| 单词 | 适用于 |
| 释义 | 〔crucial〕A crucial election is like a signpost because it shows which way the electorate is moving. The metaphor of a signpost, in fact, gives us the sense of the wordcrucial, "of supreme importance, critical.” Francis Bacon used the phraseinstantia crucis, "crucial instance,” to refer to something in an experiment that proves one of two hypotheses and disproves the other. Bacon's phrase was based on a sense of the Latin wordcrux, "cross,” which had come to mean "a guidepost that gives directions at a place where one road becomes two,”and hence was suitable for Bacon's metaphor.Both Robert Boyle, often called the father of modern chemistry, and Isaac Newton used the similar Latin phraseexperimentum crucis, "crucial experiment.” When these phrases were translated into English,they becamecrucial instance and crucial experiment. 决定性选举就象路标一样，因为它显示了全体选民的意向。路标这一比喻实际上向我们表示了crucial 这一词的意义“极其重要的，关键性的”。 弗朗西斯·培根曾用instantia crucis “关键性例子”这一词组来指在某一实验中证明两个假设之一正确和另一假设错误的东西。 培根的这一词组是基于拉丁语crux “十字形”的意思之上的， 它的意思为“在一条路分为两条岔路的地方用于指示方向的路标”，因此它适用于培根的这一比喻。通常被称为现代化学之父的罗伯特·博伊尔和艾萨克·牛顿都用过experimentum crucis “关键性实验”这一类似的拉丁语词组。 当这些词组被译成英语后，就成了crucial instance 和 crucial experiment 这两个词组 〔party〕Suitable for use at a social gathering:适用于宴会的：适于在社交聚会上使用的：〔taxi〕"Taxi" is much easier to yell into the traffic thantaximeter cabriolet, the form from which taxi has ultimately been shortened. Taximeter comes from the French word taximètre, ultimately derived from Medieval Latintaxāre, "to tax,” and the French combining form -metre. Taximètre originally meant, as did its English companion, "a device for measuring distance traveled,” but this device was soon adapted to measure waiting time and compute and indicate the fare as well.Taximeter, first recorded in English in 1898 (an earlier form, taxameter, borrowed through French from German, was recorded in 1894), joined forces withcab, a shortening (1827) of cabriolet, "a two-wheeled, one-horse carriage.” This word, first found in English in 1766,came from Frenchcabriolet, of the same meaning, which in turn was derived fromcabriole, "caper,” because the vehicle moves along with a springing motion.Cab, the shortened form, was applied to other vehicles as well, including eventually public conveyances.Fitted with a taximeter, such a vehicle,first horse-drawn and then motorized,was known as ataxameter cab (1899), a taximeter cab (1907), and a taxicab (1907), among other names, includingtaxi (1907), a shortening of eithertaximeter or taxicab. Interestingly enough,the fullest form possible,taximeter cabriolet, is not recorded until 1959."Taxi"比taximeter cabriolet （最终缩写成 taxi 的形式）更容易在交通中叫出。 Taximeter 来源于法语 taximètre ， 它最早来自中世纪拉丁文taxare （“征税”）和法语复合形式 -metre。 Taximètre（与它的英语同伴一样，最初意为“测量行驶距离的设备”）， 这一设备很快适合于测量等待时间并计算和显示车费。Taximeter 在英语中首次记载于1898年（更早的形式 taxameter 是从德语通过法语借来的，记载于1894年）， 同cabriolet （“一种双轮双马马车”）的缩写形式(1827年） cab 结合。 这一单词最早于1766年在英语中发现，来源于具有同一种意思的法语cabriolet ， 它依次来源于cabride （“跳跃”）， 因为这种车辆移动时有跳跃的运动；缩写形式cab 还可以适用于其它的车辆， 包括最终的公共运输工具；被安装了自动计费器的车辆，开始是马拉的，后来装上马达，被称作taxameter cab (1899年）、 taximeter cab (1907年）和 taxicab (1901年）。 在其它的名称中包括taxi (1907年）， 它是taximeter 或 taxicab 的缩写形式。 