| 单词 | 西班牙人 |
| 释义 | 〔caravel〕Any of several types of small, light sailing ships, especially one with two or three masts and lateen sails used by the Spanish and Portuguese in the 15th and 16th centuries.小帆船：任一种轻快的小型帆船，尤指15和16世纪西班牙人和葡萄牙人乘坐的带两三个船桅和大三角帆的帆船〔Berkeley〕A city of western California on San Francisco Bay north of Oakland. Founded as Oceanview on land purchased from a Spanish family in 1853, it was renamed Berkeley in 1866. A branch of the University of California is here (established 1872). Population, 102,724.伯克利：美国加利福尼亚西部一城市，位于奥克兰北部的旧金山湾。1853年从一家西班牙人手中买下，做为陆地观海点而建立，1866年重新命名为伯克利。为加利福尼亚大学分院（建于1872年）校址。人口102,724〔Utah〕A state of the western United States. It was admitted as the 45th state in 1896. First explored by the Spanish in 1540, the region was settled in 1847 by Mormons led by Brigham Young. Salt Lake City is the capital and the largest city. Population, 1,727,784.犹他州：美国西部一个州。在1896年它作为第四十五个州被纳入美国。在1540年首次由西班牙人探险，在1847年由布里格姆·扬格率领的摩门教徒在此地区居住。盐湖城是此州的首府及最大城市。人口1,727,784〔Harlem〕A section of New York City in northern Manhattan bordering on the Harlem and East rivers. Peter Stuyvesant established the Dutch settlement of Nieuw Haarlem here in 1658. A rapid influx of Black people beginning c. 1910 made it one of the largest Black communities in the United States. In the 1920's a flowering of Black art and literature was known as the Harlem Renaissance. After World War II many Hispanics settled in East (or Spanish) Harlem.哈莱姆区：纽约市一地区，位于曼哈顿北部，傍倚哈莱姆河和东河。1658年彼得·斯图佛逊在此建立起荷兰人寄居地——新哈莱姆区。自1910年以来，迅速增大的黑人居民使该地成为美国最大的黑人聚居地，20世纪20年代黑人艺术及文学的兴起被称为哈莱姆文艺复兴，二次大战后，许多西班牙人定居在东（或西班牙）哈莱姆区〔pueblo〕The identity of the Pueblo peoples is undeniably connected to the stone and adobe dwellings they have occupied for more than 700 years—especially from an etymological point of view.Originally coming from the Latin wordpopulus, "people, nation,” the Spanish wordpueblo, meaning "town, village,” as well as "nation, people,”was naturally applied by 16th-century Spanish explorers to villages that they discovered or founded in the Southwest.The English wordpueblo is first recorded in an American text in this sense in 1808, marking it as an Americanism.The distinctive adobe or stone villages of the Pueblo peoples,with some buildings rising as high as five stories,must have impressed the Spaniards considerably,becausepueblo came to be transferred from a name for the village to a name for its inhabitants, perhaps in honor of their architectural achievements or simply as an obvious way to distinguish the Pueblo from other Native American peoples.The first recorded usage of this sense is found in 1834.无可质疑，普埃布洛族的象征是与他们已经居住了700年的土石结构房屋联系在一起的——尤其是从词源学的角度来看。最初源于意为“民族，国家”的拉丁语populus， 意为“城镇，村庄”的西班牙语pueblo ， 同时也有“民族，国家”的意思，16世纪的西班牙探险家们很自然地用这个词来称呼他们在西南部发现或建立的村庄。英语中pueblo 的这个含义最早记载于1808年的一篇美国课文中， 这标志着它成了一个美语词。普埃布洛族有特色的石造和土造村庄，有些建筑高达五层，肯定给西班牙人留下了深刻的印象，因为pueblo 这个词是从这个村庄的名字转变成村庄中居民的名字的， 这可能是出于对他们建筑成就的敬仰或仅仅作为将普埃布洛族和其它美洲土著民族区分开的明显途径。这个词义是在1834年最早有使用记载的。〔Coro〕A city of northwest Venezuela near the Caribbean Sea east-northeast of Maracaibo. It was founded in 1527 by the Spanish, who mortgaged it to a German banking house from 1528 to 1546. Population, 95,000.