词， 表示“有能力与人竞争的”、“有能力处理任何事情及一切事情的”、“以好的方式的”，还表示“对生活或爱情有正常的欲望或激情的”。那些认为copacetic 来自希伯来语或意第绪语的人并不一定否认这个词与南方的关系。 一种解释认为，犹太店主们在被询问是否一切都好时用了希伯来语中的短语kol bĕṣedeq 即“一切太平”之意， 在店里作工或买东西的黑人儿童将这个短语听成了copacetic。 在关于copacetic 词源的解释中，包括以上讨论的这些，没有一种得到学者们的认可， 这一点我们可以在美国方言英语辞典 （1985年出版）第一册关于 copacetic 一词的词源解释中清楚地看到：“词源不知” 〔logic〕The relationship between elements and between an element and the whole in a set of objects, individuals, principles, or events:内在联系：在一系列物体、个人、原则和事件中，部分之间、部分与整体之间的关系：〔life〕Human existence, relationships, or activity in general:生活：广义上人的存在、关系或活动：〔bestiality〕Sexual relations between a human being and an animal.人兽性关系：人与兽之间的性关系〔alliance〕the shifting alliances within a large family.一个大家族中多变的关系〔Sauk〕The Algonquian language of the Sauk, dialectally related to Fox.索克语：索克语属阿尔岗金语系，与福克斯族方言有关系〔bleed〕It seems only common sense thatbleed should be related to blood, but one needs some knowledge of historical linguistics to understand the relationship fully.In prehistoric Common Germanic, the hypothetical predecessor of Germanic languages such as English, German, and Swedish,the word.blōdha-, "blood,” the ancestor of our word blood, is assumed to have existed. From this noun was derived the verb.blōdhjan, "to bleed.” A change of sound then came into play in Old English, that is, thej, pronounced like the y in your, caused the vowelō, pronounced as in go, to become pronounced like the ö in German schön. Later in Old English thisō changed to ē, pronounced like the a in labor, eventually becoming like thee in bee by 1500. By this change, as well as others,.blōdhjan became Modern English bleed. 根据常识bleed 好象应该和 blood 联系在一起， 但要想全面理解这种关系，应具备一些历史语言学的知识。在史前日耳曼共同语，即日耳曼语言（如英语、德语和瑞典语）的假设前任语言中，我们使用的单词blood 源于 blodha- 意为“血”，被认为已经存在了。 从这一名词派生出动词blodhjan， 意为“流血”。 发音的改变出现于古英语中，即j， 发音与 your 中的 y 相似， 引起go 中的元音 ō 变得如德语 schon 中的 ö 。 后来在古英语中ō 变为 ē， 发音如 labor 中的 a， 最后在1500年前变得如bee 中的 e 。 通过这种变化，以及其他变化，blodhjan 成为了现代英语的 bleed 〔peace〕Freedom from quarrels and disagreement; harmonious relations:和睦，和谐：没有争吵和不和的状态；融洽的关系：〔correlate〕To establish or demonstrate as having a correlation:相关联的：建立或表明具有相互关联的关系：〔Mede〕A member of an Iranian people, closely related to the Persians, inhabiting ancient Media.米堤亚人：一伊朗部族之成员，与波斯人关系很近，居住于古代米堤亚地区〔long〕Concerned with distant issues; far-reaching:远大的，深远的：关系到远处的事物的；范围广的：〔general〕Concerned with, applicable to, or affecting the whole or every member of a class or category:全体的，全面的：与一个集团或类别的全部或每一成员有关系的、适用的、有影响力的：〔part〕To break up (a relationship) by separating the elements involved:拆移：通过分离相关因素而断绝（关系）：〔necrophilia〕Erotic attraction to or sexual contact with corpses.奸尸：被尸体性别的吸引或同尸体发生性关系〔strained〕Antagonized to the verge of open conflict:（关系）紧张的：对立状态已达到公开冲突的边缘的：〔in〕had an in with the authorities.与当局有特殊的关系〔MacIver〕British-born American sociologist who emphasized the relationship between human values and social structure within a society.麦克伊弗，罗伯特·莫里森：(1882-1970) 英国裔美国社会学家，强调社会中人的价值观和社会结构之间的关系〔relate〕To have connection, relation, or reference:有联系：有连结，关系或者关联：〔linkage〕A connection or relation; an association.联系或关系；关联〔detachment〕preserved a chilly detachment in his relations with the family.他与他的家庭保持着一种冷冷的、漠不关心的关系〔thunderhead〕The swollen upper portion of a thundercloud, usually associated with the development of a thunderstorm.雷雨云砧，雷暴云砧：雷云上部通常与雷暴的发展有关系的膨胀部分〔caprice〕"This is a time of life when a solicitous family does well to watch affectionately over the vagaries of its unattached relatives,particularly of those who are comfortably off" (J.P. Marquand). “这个时期的生活中，一个乐意帮忙的家庭总是充满爱意地观注着那些与它关系并不密切的亲戚们的古怪或狂妄的念头，特别是那些相当富足的家庭的怪念头” （J·P·马昆德）。〔symbiosis〕A relationship of mutual benefit or dependence.互利或互依关系〔coherent〕Marked by an orderly, logical, and aesthetically consistent relation of parts:条理分明的：各部分之间有序的、逻辑的和完美一致的关系特征的：〔brother〕A male having the same parents as another or one parent in common with another.兄弟：兄弟的状态或关系〔lot〕A number of associated people or things:一群：许多有关系的人或物：〔conjunction〕The relationship between the components of a conjunction.