非常有趣的是，可能是最全的形式的taximeter cabriolet ， 直到1959年才有记载〔hole〕Pocket is applied to a cavity in the earth, as one containing a mineral deposit,or to an isolated cavity or area that contains foreign or contrasting matter: Pocket 适用于指地层里可贮藏矿产的中空的洞，或指含有相异或有矛盾物质的隔离的空穴或地区： 〔Kanaka〕Kanaka, which simply means "human being" in Hawaiian, is mostly found today in historical contextsand is not usually appropriate in ordinary discourse.As with many terms that refer to ethnic identity,Kanaka can suggest ethnic pride in some contexts while in others it may be taken as derogatory.Kanaka 在夏威夷语中意思是“人”。 现今该词主要在历史语境中出现，通常不适用于普通的交谈中。正如许多指称种族特性的术语，Kanaka 在某些语境中含有种族自豪的意思， 而在另一些语境中也许被当作贬义语〔visceral〕"The scientific approach to life is not really appropriate to states of visceral anguish"(Anthony Burgess)“用科学的方法对待生命，并不真正地适用于内心深处痛苦的状态”(安东尼·伯吉斯)〔kiosk〕The lowly kiosk where one buys a newspaper or on which one posts advertisements is like a child in a fairy tale who though raised by humble parents is really the descendant of kings.The wordkiosk was originally taken into English ultimately from Turkish, in which its sourceköshk meant "pavilion.” The open structures referred to by the Turkish word were used as pavilions and summerhouses in Turkey and Persia.The first recorded use ofkiosk in English (1625) has reference to these Middle Eastern structures, which Europeans imitated in their own gardens and parks. In France and Belgium,where the Turkish word had also been borrowed,their wordkiosque was applied to something lower on the scale, structures resembling these pavilions but used as places to sell newspapers or as bandstands. England borrowed this lowly structure from Franceand reborrowed the word,which is first recorded in 1865with reference to a place where newspapers are sold.用来购买报纸或张贴广告的普通的凉亭好像是神话故事中尽管由地位低下的父母抚养但确实是国王后代的儿童一样，单词kiosk 收入英文的起源最早是土耳其语， 土耳其语中它的出处koshk 意为“大帐篷”。 在土耳其语中开敞的建筑物用来作为土耳其和波斯的帐篷和凉亭。英语中最早记录的kiosk 的使用（1625年）参照于欧洲人在他们自己的花园和公园中仿制的中东式建筑。 在法国和比利时，这个土耳其语单词也被借用，它们的单词kiosque 适用于结构上类似于这些凉亭，但规模上比较矮，用作卖报纸的场所或室外音乐台的建筑。 英国从法国引进了这种普通建筑，并且重新引入了这个单词，它的最早记载是在1865年，与卖报纸的场所有关〔melody〕A poem suitable for setting to music or singing.适于歌唱的诗：适于为之谱曲或适用于演唱的诗歌〔exterior〕Suitable for use outside:外用的：适用于外面的：〔epicene〕Middle English [having only one form of the noun for either gender] 中古英语 [只有一个名词同时适用于两性的] 〔equal〕It has been argued thatequal is an absolute term— two quantities either are or are not equal—and hence cannot be qualified as to degree.Therefore one cannot logically speak ofa more equal allocation of resources among the departments. However, this usage was accepted by 71 percent of the Usage Panel in an earlier survey.What is more, objection to the usage betrays a widespread but questionable assumptionthat it is in mathematics and logic that we find the model of accuracy most appropriate to the everyday use of language,a supposition that also underlies traditional grammatical discussions of words such asunique, parallel, and center. According to this account,the "precise" or "literal" meaning ofequal is realized in the use of the equal sign in an arithmetic expression such as 5 + 2 = 7; and the ordinary-language uses of the term,though they may be permissible,represent "loose" or "imprecise" extensions of that sense.But in fact the mathematical concept of equality is a poor model for using the wordequal to describe relations between things in the world. As applied to such things,statements of equality are always relative to an implicit standard of tolerance.When someone saysThe two boards are of equal length, we assume that the equality is reckoned to some order of approximation determined by the context;if we did not,we would be required always to usenearly equal when speaking of the dimensions of physical objects. What is more,we often want to predicate equality of things that do not admit of quantitative measurement,as when we sayThe college draft was introduced in an effort to make the teams in the National Football League as equal as possible, orThe candidates for the job should all be given equal consideration. In all such cases,equality is naturally a gradient notionand so is amenable to modification in degree.This much is evident from the existence of the wordunequal. The prefixun- attaches only to gradient adjectives: we sayunmanly but not unmale; and the worduneven can be applied to a surface (whose evenness may be a matter of degree) but not to a number (whose evenness is an either-or affair). ·The adverbequally is generally regarded as redundant when used in combination with as, and the following examples employingequally as were termed unacceptable by 63 percent of the Usage Panel in an earlier survey: 单词equal 一向被认为是一个很绝对的词语—— 两个数量要么相同要么不同——这样就不能有程度上的差别。所以，如果有人说在各部门间对资源更公平的分配 ，那么就不合逻辑了。 但是这种用法在早先的用法调查中被百分之七十一用法使用小组的人接受。而且，对这种用法的反对体现出了一种很流行但却值得怀疑的假设，那就是我们从数学和逻辑中得出适用于日常语言准确性的实例，而这种假设也可从我们对一些词，如unique，parallel 和 center 传统的语法讨论中体现出来。 根据这个解释，equal “准确”或“书面”的意思则是由在算术表达式，如5+2=7中所运用的相同的符号而表达清楚的； 而该词在日常语言中的用法，虽然被允许，但却代表了其含意“松散”或“不严谨”的引申。但是实际上用数学概念上的相等来运用equal 这个词描述世上各种事物之间的关系是一个很差劲的例子。 当该词应用于生活中的事物时，相等的观念往往与暗含的容忍相关联。当有人说两块木板同样长 时， 我们会认为由于上下文的关系，相等可以被看作大约近似；如果我们不这样想，那么当我们谈到物体的尺寸时，就要经常使用nearly equal 。 另外，我们常常会预测和数量无关的事物的相同性，比如我们会说，引入大学的要求是为了使全国足球联合会中的各队尽可能平等 ， 或者应给予该项工作的应征者同等的考虑 。 在所有这些例子中，相等是个可变化的概念，所以可在程度有所不同。Unequal 这个词的存在就是很好的证明。 un- 这个前缀只附加于有程序变化的形容词， 我们说unmanly 但不说 unmale ； 而uneven 这个词只能用于某物的表面（其平坦可有程度上的差别）， 而不能用于数目（数目只能说相等或不相等）。Equally 这一副词在与 as 连用时通常被认为是多余的， 在早先的用法调查中，以下这些使用equally as 的句子遭到百分之六十三使用小组的人反对： 〔Gilsonite〕A trademark used for a natural black bitumen employed in the manufacture of acid, alkali, and waterproof coatings.硬沥青：适用于制造酸、碱和防水服的一种天然黑沥青的商标〔electuary〕A drug mixed with sugar and water or honey into a pasty mass suitable for oral administration.药糖剂：用糖、水或蜂蜜调制成的药糊，适用于口服药〔Sarmatia〕An ancient region of eastern Europe northeast of the Black Sea. The Sarmatian people occupied the area after the fourth centuryb.c. and fled across the Carpathian Mountains and along the Danube River after the onslaught of the Huns. The term is also applied to the territory between the Vistula and Volga rivers in present-day eastern Poland and western European U.S.S.R. 萨尔马提亚：东欧一古老地区，位于黑海东北部。萨尔马提亚人于公元前 4世纪占领了该地，并在受到匈奴人的攻击之后穿过喀尔巴迁山脉沿着多瑙河逃遁。该名称也适用于今天的波兰东部和原苏联欧洲部分西部的维斯图拉河与伏尔加河中间的地带 〔perceptible〕These adjectives apply to what is capable of being apprehended with the mind or through the senses as being real.