| 单词 | 遭到 |
| 释义 | 〔Arnhem〕A city of eastern Netherlands on the lower Rhine River east-southeast of Utrecht. In World War II British airborne troops suffered a major defeat here in September 1944. Population, 128,598.阿纳姆：荷兰东部城市，位于莱茵河下游乌得勒支东南偏东部。1944年9月在第二次世界大战中英国空降部队曾在此遭到重创。人口128,598〔immaterial〕The wordimmaterial, meaning "of no importance or relevance,” has made its way in the world in spite of the opposition of no less a figure than Samuel Johnson. Johnson stated that "this sense has crept into the conversation and writings of barbarians; but ought to be utterly rejected.”More than two centuries laterit is difficult for us to recover Johnson's strength of feeling,and this tale might in fact serve as a warning to those who believe that the usages they abominate will not survive and become standard.Although Johnson was a man of immense learning,he did not have the lexicographical resources available today.If Johnson had had access to theOxford Latin Dictionary and the Middle English Dictionary, among other works, he would have seen that frommāter, meaning "a mother,” "a plant as the source of things such as cuttings or fruit,” and "a source,”was derived the wordmāteria, meaning "wood as a building material,” "any substance of which a physical object is made,” "the subject matter of a speech or book,” and "the condition whereby an action is effected.”The adjectivemāteriālis derived from māteria only meant "of or concerned with subject matter" in Classical Latin, but its descendant in Late and Medieval Latin and its descendants in Old French (materiel ) and Middle English ( material ) developed other meanings, such as "consisting of matter.”One Middle English sense, "important, relevant,”that probably harks back to senses of Classical Latinmāteria such as "subject matter" continued in existence after Middle English times. So it was natural for the English wordimmaterial, first recorded in the 15th century, to come to mean "not important,” in spite of Johnson's wrath.尽管不只塞缪尔·约翰逊一个人反对意思为“不重要的，无关紧要的”，immaterial 这个词还是产生了。 约翰逊声明：“这个意思偷偷出现在野蛮民族的对话和写作中；但应该遭到完全抵制。”两个多世纪之后，我们很难重新找到约翰逊强烈的感受。这个故事实际上可以算是对那些认为他们厌恶的用法不可能生存和标准化的人的一种警告。尽管约翰逊是一个博学的人，但是他没有今天可以得到的词汇学的资料。如果约翰逊除了其他著作外能得到牛津拉丁语词典 和 中古英语词典 的话， 他就能从中认识到这一点：mater ， 意思为“母亲”，“作为诸如剪下的东西或水果来源的一株植物”和“来源”，是由materia ， 意思为“建筑用的木材”，“用于制造物体的任何材料”，“讲话或著作的主题”和“影响一个行动的条件”而衍变而来的。形容词materalis 是由在古典拉丁语中仅仅意味着“和主题有关的” materia 衍变而来的， 但它在中古拉丁语和后期拉丁语中的衍生词和古法语中的衍生词(materiel )以及中古英语中的衍生词( material )继续发展有了其他的意思， 如“由物质组成的”。中古英语的一个意思“重要的、有关的”，很可能追溯到古典拉丁语materia 的意思如“主题”在中古英语时期之后继续存在。 因此，最早在15世纪被记录下来的英语单词immaterial 至今仍有“不重要的”的意思是很自然的， 尽管约翰逊对此很愤怒〔injustice〕 "The age of chivalry is never past, so long as there is a wrong left unredressed on earth" (Charles Kingsley).Agrievance is an act or a condition that is regarded by those involved as a wrong that affords cause for complaint: “骑士时代永无终结，只要地球上仍存在坏事” （查尔斯·金斯里）。grievance 指一种被参与者认为是应遭到批评的坏行为或状况： 〔Ostend〕A city of northwest Belgium on the North Sea west-southwest of Bruges. It was a German submarine base during World War I and was severely damaged by Allied bombing during World War II. Population, 69,129.奥斯坦德：比利时西北城市，位于布鲁日西南偏西，濒临北海。第一次世界大战时为德军潜艇基地，二战时同盟国的轰炸使其遭到严重破坏。人口69,129〔hard〕industrial cities hit hard by unemployment.工业城市遭到失业的剧烈打击〔Tsushima〕Two islands of southwest Japan in Korea Strait between Kyushu and southeast South Korea. They are separated from Kyushu byTsushima Strait, the site of a major naval battle (May 1905) in the Russo-Japanese War in which the Russian fleet was largely destroyed. 