| 单词 | 领导人 |
| 释义 | 〔caliph〕A male leader of an Islamic polity.哈里发：伊斯兰教政治组织中的男性领导人〔Carmona〕President of Portugal (1928-1951) who was a largely symbolic leader during the dictatorial reign of Antonio de Oliveira Salazar.卡莫纳，安东尼奥·奥斯卡·德·弗拉格索：(1869-1951) 葡萄牙总统（1928-1951年），在安东尼奥·德·奥立维勒·萨拉查的独裁统治期间，他大体上只是一个象征性的领导人〔Melanchthon〕German theologian and a leader of the German Reformation. A friend of Martin Luther, he wroteLoci Communes (1521), the first extensive treatise on Protestant doctrine. 梅兰希顿，菲利普：(1497-1560) 德国神学家及德国宗教改革的领导人。他是马丁·路德的朋友，著有《奥格斯堡信纲》 （1521年），这是有关新教教义的第一本详细著述 〔hem〕"a leader who cannot make up his or her mind, never knows what to do, hems and haws"(Margaret Thatcher)“一个犹豫不决，不知所措，含糊其词的领导人”(玛格丽特·撒切尔)〔Hess〕German Nazi leader. When Hitler became chancellor (1933), he named Hess as deputy führer and later (1939) as second in succession to the Nazi leadership. In May 1941 Hess was captured in Scotland, where he had flown apparently in a bid to start peace talks with Britain. At the Nuremburg trials (1946) he was sentenced to life imprisonment in Spandau Prison, Berlin, for war crimes.赫斯，（沃尔特·理查德）鲁道夫：(1894-1987) 德国纳粹领导人。当希特勒成为总理时(1933年），他任命赫斯为副元首，后来(1939年）任命为纳粹第二号接班人。1941年5月，赫斯飞往苏格兰，表面上要与英国开始和平谈判时在苏格兰被捕。在纽伦堡大审判(1946年）中，他因战争罪被判终身监禁，在柏林的史潘道监狱服刑〔Mosley〕British politician and the founder and leader of the British fascist party.莫斯利，奥斯瓦尔德·厄尔纳德：(1896-1980) 英国政治家和英国法西斯党的创立者和领导人〔Nordau〕Hungarian-born German writer and Zionist leader in Europe (1895-1923) whose written works concern social and moral questions.诺尔道，马克斯·西蒙：(1849-1923) 匈牙利裔的德国作家，欧洲犹太复国主义者领导人(1895-1923年），其作品关注社会和道德问题〔tailor〕a speech that was tailored to an audience of business leaders.修改成适合商业领域领导人听的演讲〔Mistral〕French writer and leader in the revival of Provençal as a literary language. He shared the 1904 Nobel Prize for literature.米斯特拉尔，弗雷德里克：(1830-1914) 法国作家及复兴普罗旺斯语为文学语言运动的领导人，1904年与他人分享诺贝尔文学奖〔Livingston〕American Revolutionary leader and diplomat who served in the Continental Congress (1775-1781) and as minister to France (1801-1804). He helped draft the Declaration of Independence, administered the presidential oath to George Washington, and with James Madison purchased the Louisiana Territory (1803).利文斯通，罗伯特R.：(1746-1813) 美国独立革命领导人及外交家，曾任职于大陆会议（1775－1781年）并任驻法外交使节（1801－1804年）。他帮助起草了《独立宣言》，主持了乔治·华盛顿的总统就职宣誓，并与詹姆斯麦迪逊共同购买了路易斯安那地区（1803年）〔Hertzog〕South African general and politician. A leader in the Boer War (1899-1902), he formed the Afrikaner Nationalist Party (1914) to oppose the country's cooperation with Great Britain. As prime minister (1924-1939) he sought greater national independence and instituted apartheid policies.赫佐格，詹姆斯·巴里·孟尼克：(1866-1942) 南非将军，政治家。他作为布尔战争(1899-1902年）中的领导人，组成了非洲国民党(1914年）反对南非与英国的合作。在提任总理期间(1924-1939年），他寻求更大的民族独立性并创立了种族隔离政策〔proven〕"a Soviet leader of proven shrewdness and prescience"(Joyce Carol Oates)See Usage Note at prove “一位被公认为精明而有预见力的苏联领导人”(乔伊丝·卡罗尔·奥茨) 参见 prove〔ruck〕People who are followers, not leaders.普通群众：追随者，非领导人〔Izard〕American Revolutionary leader who served as a U.S. senator from South Carolina (1789-1795).