| 单词 | 过量 |
| 释义 | 〔glut〕To eat or indulge in something excessively.暴食：过量地吃或过度耽溺于，沉湎于〔bromism〕A toxic condition caused by the chronic overuse of bromides, characterized by mental dullness, loss of muscular coordination, and sometimes skin eruptions.溴中毒：由长期过量使用溴化物而引起的中毒状态，症状是精神迟钝、肌肉协调能力丧失，有时出皮疹〔alcoholic〕A person who drinks alcoholic substances habitually and to excess or who suffers from alcoholism.酗酒者：习惯性和过量饮用含有酒精物质的人或者由于酗酒或酒精中毒而遭受痛苦的人〔xanthomatosis〕A metabolic disorder characterized by excessive accumulation of lipids in the body and a resulting spread of xanthomas.黄瘤病：胆固醇新陈代谢紊乱，其特点为体内胆固醇的过量增加，并有黄瘤在皮肤上的蔓延〔hypercalcemia〕An excessive amount of calcium in the blood.多钙血：血液中钙质过量〔soak〕To drink (alcoholic liquor), especially to excess.喝醉：喝（带酒精的饮料），尤指过量地〔fluorosis〕An abnormal condition caused by excessive intake of fluorine, as from fluoridated drinking water, characterized chiefly by mottling of the teeth.氟中毒：由于过量摄入氟而导致牙齿产生色斑的不正常状况，如饮用氟化的水〔overhydrate〕To cause to take excessive fluids into the body, as through intravenous injection.摄入过量液体：如通过静脉注射使肌体摄入过量的液体〔nicotinism〕Nicotine poisoning, caused by excessive use of tobacco and marked by depression of the central and autonomic nervous systems.尼古丁中毒：尼古丁中毒，因吸用烟草过量而导致并以中枢及自主神经系统的压抑为特征〔wolf〕To eat greedily or voraciously:狼吞虎咽：贪婪地或过量地吃：〔cloy〕To cause distaste or disgust by supplying with too much of something originally pleasant, especially something rich or sweet; surfeit.使生厌，倒胃口：通过提供过量的原本喜欢的东西导致不喜欢、厌恶，尤指油腻或香甜的食物；过量过度〔overdose〕To administer too large a dose or too many doses to.给服过量的药：服用剂量太大或剂量太多〔nimiety〕from nimis [excessively] * see ne 源自 nimis [过量地] * 参见 ne 〔surfeit〕To feed or supply to excess, satiety, or disgust.See Synonyms at satiate 暴食：使饮食过度或过量地供给，使厌腻或恶心 参见 satiate〔smoke〕To emit smoke excessively:过量地散发烟：〔nimiety〕from Latin nimius [excessive] 源自 拉丁语 nimius [过量的] 〔vulgar〕Offensively excessive in self-display or expenditure; ostentatious:庸俗的：自我显示或花费极为过量的；炫耀的：〔bellyful〕An undesirable or unendurable amount:过量，过分：不想要的或无法忍受的数量：〔hyperkinetic〕Having or exhibiting hyperkinesia or hyperactivity.狂野的：拥有或展现运动机能亢进或活动过量的情形〔engorge〕To fill to excess, as with blood or other fluid.使充血：充溢过量，如充血或充胀其它液体〔man〕Traditionally,man and words derived from it have been used generically to designate any or all of the human race irrespective of sex.In Old Englishthis was the principal sense ofman, which meant "a human being" regardless of sex;the wordswer and wyf (or w÷pman and wifman ) were used to refer to "a male human being" and "a female human being" respectively. But in Middle Englishman displaced wer as the term for "a male human being,”whilewyfman (which evolved into present-day woman ) was retained for "a female human being.” The result of these changes was an assymetrical arrangement that many criticize as sexist.Many writers have revised some of their practices accordingly.But the precise implications of the usage vary according to the context and the particular use ofman or its derivatives. · Man sometimes appears to have the sense of "person" or "people" when it is used as a count noun, as inA man is known by the company he keeps and Men have long yearned to unlock the secrets of the atom, and in phrases likethe common man and the man in the street. Here the generic interpretation arises indirectly:if a man is known by the company he keeps,then so, by implication, is a woman.For this reasonthe generic interpretation of these uses ofman is not possible where the applicability of the predicate varies according to the sex of the individual. Thus it would be inappropriate to say thatMen are the only animals that can conceive at any time, since the sentence literally asserts that the ability to conceive applies to male human beings.This usage presumes that males can be taken as representatives of the species.In almost