对马岛：日本西南的两个海岛，位于九州和韩国东南的朝鲜海峡内，被对马海峡 与九州隔开。是俄日战争中的一个主要海战(1905年五月）地点，在这场战斗中俄国舰队遭到重创 〔catch〕caught hell for being late.因为迟到而遭到责骂〔banish〕Exile specifies departure from one's own country, either involuntarily because of legal expulsion or voluntarily because of adverse circumstances: Exile 特指离开某人的祖国，或因遭到法律上的驱逐非自愿地离开或因形势不利而自愿地离开： 〔waste〕A devastated or destroyed region, town, or building; a ruin.废墟：遭到毁坏或破坏之地区、市镇或建筑物；废墟〔iconoclast〕An iconoclast can be unpleasant company,but at least the modern iconoclast only attacks such things as ideas and institutions.The original iconoclasts destroyed countless works of art.Eikonoklastēs, the ancestor of our word, was first formed in Medieval Greek from the elements eikōn, "image, likeness,” and -klastēs, "breaker,” fromklan, "to break.” The images referred to by the word are religious images,which were the subject of controversy among Christians of the Byzantine Empire in the 8th and 9th centuries, when iconoclasm was at its height.Those who opposed images did not, of course, simply destroy them, although many were demolished;they also attempted to have the images barred from display and veneration.During the Protestant Reformationimages in churches were again felt to be idolatrous and were once more banned and destroyed.It is around this time thaticonoclast, the descendant of the Greek word, is first recorded in English (1641), with reference to the Greek iconoclasts.In the 19th centuryiconoclast took on the secular sense that it has today, as in "Kant was the great iconoclast" (James Martineau).亵渎偶像者可能令人生厌，但至少现代的偶像毁坏者只是攻击思想和制度这类东西。最初的偶像破坏者却毁掉了无数的艺术作品。Eikonoklastes 最早见于中世纪希腊语，是我们现代词的前身，由 eikon 意为“图象，相象”和 -klastes 意为“毁坏者”组成， 它又来源于klan “打碎”的意思。 此词所说的肖像是指宗教的肖像，8至9世纪当毁坏偶像主义在拜占庭帝国盛行时，宗教偶像成为基督教徒中争执的焦点。反对宗教肖像的人尽管销毁了不少画像，但这并不是他们唯一的形式，他们也试图禁止偶像展览和偶像崇拜。在新教改革时期，教堂里的宗教画像再次被认为是盲目崇拜而遭到禁止和毁灭。正是在这一时期iconoclast 一词开始作为希腊语的衍生词在英语中出现， 第一次记录于1641年。到19世纪，iconoclast 一词开始有了现代的含意， 比如在“康德是一位伟大的传统叛逆者”（詹姆士·马提诺）〔fall〕To undergo conquest or capture, especially as the result of an armed attack:被攻陷：遭到军事上的总失败或俘虏，尤指一武装进攻的结果：〔gauntlet〕"The hostages . . . ran the gauntlet of insult on their way to the airport"(Harper's)“人质们遭到了飞机场通道两旁所有人的辱骂”(哈珀)〔Arno〕A river of central Italy rising in the northern Apennines and flowing about 241 km (150 mi) to the Ligurian Sea. Flooding of the Arno has caused severe damage to art treasures in Florence.阿尔诺河：意大利中部一河流，发源于亚平宁山脉北部，流程约241公里（150英里），后注入利古里亚海。阿尔诺河的洪水使佛罗伦萨的艺术珍藏遭到严重破坏〔fluid〕"Everyone seems to . . . share in an intricate set of lore from the past and present whose deliciousness somehow would be ruined if Britain were a truly fluid society"(Nicholas Lemann)“每个人看上去…都拥有这样一套从过去和现在的经历中得来的复杂的知识，而如果英国社会动脉真的不流畅的话，这种知识的有趣就将或多或少地遭到破坏”(尼古拉斯·里曼恩)〔usufruct〕The right to use and enjoy the profits and advantages of something belonging to another as long as the property is not damaged or altered in any way.使用权：在他人财产没遭到破坏或改变的情况下，使用他人的地产并享受其收益或利润的权利〔Craiova〕A city of southwest Romania west of Bucharest. Built on the site of a Roman settlement, it was destroyed by an earthquake in 1790 and burned by the Turks in 1802. Population, 260,422.克拉约瓦：罗马尼亚西南部的一个城市，位于布加勒斯特以西。建于古罗马人的一个聚居点上，它在1790年遭到地震的破坏，1802年被土耳其人烧毁。