| 单词 | 入侵者 |
| 释义 | 〔typhoon〕Perhaps few words better illustrate the polyglot background of English thantyphoon, with its Chinese, Arabic, East Indian, and Greek background. The Greek wordtyphon, both the name of the father of the winds and a common noun meaning "whirlwind, typhoon,” was borrowed into Arabic (as was many a Greek word during the Middle Ages, when Arabic learning both preserved the classical heritage and expanded upon it, passing it on to Europe).Ùūfān, the Arabic version of the Greek word, passed into languages spoken in India,where Arabic-speaking Moslem invaders had settled in the 11th century.Thus the descendant of the Arabic word,passing into English (first recorded in 1588) through an Indian languageand appearing in English in forms such astouffon and tufan, originally referred specifically to a severe storm in India.China, another great empire, gave us yet another word for a storm,in this case the hurricane that occurred in the waters around China.This Chinese word in its Cantonese form,toi fung, was similar to our Arabic borrowing and is first recorded in English guise astuffoon in 1699. The various forms coalesced and finally becametyphoon. 也许很少有单词能像typhoon 一样表明汉语、阿拉伯语、东印度语和希腊语的多国语言背景。 希腊单词typhon 既是风神的姓名又是意为“旋风，台风”的普通名词， 被借入到阿拉伯语（就象在中世纪时许多希腊语单词进入阿拉伯语一样，那时，阿拉伯人的学问保存了古典的风格，同时在把它传向欧洲时又有所扩充）。Tufan ，希腊语的阿拉伯语形式， 传入到了印度人使用的语言，11世纪时讲阿拉伯语的穆斯林入侵者在印度定居下来。这样，阿拉伯语单词的衍生，从印度语言进入英语（最早记载于1588年），并以如touffon 和 tufan 的形式出现于英语中， 最先特指印度的猛烈风暴。中国，另一个大帝国，给了我们风暴的另一个单词，这里指的是在中国附近洋面发生的飓风。汉语单词的广东语形式toi fung 同我们的阿拉伯语借用词相近， 最早以tuffoon 的形式于1699年载入英语。 各种形式合并在一起最后变成了typhoon 〔reindeer〕Although Saint Nick uses reins on his reindeerand reindeer are used to pull sleds in Lapland and northern Siberia,the wordreindeer has nothing to do with reins. The element-deer is indeed our word deer, but therein- part is borrowed from another language, specifically from the Scandinavian languages spoken by the chiefly Danish and Norwegian invaders and settlers of England from the 9th to the 11th century.Even though the Old Icelandic language in which much of Old Norse literature is written is not the same variety of Old Norse spoken by these settlers of England,it is close enough to give us an idea of the words that were borrowed into English.Thus we can cite the Old Icelandic wordhreinn, which means "reindeer,” as the source of the first part of the English word. The wordreindeer is first recorded in Middle English in a work composed before 1400. 尽管圣诞老人在他的驯鹿身上用缰绳，且驯鹿过去在拉普兰和西伯利亚北部曾被用来拖拉雪撬，reindeer 这个字却和缰绳没有任何关系。 构词元素-deer 确实是我们的单词 deer， 但是rein 这一部分是从其他语言中借用过来的， 特别是主要从丹麦和挪威的入侵者及9世纪到11世纪列英格兰定居者说的斯堪的纳维亚语借用的。尽管许多古代北欧文学都使用的古冰岛语与这些到英格兰定居的人所说的古代北欧语并不是同一变体，但它对于我们认识借进英语的词汇也是足够接近的。这样，我们便可以引用意为“驯鹿”的古冰岛语hreinn 来作为英语单词第一部分的来源。 Reindeer 最早在1400年以前所著的一部作品中以中古英语记录下来 〔coalesce〕The rebel units coalesced into one army to fight the invaders.See Synonyms at mix 反叛军汇集成一支武装迎战入侵者 参见 mix〔Verona〕A city of northern Italy on the Adige River west of Venice. The original settlement on the site was conquered by Rome in 89b.c. and later fell to barbarian invaders. Verona became an independent republic in a.d. 1107 and formed the powerful Veronese League in 1164. It became part of Italy in 1866. Population, 261,208. 维罗纳：意大利北部的一个城市，位于威尼斯以西阿迪杰河畔。该地址原先的定居地在公元前 89年被罗马征服，后来又沦陷入野蛮的入侵者手中。维罗纳在 公元 1107年成为一个独立的共和国并于1164年形成强大的佛罗纳联盟。它在1866年成为意大利的一部分。人口261,208 〔defend〕guarded the house against intruders. To 看守房子以警戒入侵者。 〔aim〕trained the gun on the intruder. See also Synonyms at intention 把枪对准入侵者 参见同义词 intention〔Anglesey〕An island of northwest Wales in the Irish Sea. It has druidic ruins, especially dolmens, and is said to have been the last refuge of the druids from the invading Romans.安格尔西岛：威尔士西北爱尔兰海上的一座岛屿。有都伊德教徒留下的遗物，尤其是石板墓，据说这里是都伊德教徒躲避罗马入侵者的最后一个避难所〔offer〕partisans who offered strong resistance to the invaders.对入侵者施以强烈抵抗的游击队〔mujahideen〕"As a fighting force, the mujahideen still retain a grim determination to pursue their jihad (holy war) against the invaders from the north"(Edward Girardet)“作为一支战斗力量，伊斯兰教游击队战士仍然保持着不屈的决心进行圣战，以反对来自北部的入侵者”(爱德华·吉拉德)〔window〕The wordwindow conceals a poetic image that is not at all transparent. Our word comes to us from the Scandinavian invaders and settlers of England in the early Middle Ages.Although we have no record of the exact word they gave us,it was related to Old Norsevindauga, "window,” a compound made up ofvindr, "wind,” and auga, "eye,” reflecting the fact that at one time windows contained no glass.In our time we have takenwindow, which has been recorded in the language for almost 800 years, in a figurative direction with phrases such aslaunch window, weather window, and window of opportunity or vulnerability. Rockets and missiles now travel through the "wind's eye.”window 这个词掩盖了一个不明显的富有诗意的意象。 这个词是中世纪初由斯堪的纳维亚入侵者和英格兰的开拓者带来的。尽管没有确切记录这个词是什么，但它与古斯堪的纳维亚语中的vindouga 有关系，“窗户”， 是由vindr “风”，和 auga “眼睛”组成的复合词， 这反映出窗户在当时是没有玻璃的。在现代我们用的window 已有记录近800年了， 现在它已有了比喻意义，如在短语最佳发射时段, 海面平静期, 和 window of opportunity 或 vulnerability。 火箭和导弹现在要穿过“风的眼睛”〔Cuchulain〕A hero of ancient Ulster who single-handedly defended it against the rest of Ireland.库丘林：古时乌尔斯特的一位英雄，他单枪匹马保卫祖国并反抗爱尔兰其他地区的入侵者的英雄〔Danelaw〕The body of law established by the Danish invaders and settlers in northeast England in the ninth and tenth centuries.丹麦法：在9世纪和10世纪时，由丹麦入侵者和殖民者在英国东北部施行的法律体系〔Attila〕King of the Huns (433?-453) and the most successful of the barbarian invaders of the Roman Empire.阿提拉：匈奴帝国国王（433?-453年），最成功入侵罗马帝国的野蛮入侵者 |
| 随便看 |
|
学习网英语词汇栏目收词371507余条，连同派生词、复合词、词组和习语等。每个词条提供了音标、词性、释义、用法、搭配和同（近）义词等多项功能，对所收词汇进行全方位的解释和说明，内容丰富，功能全面。