这些形容词适用于用意识或通过感官可被察觉到为真实存在的东西。〔between〕certainlybetween would be impossible). Between is the preferred choice when the entities are seen as determining the limits or endpoints of a range: 后一句亦可适用于当仅有两者时的情况；当然between 是不可能的）。 实体被视为确定某范围的界限或终点时，更适合选择用between ： 〔worry〕"Don't worry" is a much milder injunction than it once would have been,for the wordworry has softened its sense greatly over the course of its history. Its Old English ancestor,wyrgan, meant "to strangle.” Its Middle English descendant,worien, kept this sense and developed the new sense "to grasp by the throat with the teeth and lacerate" or "to kill or injure by biting and shaking.” This is the way wolves or dogs might attack sheep, for example.In the 16th centuryworry began to be used in the sense "to harass, as by rough treatment or attack,” or "to assault verbally,” and in the 17th century the word took on the sense "to bother, distress, or persecute.”It was a small step from this sense to the main modern senses "to cause to feel anxious or distressed" and "to feel troubled or uneasy,” first recorded in the 19th century.与过去相比，“别担心”这句话的命令意味减少了许多，因为随着历史的变迁worry 这个词的“攻击性”意味大大削弱了。 其古英语中的前身wyrgan, 意为“扼杀”。 在中世纪英语中的worien 保留了这个意思并衍生出一个新意思“用牙齿咬住喉咙并且撕裂”或“咬住并来回甩动以杀死或伤害”。 例如，这是狼或狗袭击羊的方式。16世纪，worry 开始含有“以粗暴手段或袭击方式来骚扰”，“口头攻击”的意思， 到了17世纪这个词产生了“干扰、使焦虑和烦扰”的意思。19世纪，这个词义向前发展了一点，产生了适用于当代的主要意思“使感到焦虑或痛苦”和“感到烦恼或不安”〔contract〕Compress applies to increased compactness brought about by pressing or squeezing;the term implies reduction in volume and change of form or shape: Compress 适用于通过压或挤所导致的密度增大；这个词含有体积减小及形式或形状上发生变化的意思： 〔rule〕A court order limited in application to a specific case.裁决，裁定：仅适用于某一特定案例的法院条令〔mannitol〕A white, crystalline, water-soluble, slightly sweet alcohol, C6H 8(OH) 6, used as a dietary supplement and dietetic sweetener and in medical tests of renal function. 甘露醇：白色呈晶体状能溶于水的微甜的乙醇C6H 8(OH) 6，用作补充饮食并适用于特殊饮食的甜味剂，在医学实验中用来检查肾功能 〔any〕Used as a pronoun,any can take either a singular or plural verb, depending on how it is construed:Any of these books is suitable (that is, any one ). But are any (that is, some ) of them available? · The constructionof any is often used in informal contexts to mean "of all,” as inHe is the best known of any living playwright. In an earlier survey this example was unacceptable in writing to 67 percent of the Usage Panel. ·Any is also used to mean "at all" before a comparative adjective or adverb in questions and negative sentences: 用作介词的any 既可接单数动词又可接复数动词， 这取决于怎样翻译：Any of these books is suitable?（这些书的任一本都合适） （这里是指 any one（任何一本） ）。 But are any（但是他们中） （意指 some（任何一些） ） of them available（任何一些都合适吗）？ of any（任一的） 这个结构经常用于非正式语境中来表示“所有的”的意思， 如在句子他是在世剧作家中最著名的一位。 在早期的调查中67%的用法使用小组成员，认为这个例子作为书面语不能被接受。Any 也用于比较级形容词或副词前表示“全然，压根儿”，这一用法适用于疑问句和否定句中： 〔subaqueous〕Formed or adapted for underwater use or operation; submarine.水下的：适用于水下用的；水下的，水中的〔chief〕Prime applies to what is first in comparison with others and to what is of the best quality: Prime 适用于与其它东西相比较处于第一位的东西以及质量最好的东西： 〔blemish〕 Blemish applies to something, such as a blotch, that is held to mar the appearance or impair the character of a thing: Blemish 适用于损坏表面或事物特征的某事物，如（皮肤上的）脓疱： 〔flock〕 Pack is applicable to any body of animals, especially wolves, or of birds, especially grouse,and to a body of hounds trained to hunt as a unit.It also refers disparagingly to a band or group of persons. Pack 适用于狼或鸟群等任何兽群，尤指松鸡，还可指一群作为一个整体训练以作打猎用的猎狗，也可指对一帮或一群人的蔑称。