人口260,422〔host〕Host was used as a verb in Shakespeare's time, but this usage was long obsoletewhen the verb was reintroduced (or perhaps reinvented) in recent yearsto mean "perform the role of a host.”The usage occurs particularly in contexts relating to institutional gatherings or television and radio shows,where the person performing the role of host has not personally invited the guests to his or her own establishment (thus it would be odd to sayThis evening we are hosting a dinner party at our house for my husband's cousins from New York ). Perhaps because the verb involves a suspect extension of the traditional conception of hospitality,it initially met with critical resistance.In a 1968 surveyonly 18 percent of the Usage Panel accepted the usage in the sentenceThe Cleveland chapter will host this year's convention. Over time, however,the usage has become increasingly well establishedand appears to serve a useful purpose in describing the activities of one who performs the ceremonial or practical role of a host (in arranging a conference or entertainment, welcoming guests, and so forth).In our most recent survey53 percent of the Panelists accepted the usage in the phrasea reception hosted by the Secretary of State. The verb is less well accepted when used to describe the role of a performer who acts as a master of ceremonies for a broadcast or film,where the relation of the word to the notion of "hospitality" is stretched still further.Only 31 percent of the Panel accepted the use of the verb in the sentenceStudents have watched Sex, Drugs and AIDS, a graphic film hosted by actress Rae Dawn Chong. · The verbcohost has likewise become well established in its use to refer to those who collaborate in assuming responsibility for an occasion. Fifty-eight percent of the Usage Panel accepted this use in the sentenceThe Department of Architecture and the Department of History will be cohosting a reception for conference participants. Host 一词在莎士比亚时代用作动词， 但自那时起这一用法很长时间不用了，直到近年来又被重新起用（或者可能重新创造），用来表示“担当主人的角色”。这一用法尤其在学术聚会或电视、电台节目的情况下使用，在这些情况下，身为主人的人并没有以私人身份邀请客人去到他或她自己的家中，（这样的话，如果我们说今天晚上我们将在家中为我丈夫来自纽约的表兄妹‘主办’一个晚餐会 就会觉得有点别扭）。 也许是因为有人认为这一动词用法会扩大传统的“好客”概念，所以一开始它就遭到了批评性抑制。在1968年的一次调查中，用法专题使用小组中18%的成员在如下句子中的用法，即克利夫兰分会将主办本年度的大会。 但是，随着时间的推移，这一用法已逐渐被接受，并在描绘一个担当司仪或具体的主人任务（例如安排会议或娱乐活动，欢迎客人等等）时起到了很好的作用。在我们最近一次的调查中，用法专题使用小组中的53%的成员接受了短语由国务卿出面举办的招待会 中"host"一词的用法。 但当这一动词用法用来描绘作为广播节目或电影节目的主持人的主持工作时，人们就不太接受其用法，因为这样用，这个词与“好客”这一概念的关系就更松了。只有31%的用法专题使用小组成员接受host在句子学生们观摩了 由 演员雷·唐·宗主持解说的纪录片 ‘性、毒品与艾滋病’”中的动词用法。 同样，用来表示分工合作共同举办某一活动的动词cohost 也已被普遍接受。 58%的用法专题使用小组成员接受这一动词在如下句子中的用法：建筑系和历史系将共同为与会者举办一次招待会 〔Abadan〕A city of southwest Iran onAbadan Island in the delta of the Shatt al Arab at the head of the Persian Gulf. The city's oil installations were heavily damaged in 1980 during the war with Iraq. Population, 296,081. 阿巴丹：伊朗西南部一城市，位于阿巴丹岛 上，在波斯湾上部沙特阿拉伯三角洲地带。这个城市的炼油厂在1980年和与伊拉克的战争中遭到严重破坏。人口296,081 〔equal〕It has been argued thatequal is an absolute term— two quantities either are or are not equal—and hence cannot be qualified as to degree.Therefore one cannot logically speak ofa more equal allocation of resources among the departments. However, this usage was accepted by 71 percent of the Usage Panel in an earlier survey.What is more, objection to the usage betrays a widespread but questionable assumptionthat it is in mathematics and logic that we find the model of accuracy most appropriate to the everyday use of language,a supposition that also underlies traditional grammatical discussions of words such asunique, parallel, and center. According to this account,the "precise" or "literal" meaning