科罗：委内瑞拉西北部的一个城市，位于加勒比海附近马拉开波东北偏东处，1527年由西班牙人建立，1528年到1546年抵押给德国一家银行。人口95,000〔Arizona〕A state of the southwest United States on the Mexican border. It was admitted as the 48th state in 1912. First explored by the Spanish in 1539, the area was acquired by the United States in 1848 through the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. Phoenix is the capital and the largest city. Population, 3,677,985.亚利桑那：美国西南部一个州，与墨西哥接壤。1912年成为美国第48个州。西班牙人首次在1539年到此勘探，1848年通过瓜达卢佩-伊达尔戈条约该地区划归美国。菲尼克斯为该州首府和最大城市。人口3,677,985〔Piura〕A city of northwest Peru near the Pacific Ocean. Founded by Pizarro in 1532, it is the oldest Spanish settlement in Peru. Population 144,609.皮欧拉：秘鲁西北部靠近太平洋的一个城市。1532年由皮萨罗建立，为秘鲁最古老的西班牙人居住地。人口144,609〔Atahualpa〕Last Incan emperor of Peru (1525-1533). He was captured by the Spaniards, convicted of plotting against Pizarro, and executed by garrote despite his agreement to a vast ransom.阿塔瓦尔帕：秘鲁印加帝国末代皇帝（1525-1533年），他被西班牙人囚禁，认定他密谋反对皮萨罗，即使他同意支付大笔赎金仍被绞刑处死〔Ica〕A city of southwest Peru south-southeast of Lima. Settled by the Spanish in 1563, it is now a commercial center. The surrounding area was inhabited by Inca peoples in pre-Columbian times. Population, 114,786.伊卡：秘鲁西南一城市，位于利马东南偏南。1563年由西班牙人建立，现在是一个商业中心。在前哥伦比亚时代，印加人就居住在周围地区。人口114,786〔avocado〕The history ofavocado takes us back to the Nahuatl (the language of the Aztecs) word ahuacatl, "fruit of the avocado tree" or "testicle.”The wordahuacatl was compounded with others, as inahuacamolli, meaning "avocado soup or sauce,” from which the Spanish-Mexican wordguacamole derives. In trying to pronounceahuacatl, the Spanish who found the fruit and its Nahuatl name in Mexico came up with aguacate, but other Spanish speakers substituted the formavocado for the Nahuatl word becauseahuacatl sounded like the early Spanish word avocado (now abogado ), meaning "lawyer.” In borrowing the Spanishavocado, first recorded in English in 1697 in the compound avogato pear ( with a spelling that probably reflects Spanish pronunciation),we have lost many of the traces of the more interesting Nahuatl word.词avocado 的历史将我们带回那瓦特尔语（阿兹特克人的语言）单词 ahuacatl， “鳄梨树的果实”或“睾丸”。单词ahuacatl 与其它词结合， 如ahuacamolli 表示“鳄梨汤或调味汁，” 西班牙-墨西哥语单词guacamole 即源于此。 当试图读出ahuacatl 时，西班牙人发现了鳄梨果实及其在墨西哥的那瓦特尔语名称并提出了 aguacate ， 但另一些讲西班牙语的人以avocado 替代了这个那瓦特尔语单词， 因为ahuacatl 的发音听起来象早期西班牙单词 avocado， （现在的 abogado ），表示“律师。” 英语中首次借用这个西班牙单词avocado， 记录于1697年，在复合词 鳄梨 （ 其拼写可能反映了西班牙语发音），我们已经失落了很多更有趣的那瓦特尔语单词的踪迹〔Texas〕A state of the south-central United States. It was admitted as the 28th state in 1845. Explored by the Spanish in the 16th and 17th centuries, the region became a province of Mexico in the early 19th century. Texans won their independence in 1836 after a gallant but losing stand at the Alamo in February and a defeat of Santa Ana's forces at the Battle of San Jacinto (April 21). Denied admission as a state by antislavery forces in the U.S. Congress, the leaders of Texas formed an independent republic that lasted until 1845. Austin is the capital and Houston the largest city. Population, 17,059,805.得克萨斯：美国中南部一州，1845年它被接受为第二十八个州。西班牙人于16和17世纪探索此地，该地区于19世纪早期成为墨西哥的一个省，经过二月份在阿拉蒙虽失败但勇敢的奋力抵抗和在圣·杰西托战役(4月21日）中战胜桑塔·阿那军队后，得克萨斯于1836年赢得独立。