伊泽德，拉尔夫：(1742-1804) 美国独立革命的领导人，曾任南卡罗来纳州在国会的参议员(1789-1795年）〔Cavendish〕British politician and leader of the Liberal opposition in the House of Commons (1875-1880).凯文迪什，斯宾塞·康普顿：(1833-1908) 英国政治家，下院自由反对派的领导人（1875-1880年）〔Messiah〕messiah A leader who is regarded as or professes to be a savior or liberator. messiah 解救者：被看作是或自称为救世主或解放者的领导人〔Paine〕American Revolutionary leader and jurist. A signer of the Declaration of Independence, he later served as a justice of the Massachusetts supreme court (1790-1804).佩因，罗伯特·特雷特：(1731-1814) 美国革命领导人和法学家，独立宣言的签署者，后来他担任马萨诸塞州最高法院的司法(1790-1804年）〔Farmer〕American civil rights leader who founded the Congress of Racial Equality (1942), served as its national director (1961-1966), and advocated nonviolent forms of protest.法默，詹姆斯·伦纳德：(生于 1920) 美国民权领导人，建立种族平等大会(1942年），任大会的董事(1961-1966年），致力于非暴力抵抗〔captain〕A district official for a political party.地方领导人：政党的地方官员〔Metaxas〕Greek general and dictator (1936-1941) who joined the Allies after Greece was invaded by Italy in 1940.迈塔克萨斯，琼妮斯：(1871-1941) 希腊将军和独裁领导人(1936-1941年），1940年意大利侵入希腊后加入盟军〔Adams〕American Revolutionary leader whose agitations spurred Bostonians toward rebellion against British occupation and rule. He was a member of the First and Second Continental Congresses, signed the Declaration of Independence, and served as governor of Massachusetts (1794-1797).亚当斯，塞缪尔：(1722-1803) 美国独立战争的领导人，鼓动波士顿人反抗英国统治及英国法律。第一届和第二届大陆会议的成员，签署《独立宣言》并任马萨诸塞州州长（1794-1797年）〔meritocracy〕A group of leaders or officeholders selected on the basis of individual ability or achievement.精英：根据个人能力或成就而选举出来的一群领导人或官员〔Jackson〕American civil rights leader and politician. A Baptist minister, he directed national antidiscrimination efforts (1966-1977) and sought the 1984 and 1988 Democratic presidential nominations. His concern for the oppressed and his dramatic oratory have attracted a large grassroots constituency, called the Rainbow Coalition.杰克逊，耶西·路易斯：(生于 1941) 美国民权运动的领导人、政治家，浸信会教友，他于1966年至1977年领导了国民反歧视斗争，分别在1984年和1988年获得了民主党总统候选人的提名。他对受压迫者的关心和生动的演讲吸引了一大批普通民众的支持，被称为彩虹联盟〔Samoset〕Native American leader and friend of the early colonists. He was the first to sell land to the Pilgrims (1625).萨摩赛特：北美土著领导人，早期殖民者的朋友，他最早把土地卖给清教徒(1625年）〔Szold〕American Zionist leader who was a founder of Hadassah (1912), the Women's Zionist Organization of America.佐尔德，亨丽埃塔：(1860-1945) 美国犹太复国主义领导人，创立了美国妇女犹太复国主义组织──哈达萨会（1912年）〔Ortega〕Nicaraguan revolutionary leader and politician. He helped establish the Government of National Reconstruction after the overthrow of the Somoza regime (1979) and later served as president (1984-1990).奥尔特加，丹尼尔：(生于 1945) 尼加拉瓜革命领导人和政治家。他在索莫扎政权被推翻(1979年）后帮助建立起国家重建政府并于其后担任总统(1984-1990年）〔Kossuth〕Hungarian revolutionary leader who sought Hungary's independence from Austria. Declaring the Hapsburg dynasty invalid, he briefly led a provisional government (1849) until Russia interceded on Austria's behalf.科苏特，拉约斯：(1802-1894) 匈牙利革命领导人，他为匈牙利脱离奥地利获得独立不懈努力，宣称哈布斯堡王朝灭亡，他曾作过很短一段时间的临时政府首脑(1849年） ，直到俄国代表奥地利进行干预〔control〕lost control of the skidding car; the leaders in control of the country.