ofequal is realized in the use of the equal sign in an arithmetic expression such as 5 + 2 = 7; and the ordinary-language uses of the term,though they may be permissible,represent "loose" or "imprecise" extensions of that sense.But in fact the mathematical concept of equality is a poor model for using the wordequal to describe relations between things in the world. As applied to such things,statements of equality are always relative to an implicit standard of tolerance.When someone saysThe two boards are of equal length, we assume that the equality is reckoned to some order of approximation determined by the context;if we did not,we would be required always to usenearly equal when speaking of the dimensions of physical objects. What is more,we often want to predicate equality of things that do not admit of quantitative measurement,as when we sayThe college draft was introduced in an effort to make the teams in the National Football League as equal as possible, orThe candidates for the job should all be given equal consideration. In all such cases,equality is naturally a gradient notionand so is amenable to modification in degree.This much is evident from the existence of the wordunequal. The prefixun- attaches only to gradient adjectives: we sayunmanly but not unmale; and the worduneven can be applied to a surface (whose evenness may be a matter of degree) but not to a number (whose evenness is an either-or affair). ·The adverbequally is generally regarded as redundant when used in combination with as, and the following examples employingequally as were termed unacceptable by 63 percent of the Usage Panel in an earlier survey: 单词equal 一向被认为是一个很绝对的词语—— 两个数量要么相同要么不同——这样就不能有程度上的差别。所以，如果有人说在各部门间对资源更公平的分配 ，那么就不合逻辑了。 但是这种用法在早先的用法调查中被百分之七十一用法使用小组的人接受。而且，对这种用法的反对体现出了一种很流行但却值得怀疑的假设，那就是我们从数学和逻辑中得出适用于日常语言准确性的实例，而这种假设也可从我们对一些词，如unique，parallel 和 center 传统的语法讨论中体现出来。 根据这个解释，equal “准确”或“书面”的意思则是由在算术表达式，如5+2=7中所运用的相同的符号而表达清楚的； 而该词在日常语言中的用法，虽然被允许，但却代表了其含意“松散”或“不严谨”的引申。但是实际上用数学概念上的相等来运用equal 这个词描述世上各种事物之间的关系是一个很差劲的例子。 当该词应用于生活中的事物时，相等的观念往往与暗含的容忍相关联。当有人说两块木板同样长 时， 我们会认为由于上下文的关系，相等可以被看作大约近似；如果我们不这样想，那么当我们谈到物体的尺寸时，就要经常使用nearly equal 。 另外，我们常常会预测和数量无关的事物的相同性，比如我们会说，引入大学的要求是为了使全国足球联合会中的各队尽可能平等 ， 或者应给予该项工作的应征者同等的考虑 。 在所有这些例子中，相等是个可变化的概念，所以可在程度有所不同。Unequal 这个词的存在就是很好的证明。 un- 这个前缀只附加于有程序变化的形容词， 我们说unmanly 但不说 unmale ； 而uneven 这个词只能用于某物的表面（其平坦可有程度上的差别）， 而不能用于数目（数目只能说相等或不相等）。Equally 这一副词在与 as 连用时通常被认为是多余的， 在早先的用法调查中，以下这些使用equally as 的句子遭到百分之六十三使用小组的人反对： 〔Albigenses〕The members of a Catharist religious sect of southern France in the 12th and 13th centuries, exterminated for heresy during the Inquisition.清洁教教徒，阿尔比派：12世纪和13世纪法国南部的清教徒教派成员，在中世纪宗教法庭活动期间作为异教派而遭到根除〔Mandalay〕A city of central Burma on the Irrawaddy River north of Rangoon. Capital of the kingdom of Burma from 1860 to 1885, when it was annexed by the British, it was heavily damaged in World War II. Population, 532,895.曼德勒：缅甸中部的一座城市，位于仰光以北伊洛瓦底江沿岸。是1860年到1885年缅甸王国的首府，1885年被英国吞占，二战中该市遭到极其严重的破坏。人口532,895〔Newfoundland〕A province of eastern Canada including the island ofNewfoundland and nearby islands and the mainland area of Labrador with its adjacent islands. Newfoundland joined the confederation in 1949. Vikings probably visited the region c. 1000, but the area was not known to European fishermen and explorers until John Cabot's voyages in the late 15th century. England claimed Newfoundland in 1583, although the claims were disputed by France until the Treaty of Paris (1763). The province of Quebec continued to claim Labrador until 1927. St. John's is the capital and the largest city. Population, 567,681. 