| 单词 | 黑人 |
| 释义 | 〔negritude〕from nègre [Black person] 源自 nègre [黑人] 〔Negrophobia〕Fear of or contempt for Black people and their culture.畏惧黑人症：害怕或蔑视黑人及其文化〔black〕A member of a racial group having brown to black skin, especially one of African origin.黑人：黑色或棕色人种的一员，尤指来自非洲的黑人〔Negro〕Portuguese negro [black, Black person] 葡萄牙语 negro [黑种人，黑人] 〔Belonger〕A Black native-born island resident:贝隆格人：土著黑人岛上居民：〔Davis〕American cavalry officer who was the first Black general in the U.S. Army (1940-1948). His sonBenjamin Oliver Davis, Jr. (born 1912), was the first Black general in the U.S. Air Force (1954-1970). 戴维斯，本杰明·奥利弗：(1877-1970) 美国骑兵长官，是美国军队的第一个黑人将军(1940-1948年），他的儿子小本杰明·奥利弗戴维斯 （出生于1912年）是美国空军(1954-1970年）的第一位黑人将军 〔Coffin〕American abolitionist whose Quaker village in Indiana was a significant part of the Underground Railroad.考芬，莱维：(1789-1877) 美国废奴主义者，他的“在印度的贵格派教徒乡村”是“帮助黑人逃跑的地下渠道”的重要部分〔Bantustan〕Any of the former Black homelands in South Africa.班图自治区，黑人定居区：南非原黑人家园之一〔blaxploitation〕Exploitation of Black people, especially in the American film industry, by casting them in negative, stereotypical roles and by failing to depict in the films the realities of Black life.对黑人感兴趣的利用：利用黑人，尤指在美国电影业中扮演老一套的消极的角色和在影片中描画不真实的黑人生活〔cakewalk〕A strutting dance, often performed in minstrel shows.步态舞，踢踏舞：一种高脚舞蹈，常由黑人剧团艺人表演〔jig〕Used as a disparaging term for a Black person.吉葛布，黑人：用作对黑人的贬义词〔showcase〕"His productions showcased black singers but didn't cut them in on the lucrative action" (James Wolcott)—or of established stars— “在演出中他展示了一批黑人歌手，但是没有让他们参与获利性活动” （詹姆斯·沃尔科特）——或大明星—— 〔brave〕"To demand these God-given rights is to seek black power—what I call audacious power" (Adam Clayton Powell, Jr.). “渴求天赋人权就是要得到黑人的权利——我把它称为大胆的权利” （小亚当·克莱登·鲍威尔）。〔copacetic〕We know very little about the origin of the wordcopacetic, meaning "excellent, first-rate.” Is its origin to be found in Italian, in the speech of southern Black people, in the Creole French dialect of Louisiana, or in Hebrew?John O'Hara, who used the word inAppointment in Samarra, later wrote thatcopacetic was "a Harlem and gangster corruption of an Italian word.” O'Hara went on to say, "I don't know how to spell the Italian,but it's something like copacetti.” His uncertainty about how to spell the Italian is paralleled by uncertainty about how to spellcopacetic itself. Copacetic has been recorded with the spellings copasetic, copasetty, copesetic, copisettic, and kopasettee. The spelling is now more or less fixed, however, ascopacetic or copasetic, even though the origin of the word has not been determined.The Harlem connection mentioned by O'Hara would seem more likely than the Italian,sincecopacetic was used by Black jazz musicians and is said to have been Southern slang in the late 19th century. Ifcopacetic is Creole French in origin, it would also have a Southern homeland.According to this explanation,copacetic came from the Creole French word coupersètique, which meant "able to be coped with,” "able to cope with anything and everything,” "in good form,”and