| 单词 | 顽固地 |
| 释义 | 〔obdurate〕Hardened in wrongdoing or wickedness; stubbornly impenitent:顽固的：变不了恶行或邪恶的；顽固地不知悔意的：〔fizzle〕In Philemon Holland's 1601 translation of Pliny'sNatural History, we are surprised by the use of the wordfizzle in the statement that if asses eat a certain plant,"they will fall a fizling and farting.” Fizzle was first used in English to mean,in the decorous parlance of theOxford English Dictionary, "to break wind without noise.” During the 19th centuryfizzle took on a related but more respectable sense, "to hiss, as does a piece of fireworks,”illustrated by a quotation from the November 7, 1881, issue of theLondon Daily News: "unambitious rockets which fizzle doggedly downwards.”In the same centuryfizzle also took on figurative senses, one of which seems to have been popular at Yale.TheYale Literary Magazine for 1849 helpfully defines the word as follows: “Fizzle, to rise with modest reluctance, to hesitate often, to decline finally; generally, to misunderstand the question.”The figurative sense offizzle that has caught on is the one with which we are most familiar today, "to fail or die out.”在腓利门荷兰1601年对普林尼的博物志 中， 我们对fizzle 一词的用法感到很惊讶， 它说如果驴吃了某种植物，“他们就会放屁。” Fizzle 首先在英语中指“无声地放屁，”是在牛津英语字典 的高雅用语中出现的。 在19世纪，fizzle 有了一个相关的但更文雅的含义， “发嘶嘶声，如同烟火那样，”这个词义是通过1881年11月7日的伦敦每日新闻 的引文说明的： “抱负不大的火箭，它们顽固地嘶嘶下坠。”同一世纪，fizzle 还赋与了比喻义， 其中的一个比喻义似乎在耶鲁大学很流行。1849年的耶鲁文学杂志 给这个词下了一个有益的定义： “Fizzle， 不十分情愿地上升，常犹豫不决，最终放弃； 通常是弄错问题。”人们已接受的fizzle 的比喻义， 即今天我们最为熟悉的“失败或消失”〔pertinacious〕Stubbornly or perversely persistent.See Synonyms at obstinate 顽固的：顽固地或刚愎地坚持的 参见 obstinate〔refractory〕Obstinately resistant to authority or control.See Synonyms at unruly 执拗的：顽固地不服从领导或控制 参见 unruly〔perverse〕Obstinately persisting in an error or a fault; wrongly self-willed or stubborn.执拗的，刚愎的：顽固地坚持错误和过失的；错误地自以为是的或倔强的〔unruly〕Willful andheadstrong describe one obstinately bent on having his or her own way: Willful 和headstrong 指一个人顽固地决心要按他或她自己的意愿行事： 〔hunker〕To hold stubbornly to a position:顽固地坚持某一点：〔hound〕To pursue relentlessly and tenaciously.See Synonyms at harass 无情而顽固地追击 参见 harass〔willful〕Obstinately bent on having one's own way.See Synonyms at unruly 固执的，任性的：顽固地按自己的方式的 参见 unruly |
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