打滑的汽车失去控制；管理国家的领导人们〔stateswoman〕A woman who is a leader in national or international affairs:女政治家：国内国际事务的女领导人：〔Nehru〕Indian nationalist politician who was an associate of Mahatma Gandhi and an influential leader in the years leading to India's independence. His sonJawaharlal Nehru (1889-1964), also greatly involved in the movement for self-governance, was the political heir to Gandhi and the first prime minister of independent India (1947-1964). 尼赫鲁，莫蒂莱尔：(1861-1931) 印度国家主义者、政治家，他是马哈特马·甘地的助手，在领导印度独立的年代是位很有影响的领导人，其子贾瓦哈拉尔·尼赫鲁 (1889-1964年）也努力投身自治运动，是甘地的政治继承人，印度独立后的第一位总理(1947-1964年） 〔new〕"It is time for a new generation of leadership, to cope with new problems and new opportunities.For there is a new world to be won" (John F. Kennedy).Somethingfresh has or has retained qualities of newness such as briskness, brightness, or purity: “这是一个新一代领导人处理新问题、把握新机遇的时代。一个新世界将被建立” （约翰F.肯尼迪）。fresh 指一些具有或可保持新鲜品质的物质， 如活泼、聪明或纯洁： 〔tycoon〕Business tycoons may consider themselves captains or even princes of industry,but by virtue of being calledtycoons, they have already achieved princely status,at least from an etymological point of view.Tycoon came into English from Japanese, which had borrowed the title, meaning "great prince,” from Chinese.Use of the word was intended to make the shogun,the commander in chief of the Japanese army, more impressive to foreigners (his official titleshōgun merely meant "general"). In fact, the shogun actually ruled Japan,although he was supposedly acting for the emperor.When Matthew C. Perry opened Japan to the West in 1854,he negotiated with the shogun, thinking him to be the emperor.The shogun's title,taikun, was brought back to the United States after Perry's visit.Abraham Lincoln's cabinet members usedtycoon as an affectionate nickname for the President. The word soon came to be used for business and industry leaders—perhaps at times for those who had as much right to such an impressive title as did the shogun.The word itself now has an old-fashioned sound,but when we encounter it,we should think back to the days of Commodore Perry and President Lincoln,both of whom were real tycoons in their own ways.商界大亨可能把他们自己当成是工业界的长官或甚至王子，但是因为被叫做tycoon ， 他们早已达到了王子般的地位，至少从词源学的观点来说是这样。Tycoon 由日语进入英语， 而日语的这个头衔是从汉语借来的，意思是“大王”。使用这个词是为了使幕府将军，日本军队的总指挥官给外国人以深刻的印象（他的官方头衔shogun 的意思仅仅是“将军”）。 实际上，是幕府将军统治着日本，尽管他被认为是为天皇办事。当马修·C·佩里1854年使日本向西方开放时，他和幕府将军进行了谈判，以为他就是日本天皇。幕府将军的头衔taikun ， 在佩里访问美国后带到了美国。亚伯拉罕·林肯的内阁成员把tycoon 用作总统的充满感情的绰号。 这个词很快也被用于商界和工界的领导人，也许有时这些人象幕府将军那样有权以致给人深刻的印象。这个词本身听起来有点老派，但是当我们遇到它时，我们应该回想起佩里海军准将和林肯总统的时代，他们两人以各自的方式成为真正的巨头〔Harare〕The capital and largest city of Zimbabwe, in the northeast part of the country. Founded by the British in 1890, it is a manufacturing and tobacco-processing center. The name was changed in 1982 to honor a 19th-century leader. Population, 656,011.哈拉雷，索尔兹伯里：津巴布韦首都及最大城市，位于该国东北部，于1890年由英国人建成，是制造业和烟草加工业中心，该城市于1982年为纪念一个19世纪的领导人而更名。