复合命题中分子句间的关系〔mend〕To improve poor relations, especially in politics:改善关系：改善不良关系，尤指在政治中：〔passade〕A passing flirtation or romance:一时的调情或露水关系：〔real〕Of or founded on practical matters and concerns:现实的：属于或建立于实在物质和其关系之上的：〔hubbub〕It has often been remarked that the Celtic inhabitants of Great Britain contributed very little to the stock of English words.Perhaps this should not be too surprising, given the difficult relations over the centuries between the people of Germanic stock and the people of Celtic stock in England and Ireland.It seems likely that a certain English contempt resides in the adoption of the wordhubbub from a Celtic source, which is probably related toub ub ubub, a Scots Gaelic interjection expressing contempt,or toabu, an ancient Irish war cry. In any case,hubbub was first recorded (1555) in the phrase Irish hubbub and meant "the confused shouting of a crowd.”In addition to the senses it has developed,hubbub was again used, possibly in a nonflattering way, by the New England colonists as a term for a rambunctious game played by Native Americans. 人们常说，居住在大不列颠的盖尔人对英语词汇没有多大贡献。如果考虑到几个世纪以来居住在英格兰与爱尔兰的日尔曼人与盖尔人之间的关系，那么这个情况就不足为奇了。英格兰人采用来自盖尔语的hubbub 这个词时，很可能是带有轻蔑之意的， 此词与ub ub ubub 有关， 是苏格兰盖尔语中用来表示轻蔑之意的感叹词；或者与古代爱尔兰语中的呐喊abus 有关。 无论怎样，hubbub 一词最早见于词组 Irish hubbub (1555年）中， 意为“人群发出的混乱吵闹声”。除了它本身就有的意思外，hubbub 一词又被新英格兰的殖民者用来指印第安人的一种野蛮的游戏，但这一用法可能不讨人喜欢 〔commensalism〕A symbiotic relationship between two organisms of different species in which one derives some benefit while the other is unaffected.共生，共栖：不同种类两个组织之间的共生关系，在此关系中一个受益而另一个不受影响〔with〕In relationship to:在…的关系中：〔liaison〕An adulterous relationship; an affair.暧昧的关系；私通〔commensal〕An organism participating in a symbiotic relationship in which one species derives some benefit while the other is unaffected.共生生物：具有共生关系的组织，在这种关系中一个种类得到某种利益，而其他种类不受影响〔Humboldt〕German philologist and diplomat known for exploring the relationship between language and culture and for his study of the Basque language.洪堡男爵，（卡尔）威廉·冯：(1767-1835) 德国哲学家和外交家，以其对语言与文化的关系的探索和对巴斯克语言的研究而著名〔dominatrix〕A woman who acts out the role of the dominating partner in a sadomasochistic relationship.女狂人：在施虐受虐狂关系中起主导角色的女子〔amensalism〕A symbiotic relationship between organisms in which one species is harmed or inhibited and the other species is unaffected.片害共栖：有机体之间共生的作用关系，一个物种受另一个物种侵害或抑制，而后者不受前者的影响〔chaperon〕The chaperon at a high-school dance seems to have little relationship to what was first signified by the English wordchaperon, "a hood for a hawk,” and not even that much to what the word later meant, "a protectress of a young single woman.”The sense "hood for a hawk,” recorded in a Middle English text composed before 1400,reflects the original meaning of the Old French wordchaperon, "hood, headgear.” In order to understand why ourchaperon came to have the sense "protectress,” we need to know that in French the verbchaperonner, meaning "to cover with a hood,” was derived from chaperon and that this verb subsequently developed the figurative sense "to protect.”Under the influence of the verb sensethe French nounchaperon came to mean "escort,” a meaning that was borrowed into English,being found first in a work published in 1720.In its earlier useEnglishchaperon referred to a person, commonly an older woman, who accompanied a young unmarried woman in public to protect her. The English verbchaperon, "to be a chaperon,” is first recorded in Jane Austen'sSense and Sensibility, begun in 1796 as a sketch called "Elinor and Marianne"and published as a novel in 1811.中学舞会上的年长监护者似乎与英语词chaperon 的最初含义关系极微，（当时其意为“鹰的羽冠”）， 与后来该词的意思“年轻单身女子的伴护人”，关系也不甚大。“鹰的羽冠”的意思，最初见于作于1400年以前的一个中古英语文本，反映了这个古法语词chaperon 的最初的“羽冠”的含义。 为了理解为什么我们所用的chaperon 一词具有了“女伴护人”的意思， 我们需要知道法语中表示“覆以羽冠”意思的动词chaperonner 是从 chaperon 派生出来的， 这个词后来逐渐发展具有了“保护”的意思。受动词意义的影响，法语名词chaperon 也有了“伴护”的含义， 英语借用了这个含义，首见于1720年发表的一部作品。在早期用法上，英语词chaperon 是指一个在社交场合陪伴并保护一名未成婚少女的人，尤指年长妇女。 英语动词chaperon “做伴护人”， 最初见于简·奥斯丁的理智与情感 ， 此作品开始是1796年动笔的一部名为“艾利诺和马利恩”的文学速写，1811年作为一部小说出版 |
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