also "having a healthy appetite or passion for life or love.”Those who support the Hebrew or Yiddish origin ofcopacetic do not necessarily deny the Southern connections of the word. One explanation has it that Jewish storekeepers used the Hebrew phrasekol bĕṣedeq, "all with justice,”when asked if things were O.K. Black children who were in the store as customers or employees heard this phrase ascopacetic. No explanation of the origin ofcopacetic, including the ones discussed here, has won the approval of scholars, as is clearly shown by the etymology ofcopacetic in the first volume of the Dictionary of American Regional English, published in 1985: "Etym unknown.” 我们对copacetic 这个词的词源所知甚少，其意为“极好的、一流的”。 它是起源于意大利语、南方黑人口语、路易斯安那州的克里奥耳人的法语方言还是希伯来语？约翰·奥哈拉在撒马拉的约会 中用到这个词， 他后来写到copacetic 是“变成哈莱姆黑人居住区和强盗土语的意大利词”。 奥哈拉还说，“我不知道原来的意大利词是如何拼写的，但是有点象copacetti"。与他不敢肯定如何拼写这个意大利词一样，他对copacetic 一词本身的拼法也不敢肯定。 Copacetic 曾经被拼写成 copasetic, copasetty, copesetic, copisettic 以及 kopasettee。 现在它的拼法多少已经固定成copacetic 或 copasetic， 尽管这个词的词源仍未被确定。奥哈拉所提及的它与哈莱姆黑人居住区的关系看上去比它和意大利语的关系更有可能，因为黑人爵士歌手曾用过copacetic 这个词，并且据说在19世纪晚期它曾是南方的俚语。 如果copacetic 在词源上是克里奥耳人的法语， 那么它也是从南方来的。根据这一解释，copacetic 来自克里奥耳人法语中 coupersetique 一词， 表示“有能力与人竞争的”、“有能力处理任何事情及一切事情的”、“以好的方式的”，还表示“对生活或爱情有正常的欲望或激情的”。那些认为copacetic 来自希伯来语或意第绪语的人并不一定否认这个词与南方的关系。 一种解释认为，犹太店主们在被询问是否一切都好时用了希伯来语中的短语kol bĕṣedeq 即“一切太平”之意， 在店里作工或买东西的黑人儿童将这个短语听成了copacetic。 在关于copacetic 词源的解释中，包括以上讨论的这些，没有一种得到学者们的认可， 这一点我们可以在美国方言英语辞典 （1985年出版）第一册关于 copacetic 一词的词源解释中清楚地看到：“词源不知” 〔Negro〕"Discrimination is a hellhound that gnaws at Negroes in every waking moment of their lives to remind them that the lie of their inferiority is accepted as truth in the society dominating them"(Martin Luther King, Jr.)See Usage Note at black “歧视是地狱之犬，在黑人们醒来后的每时每刻它都在向他们狂吠，提醒他们在这个统治着他们的社会里，他们地位卑下的谎言却被当作真理来接受”(小马丁·路德·金) 参见 black〔Connelly〕American playwright, producer, and director who won a Pulitzer Prize forThe Green Pastures (1930), a play based on Southern Black interpretations of biblical stories. 康纳利，马库斯·库克：(1890-1980) 美国剧作家、制片人和导演，曾因导演《绿色牧场》 （1930年）而获普利策奖，这是一个基于南部黑人对圣经故事进行诠释的戏剧 〔negritude〕An aesthetic and ideological concept affirming the independent nature, quality, and validity of Black culture.黑人的特征：一个美学和意识形态概念，确认黑人文化的独立性、特性和有效性〔Christy〕American showman whose troupe, Christy's Minstrels, developed the standard minstrel show format.克里斯蒂，艾德温·皮尔斯：(1815-1862) 美国克里斯蒂黑人剧团的主持人，他发展了黑人剧团的标准演出模式〔Ciskei〕A Black homeland of southeast South Africa. It was granted nominal independence in 1980. Zwelitsha is the capital. Population, 645,000.希斯凯：南非东南部的一个黑人国家。于1980年获得名义上的独立，兹韦利查为其首府。人口645,000〔coonass〕Used as a disparaging term for a Cajun.蠢蛋：用作对美国亚拉巴马州西南部和密西西比州毗邻地区白人、印第安人、黑人混血人的轻视语〔Robinson〕American baseball player. The first Black player in the major leagues, he was a second baseman for the Brooklyn Dodgers (1947-1956), had a lifetime batting average of .311, and was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1962.鲁宾逊，杰克·罗斯福：(1919-1972) 美国棒球运动员，他是棒球联合总会的第一名黑人棒球运动员，曾是布鲁克林道奇队的二垒守垒员(1947-1956年），他一生的击球率为.311，1962年被选进美国棒球荣誉厅〔Bontemps〕American writer whose works explore Black life and heritage.