纽芬兰：加拿大东部的一个省，包括纽芬兰岛 和附近岛屿以及拉布多的主要陆地和附属岛屿。纽芬兰1949年加入联盟。北欧海盗可能在公元1000年到过此地，但是欧洲的渔民和探险家到15世纪晚期约翰·开普特的运航之后才知道这个地区。1583年英格兰宣称纽芬兰属英国，尽管这个宣告在《巴黎和约》(1763年）前一直遭到法国的反对。魁北克省在1927年前一直宣布占有拉布拉多。圣·约翰是纽芬兰的首都和最大城市。人口567,681 〔Arnold〕American Revolutionary general and traitor whose plan to surrender West Point to the British for 20,000 pounds was foiled when his accomplice John André was captured (1780). Arnold fled to New York and then to England (1781).阿诺德，本尼狄克：(1741-1801) 美国独立战争时的将领和叛徒，他（妄图）以20,000英镑将西点要塞出卖给英方的计划，遭到挫败时他与共犯约翰·安德烈被俘（1780年）。阿诺德逃往纽约接着逃亡英国（1781年）〔Grant〕The 18th President of the United States (1869-1877) and a Civil War general. After his victorious Vicksburg campaign (1862-1863), he was made commander in chief of the Union Army (1864) and accepted the surrender of Gen. Robert E. Lee at Appomattox (1865). Grant's two-term presidency was marred by widespread graft and corruption.格兰特，尤利西斯·辛普森：(1822-1885) 美国第十八任总统（1869-1877年）和内战时期的将领。 在威克斯堡战役（ 1862-1863年）中获胜后，他被任命为联邦军队总司令（1864年）并接受了罗伯特·李将军在阿波马托克斯的投降（1865年）。其两届总统任期因普遍的贪污和腐化而遭到非议〔harass〕Hecklers baited the speaker mercilessly. 演说者遭到诘问者无情的侮辱与折磨。 〔conspiracy〕a conspiracy of wind and tide that devastated coastal areas.大风和海潮的同时降临使沿海地区遭到严重破坏〔mob〕The quarterback was mobbed by the defensive line.四分卫遭到防守线球员猛烈攻击〔Gracchus〕Roman social reformer. Known with his brotherGaius Sempronius Gracchus (153-121 b.c. ) as "the Gracchi,” he sought to aid poor farmers through greater subdivision of land but was killed in a riot. Gaius assumed his brother's work, initiating several reforms, and met a similar fate. 格拉古·提比略，提比略·森普罗斯：(163-133) 罗马社会改革家。与其弟盖约·森普罗纽·格拉古 （ 公元前 153-121年）以“格拉古兄弟”之称闻名，寻求通过土地的大规模再划分来帮助贫穷的农民，但在一次暴乱中被杀。盖约接替其兄的工作，发动了几次改革，但遭到了类似的命运 〔transpire〕Transpire has been used since the mid-18th century in the sense "leak out, become publicly known,” as inDespite efforts to hush the matter up, it soon transpired that the colonels had met with the rebel leaders. This usage was objected to as a Gallicism when it was first introducedbut has long been standard.The more common use oftranspire to mean "occur" or "happen" has had a more troubled history.Though it dates at least to the beginning of the 19th century,it has been the object of critical opprobrium for more than a hundred years,charged with being both pretentious and unetymological.There is some signthat resistance to this sense oftranspire is abating, however. In a 1969 survey the usagewas acceptable only to 38 percent of the Usage Panel;in the most recent surveyit was acceptable to 58 percent in the sentenceAll of these events transpired after last week's announcement (though many of the Panelists who accepted the usage also remarked that it was pretentious or pompous).Transpire 这个词从18世纪中叶开始一直有“泄漏，为公众所知”的意思， 如尽管竭力掩盖事实真相，但人们很快就得知军官们已经与反叛者的领导人会晤。 当这种用法一开始出现时，有人把它当作法国式用法而提出异议，但现在它早已成为标准用法。Transpire 更为普通的用法是“发生”或“碰巧发生”的意思， 这个用法的历史更为复杂。尽管这种用法至少可以追溯到19世纪初期，但一百多年以来它一直遭到批评反对，人们认为这个用法不仅矫饰而且在词源上毫无根据。但是有迹象表明，对transpire 的这个词义的异议正在消失。 在一次1969年进行的调查中，用法委员会成员中只有38%的人接受这种用法。在最近进行的一次调查中，有58%的人认为象在所有这些事件都发生在上个星期的宣告之后 这样的句子中，这个词的用法是可以接受的 （许多接受这种用法的使用者也指出这种用法很矫柔造作）〔hyphenated〕Naturalized immigrants to the United States and their descendants have sometimes been termedhyphenated Americans in reference to the tendency to hyphenate such ethnic compounds as Irish-American and Polish-American. This term has come under strong criticism as suggesting that those so designated are not as fully American as "unhyphenated" citizens, and it is best avoided in all but historical contexts. 