all cases,however, the wordsperson and people can be substituted for man and men, often with a gain in clarity. · By contrast,man functions more as a generic when it is used without an article in the singular to refer to the human race, as in sentences likeThe capacity for language is unique to man or in phrases like man's inhumanity to man. But this use ofman is also ambiguous, since it can refer exclusively to male members of the human race.In most contexts wordssuch ashumanity or humankind will convey the generic sense of this use of man. · On the whole,the Usage Panel accepts the generic use ofman, the women members significantly less than the men. The sentenceIf early man suffered from a lack of information, modern man is tyrannized by an excess of it was acceptable to 81 percent of the Panel (including 58 percent of the women and 92 percent of the men).The Panel also accepted compound words derived from genericman. The sentenceThe Great Wall is the only man-made structure visible from space was acceptable to 86 percent (including 76 percent of the women and 91 percent of the men).The sentence"The history of language is the history of mankind" (James Bradstreet Greenough and George Lyman Kittredge) was acceptable to 76 percent (including 63 percent of the women and 82 percent of the men). Such compounds were acceptable even when the context required that they be applied chiefly to women.Thus, 66 percent of the Panel (including 57 percent of the women and 71 percent of the men) accepts the wordmanpower in the sentence Countries that do not permit women to participate in the work force are at a disadvantage in competing with those that do avail themselves of that extra source of manpower. · A related set of problems is raised by the use ofman in forming the names of occupational and social rolessuch asbusinessman, chairman, spokesman, layman, and freshman, as well as in analogous formationssuch asunsportsmanlike and showmanship. Some condemn this use categorically;however, these words remained acceptable to a majority of the Usage Panel when they were used to refer to a role or class in the abstractbut were rejected when they were used to refer to a woman.Thus the general use ofchairman was acceptable to 67 percent of the Panel (including 52 percent of the women and 76 percent of the men) in the sentence The chairman will be appointed by the Faculty Senate. But only 48 percent (including 43 percent of the women and 50 percent of the men) accepted the use of the word inEmily Owen, chairman of the Mayor's Task Force, issued a statement assuring residents that their views would be solicited, where it is applied to a woman. · Several strategies have been suggested for replacing the categorical use of compounds formed withman. Parallel terms likebusinesswoman, spokeswoman and chairwoman are increasingly used to refer to women. Also in use are common-gender terms coined withperson, such asbusinessperson, spokesperson, and chairperson. For occupational titles ending inman, new standards of official usage have been established by the U.S. Department of Labor and other government agencies.In official contexts termssuch asfirefighter and police officer are now generally used in place of fireman and policeman. · A majority of the Panelists rejected the verbman when it was used to refer to an activity performed by women. The sentenceMembers of the League of Women Voters will be manning the registration desk was unacceptable to 56 percent of the Panel (including 61 percent of the women and 54 percent of the men). See Usage Note at -ess ,people 传统上，man 以及它的衍生字一般是用来指任何人或整个人类， 不考虑性别。在古英语中，这就是man 这个字主要的意思， 即“人” 而不分性别；单词wer 和 wyf （或 woepman 和 wifman )则分别用以指“男人”和“女人”。 但在中古英语时man 取代了 wer 这个词， 也具有“男人”的意义了；而wyfman （这个字发展演变成了今天的 woman 这个字）作为“女人”这个意思被保留了下来。 