邦特蒙普斯，阿纳·温德利：(1902-1973) 美国作家，他的作品探究黑人的生活和传统问题〔aboard〕"By bringing aboard a number of blacks as department heads, lawyers, and accountants, the Mayor has also broadened the racial mix in top city jobs"(Christian Science Monitor)“市长让大量黑人担任部门主管、律师及会计师，这样就扩大了城市高层工作的种族融合”(基督教科学箴言报)〔Wells〕American journalist and reformer who campaigned nationwide against lynching and founded the Negro Fellowship League in 1910.威尔斯，伊达·贝尔：(1862-1931) 美国新闻工作者和改革家。他发起了全国性的反对私刑处死的运动并于1910年成立了黑人联谊会〔black〕"Many blacks and Hispanics cannot borrow money from banks on subjective grounds"(Jesse Jackson)“许多黑人和西班牙人因为他人的主观偏见而不能从银行贷款”(杰西·杰克逊)〔Cajun〕Often Cajan A member of a group living in southern Alabama and southeast Mississippi, of mixed white, Black, and Native American ancestry. 常作 Cajan 阿卡迪亚人：居住在阿拉巴马南部和密西西比东南部的一个民族，混有白人、黑人和印第安人的血统〔reggae〕Popular music of Jamaican origin having elements of calypso, soul, and rock 'n' roll and characterized by a strongly accentuated offbeat.雷盖：源于牙买加的流行音乐，含有民间音乐，黑人布鲁斯音乐，摇滚乐的成份，带有一个强有力地强调非传统的特点〔bodacious〕Popularized in the comic stripSnuffy Smith, bodacious is probably a blend of the words bold and audacious, whose combined senses are evident in the following description of Sevier County, Tennessee,as"the most bodacious display of tourisma this side of Anaheim" (Los Angeles Times).A more traditional meaning is "remarkable, prodigious": "a bodacious amount of smoke" (Springfield MA Morning Union); "the most bodacious tale of hidden treasure" (Lawrence E. Will). Bodacious can also be an adverbial intensifier: "She's so bowdacious unreasonable when she's raised [irritated] ” (William T. Thompson).Black speech in New York City retains this Southernism asbardacious. Joseph Wright'sEnglish Dialect Dictionary cites the form boldacious, which, as the likely source forbodacious, strengthens the theory that some archaic British expressions are preserved in the speech of the American South.因胆大包天的斯纳费·史密斯 中的连载漫画而家喻户晓。其大概是 bold 和 audacious 两词的组合， 其组合意思在以下对田纳西州的塞费尔县的描述中很明显的：“阿纳海姆的大肆渲染的观光演出” （洛杉矶时报）。一个更传统的意思是“突出的，大量的”： “滚滚浓烟” （斯普林菲尔德·MA·联合晨报）； “关于隐藏的宝藏的最迷人传说” （劳伦斯·E·威尔）。 Bodacious 也可用作加强语气的副词： “她被激［怒］ 时变得如此不可理喻” （威廉·T·汤普逊）。纽约市的黑人语言还保留了这一南方音bardacious。 约瑟夫·莱特编的英语方言辞典 记录了 boldacious 的形式， 它可能是boadacious 的来源， 这证实了以下的看法：一些古时的英语表达方式仍保留在美国南部方言中〔maroon〕The history of the wordmaroon, which we associate with desert islands, takes us back to the days of slavery, when the nounmaroon was a term in English for a Black person who lived in the mountains and forests of Dutch Guiana (Suriname) and the West Indies, a term that is still used in parts of the Caribbean.These were plantation slaveswho had run away to live free in uncultivated parts.The English word is taken from the French wordmarron, "runaway Black slave,”which in turn was an alteration of American Spanishcimarrón, meaning "runaway slave.”Cimarrón is perhaps from cima, "summit.” Having come into English (first recorded in 1666),maroon took on a life of its own and came to be used as a verbmeaning "to be lost in the wilds,”from which our sense "to put ashore on a deserted island or coast" evolved.