归化美国的移民及其后代子孙有时会以hyphenated Americans 的措词称呼，这与使用连字号的趋势有关，例如像 Irish-American（爱尔兰裔美国人） 和 Polish-American（波兰裔美国人） 之类的种族复合字。这种词汇遭到许多批评，指出这些被指定的名称似乎并不如"unhyphenated（未用连字号）”的公民一般为完全的美国人，也因此应尽量避免于历史文章之外使用此类字 〔wreck〕Something shattered or dilapidated.遭到破碎或毁坏的事物〔abulia〕Loss or impairment of the ability to make decisions or act independently.意志缺失，丧志症：做出决断或独自行动的能力遭到损害或丧失〔father〕The verbfather has come to be used widely to mean specifically to "perform the child-rearing functions of a father,”particularly in the gerundfathering, as inFathering a step-child takes considerable tact and understanding. This usage reflects the same social changes that have led to the analogous use of the verbparent and has met with the same kinds of critical resistance.In the most recent surveythe example cited was rejected by 64 percent of the Usage Panel.A problem particular to this use offather is that it may occasion opportunities for humorous misconstruction,since it is in direct competition with the older sense of "beget.” ·It is notablethat the analogous use ofmother as a verb meaning specifically "to perform the child-rearing functions of a mother" is encountered only rarely.It is likely that the discrepancy in the frequency of these new uses ofmother and father reflects the fact that recent writers on family life have tended to place more emphasis on a reconceptualization of the traditional paternal role in child-rearing.See Usage Note at parent 动词father 被广泛应用， 尤指“履行一个父亲养育孩子的职责”，特别是动名词fathering， 如在抚育养子得花费巨大的心智和理解 。 这种用法反应了引起动词parent 相似用法的同样社会变化， 并遭到了同样的批评反对。在最近的调查中，引用的例子被用法专题使用小组64%的成员反对。特别对于father 这种用法的一个问题是， 它可能会引起幽默的误解，因为它直接与旧观念的“生育”冲突。值得注意的是，mother 作为动词的相似用法意思特指“履行一个母亲生养孩子的职责”， 这种用法很少见。看起来mother 和 father 这些新用法出现频率的不一致反映了一个事实， 那就是近期家庭生活题材的作者们倾向于将更多的重点放在重新定义父母在抚养孩子上所充任的传统角色 参见 parent〔malign〕"My character was traduced by Captain Hawkins . . . so much so, that even the ship's company cried out shame" (Frederick Marryat).“我的人格遭到了霍金斯船长的羞辱…以致船员们都替我觉得无地自容” （弗雷德里克·马里亚特）。〔recusant〕One of the Roman Catholics in England who incurred legal and social penalties in the 16th century and afterward for refusing to attend services of the Church of England.持异议的天主教徒：英格兰罗马天主教徒的一员，在16世纪及其后因拒绝参加英国国教礼拜仪式而遭到法律及社会的惩罚〔fire〕Exposed or subjected to enemy attack.遭到敌人的进攻〔Hanoi〕The capital of Vietnam, in the northern part of the country on the Red River. Founded before the seventh century, it became the capital of French Indochina after 1887 and the capital of North Vietnam after 1954. The city was bombed heavily during the Vietnam War. Population, 819,913.河内：越南首都，位于这个国家北部，红河之上。它于公元前7世纪建立，在1887 年之后成为法属印度支那的首府，在1954年后成为北越的首府。在越南战争中该市遭到狂轰乱炸。人口819,913〔reduce〕To subject to destruction:攻陷，毁坏：遭到毁坏：〔Eaton〕American socialite whose snubbing by Washington society for her rumored premarital relations with her future husband, U.S. Secretary of WarJohn H. Eaton (1790-1856), led to his resignation (1831) and discord between President Andrew Jackson and his cabinet. 伊顿，玛格丽特·奥尼尔：(1796?-1879) 美国社交界名人，因与未婚夫，美国国防大臣约翰伊顿 (1790-1856年）婚前发生的传闻，而遭到华盛顿上层社会的冷落，其夫因此辞职(1831年），并导致安德鲁·杰克逊总统和其内阁的不和 〔disgrace〕 Obloquy implies being subjected to abuse and vilification: Obloquy 含有遭到指责和辱骂之意： |
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