〔cool〕These adjectives apply to persons, their attitudes, their behavior, or their actions to indicate absence of excitement or discomposure,especially in times of stress.这些形容词适用于人或人们的态度、举止或行为，表示冷静沉着或不慌不忙，尤其是在紧张时刻。〔financial〕Pecuniary is more appropriate to the private, small-scale dealings of individuals: Pecuniary 则更适用于个体们的私人的小规模交易： 〔force〕 Obligate applies when force is exerted by the terms of a legal contract or promise or by the dictates of one's conscience or sense of propriety: Obligate 适用于在法律合约或承诺或某人受正当的良心或良知的支配下施加压力做的： 〔flock〕 Flock is applied to a congregation of animals of one kind, especially sheep or goats herded by human beings,and to any congregation of wild or domesticated birds, especially when on the ground.It is also applicable to people who form the membership of a church or to people under someone's care or supervision. Flock 适用于尤指由人类放养的绵羊或山羊等一群同类的牲畜，还适用于任何一群在地面上活动的野生的或家养的禽类动物，也适用于组成同一教派的成员们或受某人管理或监督的一些人。〔new〕Novel applies to what is both new and strikingly unusual: Novel 适用于既是新的又显然不寻常的东西： 〔tacrine〕A drug that halts or reverses memory loss temporarily in some individuals with Alzheimer's disease, but does not alter the course of the disease.塔克宁：一种适用于某些阿滋海默症患者，可以暂时性阻止或改善其失忆症状恶化的药物，但是无法完全治愈此疾病〔chief〕Main applies to what exceeds others in extent, size, or importance: Main 适用于在范围、尺寸、或重要性上超过其它的东西： 〔chief〕Principal applies to someone or something of the first order in rank, power, or significance: Principal 适用于在等级、权力或意义上处于第一位的人或物： 〔chief〕 Chief applies to a person of the highest authority: Chief 适用于具有最高权威的一个人： 〔native〕 Native implies birth or origin in the specified place: Native 适用于出生或来源于一个特定的地点： 〔bad〕 Bad is the most inclusive;it applies to what is regarded as being unpleasant, offensive, or blameworthy: Bad 是范围最广的词；它适用于任何被认为是不愉快的、讨厌的或该受责备的事： 〔per〕Per is appropriately used in the description of ratios ( Per 适用于描述比率( 〔series〕Train can apply to a procession of people, animals, or vehicles or to a sequence of ideas or events: Train 能适用于一长队人、动物或车辆或适用于一系的思想或事件： 〔save〕Reclaim, applied to people,means to bring back,as from error to virtue or to right or proper conduct;it can also mean to return a thing to usefulness or productivity: Reclaim 适用于人，意思是改过，如从谬误到美德或正义或正当的行为的改过；也指将某物转变为有用的或有生产能力的事物： 〔mayday〕"Mayday, mayday!” comes the international distress signal over the radio,and nobody stops to ask why the first of May is being mentioned at a time of crisis.Mayday, in fact, has nothing to do with the first of May. Instead, it is a spelling that represents the pronunciation of Frenchm'aidez, "help me,” or the latter part of the phrase venez m'aider, "come help me,” either of which are quite appropriate at such a critical juncture.“救命，救命!”无线电接收机中传来国际遇险呼救信号，总有人询问为何在危急时刻使用五月的第一天作为信号。实际上，Mayday 和五月份的第一天没有任何关系。 相反，它只是和法语中m'aidez “帮助我”或短语 venez m'aider “来帮助我”的后半部分的读音相同的一种拼写， 均适用于指紧要关头 |
| 随便看 |
|
学习网英语词汇栏目收词371507余条，连同派生词、复合词、词组和习语等。每个词条提供了音标、词性、释义、用法、搭配和同（近）义词等多项功能，对所收词汇进行全方位的解释和说明，内容丰富，功能全面。