单词maroon 与荒岛有关联，其历史可追溯到奴隶制时代， 当时英语中的maroon 这个词指的是生活在荷属圭亚那（苏里南）和西印度群岛的黑人， 在加勒比的某些地区这个词仍在使用。这些人本是种植园里的奴隶，他们逃到未开发的土地上自由自在地生活。英语中的这个词源于法语中的marron ， 意思是“逃亡的黑奴”，它又是美洲西班牙语cimarron 的变形， 其意为“逃亡的奴隶”。Cinmarron 可能源于 cima ，“顶峰”。 进入英语之后（最早的记载在1666年），maroon 具有了自己的内涵， 而且开始被作为动词使用，意思是“在荒野中迷失方向”，我们的“将…置于一个荒凉的岛上或海岸边”这个意思就是从这里发展而来〔Negro〕A member of a major human racial division traditionally distinguished by physical characteristics such as brown to black pigmentation and often tightly curled hair, especially one of various peoples of sub-Saharan Africa.黑人：人类一个主要种族的成员，传统上按身体特征来区分，比如肤色棕色渐黑色，常有紧密的卷发，尤指非洲撒哈拉以南地区的人〔nigger〕Alteration of dialectal neger [black person] 方言 neger的变化 [黑人] 〔Crandall〕American educator and reformer who in 1833 was prosecuted for announcing her plan to open a school for Black girls in Connecticut.克兰德，普鲁登斯：(1803-1890) 美国教育家和改革家，他在1833年因在康涅狄格州宣布为黑人女孩开办学校的计划而被起诉〔Bophuthatswana〕An autonomous Black homeland within South Africa. It was granted nominal independence in December 1977. Mmabatho is the capital. Population, 1,347,000.博茨瓦纳：位于南非的自治的黑人国家，于1977年12月获得名义上的独立。马巴索是其首都。人口1,347,000〔Negro〕from Latin niger nigr- [black] 源自 拉丁语 niger nigr- [黑人] 〔Anderson〕American contralto. Acclaimed for her renditions of spirituals, she was the first Black singer to perform at New York City's Metropolitan Opera (1955).安德森，马里安：(生于 1902) 美国女低音歌唱家，以唱圣歌而闻名，她是第一个在纽约大都会歌剧院表演的黑人歌手(1955年）〔igg〕Igg, a shortened form of ignore, seems to have come into American speech from jive, the special jargon of Black jazz musicians in the 1930's. Its use has spread from the musicians' exclusive jargon into the Black communities of Northern U.S. cities. The reduction of a word to its initial syllable is a common source of slang or informal words, especially among groups of speakers who for reasons of exclusivity like to remain avant garde in their speech. Often such words come into general use, as in mike for microphone. Igg 一词作为 ignore 一词的简略语，可能是从20世纪30年代黑人爵士乐乐师的专业术语中进入美国语言的。该词从乐师独有的术语传入美国北部城市的黑人聚居区。将一个字缩短到它开头的几个字母是俚语和非正式用语的一个主要来源，有些语言圈的人为保持其独特性而尽量在语言上保持特殊，他们就常用这种方法。这种词语在生活中 经常使用，就象用 mike 代表 microphone 这个词 〔soul〕A sense of ethnic pride among Black people and especially African-Americans, expressed in areas such as language, social customs, religion, and music.激情：黑人尤其是美国黑人所具有的一种民族自傲，如在语言、社会风俗、宗教以及音乐等方面都有表现〔obstinate〕"two warring ideals in one dark body, whose dogged strength alone keeps it from being torn asunder" (W.E.B. Du Bois).“两种相对立的理想在这黑人心里，单是他这种固执的力量就足以使它免于被分开” (W.E.B.杜·波依斯）。〔homeland〕Any of the ten regions designated by South Africa as semiautonomous territorial states for the Black population.黑人住宅区：南非政府指定的十个由黑人居住的半自治领地〔Paige〕American baseball player who became the first Black pitcher in the American League when he joined the Cleveland Indians (1948).佩奇，莱罗伊·罗伯特：(1906-1982) 美国棒球运动员，当他加入克里夫兰印第安队时(1948年）他成为美国联盟中第一个黑人投球手 |
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