这些变化的结果是，作为性别歧视者所批评的匀称排列。为此，许多作家相应地修订了他们部分的创作活动。但是这用法的准确含义取决于它的上下文以及man 的具体用途或它的衍生字。 当man 这个字被当作一个可数名词来用时，它有时似乎具有“一个人”或“人们”的意思， 如在被他所在的那个公司熟悉了解的人 和 很久以来，人们都期盼着解开原子的秘密 ， 以及如下短语中普通的人 和 街上的人 。 这里，一般的理解源于间接地推理：如果一个男人是被他所在的公司了解的话，其言下之意是，一个女人也是被他所在的公司熟悉了解的。正是这个原因，使得man 当此一般理解之义用时，其谓语随着个人性别的改变而变化是不可能的。 所以，说人是唯一能在任何时候思考的动物 是不适当的， 因为这句话字面之义是指男人的思考能力。这种用法是假定男人可以作为人类的代表。几乎毫无例外的是，词person 和 people 可以用 man 和 men 来取代，且后两字意思更清楚。 相反，当man 以单数不带冠词出现用以指人类时，它更是指一类、一属， 如在象句子只有人才有语言能力 或象短语 人类对人类的不人道 中。 但man 若以这种形式出现，其意思也会模糊不清， 因为其可只指人类中的男性成员。在大多数的行文中，例如humanity 或 humankind 这样的字也传达了 man 这种用法的一般意义。 总的说来，在用法专题使用小组成员中接受man 这种一般用法的女性比男性明显少得多。 下面这句话如果说古代人受信息不足之苦的话，那么现代人则是受信息过量之虐待了 在小组中有81的成员可接受 （其中女性成员中的接受率为58，男性中则为92)。专题小组会还接受作为一般意义的man 构成的复合词。 长城是太空中的唯一可见的人造物 这句话有86的成员接受 （其中女性成员的接受率为76，而男性中为91)。“语言史就是一部人类史” （詹姆士·布拉斯瑞特·格里诺和乔治·莱曼·基特里奇）这句话的接受率为76（基中在女性成员中有63接受，而男性中为82)。 即使是上下行文所需的字主要指的是女人，这种复合词仍然被接受。因此小组中的66（其中女性委员的57，男性的71)接受了manpower 这个词在下句的用法： 那些不允许女人加入生产力大军的国家和那些允许女人加入生产力大军的国家相比，在处理剩余劳动力这一点上明显处于竞争的劣势 。 由于man 的使用所引起的一系列相关问题产生了， 在构成职业或社会角色类别的名称，如商人、主席、发言人、外行 和 渔夫 ， 以及将这个字用于类似的构词法中，如违反运动精神的 和 善于表演的才能 。 有些人谴责这种类别的用法；然而，当它们抽象地指某种角色或阶层时，这些词仍能得到用法专题使用小组大多数人的接受；但当它们用由于指女性时，这些词就被拒绝了。因此在句子主席由职工委员会指定 中 主席 的这种一般用法就得到了67小组成员的接受（其中在女性成员中为52，而男性中为76)。 但是，在句子艾米莉·欧文，市长任务小组的主席，发表了一个声明，向市长保证将考虑他们的观点 中这个字的用法，由于是指女性，只有48的成员接受（其中在女性成员中的接受率为43，而男性中为50)。 对于如何替换用man 构成的类别复合词，几种构思被提了出来。 与之相对的复合词如女商人、女发言人 和 女主席 越来越多地被用来指女性。 另外，用person 构成的中性词也创造了出来， 如商人、发言人 和 主席 。 对于用man 结尾的职业名称， 美国政府劳工部和其它政府机构已建立起了新的官方运用标准。在官方行文，现在一般用如firefighter 和 police officer 代替 fireman 和 policeman 。 大多数的小组成员反对将动词man 用于指那些女性从事的活动。 句子登记处将配备女性选民联盟的成员 在用法专题使用小组中的反对率是56（其中在女性成员中的反对率是61，而男性中为54) 参见 -ess,people〔aldosteronism〕A disorder marked by excessive secretion of the hormone aldosterone, which can cause weakness, cardiac irregularities, and abnormally high blood pressure.皮质醛酮增多症：由于皮质醛酮激素分泌过量而导致的紊乱，可造成虚弱、心脏异常和异常高血压〔fat〕These adjectives mean having an abundance and often an excess of flesh.这些形容词意思是“有丰富且通常是过量的肉”。〔ptyalism〕from ptualizein [to salivate] 源自 ptualizein [分泌过量地唾液] 〔excess〕Being more than is usual, required, or permitted:过量的，过多的：超过了通常的、所需的或允许的限度：〔ergotism〕Poisoning caused by consuming ergot-infected grain or grain products, or from excessive use of drugs containing ergot.麦角中毒：由于进食了被麦角菌感染的谷物或谷物制品，或服用过量的含麦角菌药物而产生的中毒〔carotenemia〕The presence of excess carotene in the blood, often resulting in yellowing of the skin.胡萝卜血症：血液中出现过量的胡萝卜素，经常引起肤色发黄〔strain〕To injure or impair by overuse or overexertion; wrench:扭伤：因使用过度或过量施加而受伤或受损；拧伤：〔spod〕One who spends an inordinate amount of time exchanging remarks in computer chatrooms or participating in discussions in newsgroups or on bulletin boards.灌水：花费过量的时间，在计算机聊天室内与人交谈，或在新闻组或公告牌上参与讨论的人〔heavy〕Indulging to a great degree:过量的：放纵达到很大程度的：〔overabundance〕A going or being beyond what is needed, desired, or appropriate; an excess:过剩，过量：超过了所需、所渴望或适当之量；过度：〔sialorrhea〕An excessive secretion of saliva.流涎：唾液的过量分泌〔buckle〕finally buckled under the excessive demands of the job.最终被过量的工作压垮了〔glut〕An oversupply.过量，超量供应〔alcoholism〕A chronic, progressive pathological condition, mainly affecting the nervous and digestive systems, caused by the excessive and habitual consumption of alcohol.酒精中毒：由过量及习惯性饮酒而造成的一种慢性渐进的病理状况，主要影响神经及消化系统〔excessive〕Exceeding a normal, usual, reasonable, or proper limit.过量的：超过正常的、通常的、合理的或正当界限的〔avidin〕A protein found in uncooked egg white that binds to and inactivates biotin. An abundance of avidin in the duct can result in a deficiency of biotin.抗生物素蛋白：卵清中发现的一种蛋白质，它可与生物素结合并使生物素活性减低。导管中抗生物素蛋白过量可导至生物素的缺乏〔hidrosis〕Sweat, especially in excessive or abnormal amounts.多汗：尤指过量的或不正常的汗〔negative〕Relating to or designating a body having an excess of electrons.阴电荷的：关于或表明有过量电子的躯体的〔overcharge〕A load or burden that is too full or heavy.超载：过量或过重的载荷或负担 |
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