人口656,011〔machine〕An organized group of people whose members are or appear to be under the control of one or more leaders:核心，组织：一个组织的成员处于或看起来处于一个或多个领导人的控制下：〔passage〕"Another encouraging passage took place . . . when heads of state . . . took note of the extraneous factors affecting their economies that are beyond their control"(Helen Kitchen)“另一个令人鼓舞的事件发生了，国家领导人注意到了一些控制不了的影响经济的外部因素”(海伦·基钦)〔Lepidus〕Roman leader. He was a member of the triumvirate with Augustus and Mark Antony (43-36b.c. ). 李必达，马库斯·埃米留斯：(卒于 13) 古罗马领导人。与奥古斯塔斯和马克·安东尼一道为三头同盟的成员(公元前 43-36年） 〔Parker〕American musician and composer. A leader of the bop movement in jazz, Parker is best remembered for his smooth, moody improvisations.帕克，夏利埃：(1920-1955) 美国音乐家和作曲家，爵士博普运动的领导人，以其流畅感人的即兴演奏而受人们怀念〔enthuse〕The verbenthuse is not well accepted; its use in the sentenceThe majority leader enthused over his party's gains was rejected by 76 percent of the Usage Panel in an earlier survey.This lack of acceptance ofenthuse is often attributed to its status as a back-formation: such words often meet with disapproval on their first appearanceand only gradually become accepted over time.But other back-formationssuch asdiagnose (a back-formation from diagnosis that was first recorded in 1861) and donate (first cited in 1785 as a back-formation from donation ) are considered unimpeachable English words. This situation suggests thatin truth the continued lack of acceptance ofenthuse, first recorded in 1827, may have less to do with doubts about its lineagethan with shortcomings in its character.Unlikeenthusiasm, which denotes an internal emotional state, enthuse denotes either the external expression of emotion,as inShe enthused over attending the Oscar ceremonies, or the inducement of enthusiasm by an external source,as inHe was so enthused about the miracle diet pills that he agreed to do a testimonial for their television ad. It is possible that a distaste for this emphasis on external emotional display and manipulation is for some people the source of an uneasethat manifests itself in a distaste for the word itself.See Usage Note at intuit 动词enthuse 并未被广泛接受； 其在优势党领导人对本党的利益极为热衷 一句中的用法， 在早期调查中遭到用法使用小组百分之七十六成员的反对。Enthuse 所以不被接受常归因于它是由逆序造词法产生的词： 这种词通常在他们刚刚出现时遭到反对，只有随着时间的流逝才逐渐被人们接受。但是其它逆序生成的词，如diagnose （由 diagnosis 而逆序生成，最早见于1861年）和 donate （最先于1875年作为由 donation 一词的逆序生成词被引用）被看作无可挑剔的英语词汇。 这一情况说明，不接受enthuse 这个1827年便出现的词汇， 实际上并非出自对其来历的怀疑，而是由于其本身的缺陷。与enthusiasm 这一可表现出内在情感状况的词不同， enthuse 要么显示出情感的外在表达，如在她为参加奥斯卡颁奖仪式感到兴奋 一句中， 要么显示出外界对热情的诱惑，如他对神奇的减肥药十分热心，意欲为其电视广告写一份鉴定书 一句。 有可能由于对其强调外在情感的表现与处理的不满，导致了一些人不愿意使用这个词 参见 intuit〔Powhatan〕Algonquian leader who founded the Powhatan confederacy and maintained peaceful relations with English colonists after the marriage of his daughter Pocahontas to John Rolfe (1614).波瓦坦：创建波瓦坦部落联盟的阿尔贡金领导人，在他的女儿波卡洪塔斯与约翰·罗尔夫联姻之后(1614年），一直与英国殖民者维持着和平关系〔Quaker〕From quake [from an early leader's admonishment to "tremble at the word of the Lord.”] 源自 quake [从一个早期领导人的号诫到“听到上帝的话而发抖”] |
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