美国国会反奴隶力量拒绝接受其为一州，得克萨斯的领袖们建立了独立的共和国直到1845年。奥斯汀是其首府，休顿是其最大的城市。人口17,059,805〔palimpsest〕"Spaniards in the sixteenth century . . . saw an ocean moving south . . . through a palimpsest of bayous and distributary streams in forested paludal basins"(John McPhee)"16世纪的西班牙人…通过森林里的沼泽盆地的河口和支流小溪的沉淀层…看到海洋向南移动”(约翰·麦克菲)〔Sephardi〕Modern Hebrew Sĕpāraddî [Spaniard] 现代希伯来语 Sĕpāraddî [西班牙人] 〔Hispano〕from Hispānī [the Spaniards] 源自 Hispānī [西班牙人] 〔Spanish〕Of or relating to Spain or its people or culture.西班牙的：西班牙的、西班牙人或其文化的、或与之有关的〔Creole〕A person descended from or culturally related to the Spanish and Portuguese settlers of the Gulf States.土生西班牙人，土生葡萄牙人：海湾各州的西班牙和葡萄牙殖民者的后裔或与其有文化联系的人〔Yap〕An island group in the western Caroline Islands of the western Pacific Ocean. Discovered by the Spanish in 1791, it became part of a Japanese mandate after 1920 and fell to U.S. forces in 1945.雅浦岛：西太平洋一群岛，位于加罗林群岛的西部。1791年被西班牙人发现，1920年后成为日本托管地的一部份，1945年被美军占领〔Mindoro〕An island of the west-central Philippines south of Luzon. It was first visited by Spaniards in 1570.民都洛岛：菲律宾中西部一岛屿，位于吕宋岛以南。西班牙人于1570年最先到达该岛〔Latino〕A person of Hispanic, especially Latin-American, descent.See Usage Note at Hispanic 具有拉丁血统的人：西班牙人和葡萄牙人，尤指具有拉丁美洲人的血统的 参见 Hispanic〔Caracas〕The capital and largest city of Venezuela, in the northern part of the country near the Caribbean coast. It was founded by the Spanish in 1567 and grew rapidly during the oil boom of the 1950's. Population, 3,041,000.加拉加斯：委内瑞拉首都和最大城市，位于该国北部，濒临加勒比海岸。该市由西班牙人于1567年建立，并在20世纪50年代的石油繁荣期迅速发展。人口3,041,000〔Alabama〕A state of the southeast United States. It was admitted as the 22nd state in 1819. Alabama was first explored by the Spanish, and the southern section was claimed by the United States as part of the Louisiana Purchase (1803). Montgomery is the capital and Birmingham the largest city. Population, 4,062,608.亚拉巴马州：美国东南部一个州。1819年被接纳为美国第22个州。亚拉巴马首先由西班牙人勘查，南部地区作为“路易斯安那购置”（1803年）的一部分被美国占领。蒙哥马利为其州府，伯明翰是最大城市。人口4,062,608〔new〕"The Spaniards were astonished at these novel maneuvers [by musketeers on skates] upon the ice" (John Lothrop Motley).“西班牙人被这些在冰上的［滑行步兵］ 进行的大规模战略演习惊得目瞪口呆” （约翰·劳斯路普·莫特利）。〔Puebla〕A city of east-central Mexico east-southeast of Mexico City. Founded by the Spanish in 1532, it is an agricultural, commercial, and manufacturing center and a popular resort. Population, 835,759.柏布拉：墨西哥中东部一城市，位于墨西哥城东南以东。1532年由西班牙人始建，是一个农业、商业和制造业中心及旅游胜地。人口835,759〔spic〕Used as a disparaging term for a Hispanic person.对美籍西班牙人的蔑称〔dago〕Used as a disparaging term for an Italian, a Spaniard, or a Portuguese.拉丁人：用作对意大利人、西班牙人或葡萄牙人的贬称〔Tennessee〕A state of the southeast United States. It was admitted as the 16th state in 1796. First visited by the Spanish in 1540, the region was explored by Daniel Boone in 1769 and became part of the United States in 1783. The short-lived state of Franklin (1784-1788) formed the basis for the Territory of the United States South of the River Ohio (1790) and the later state of Tennessee. Nashville is the capital and Memphis the largest city. Population, 4,896,641.田纳西州：美国东南部的一个州。1796年其被接纳为第十六个州。西班牙人于1540年首先到达这一地区，1769年坦尼尔·勃思探索了这一地区，1783年其成为美国的一部分。只存在了很短时间的弗兰克林州(1784－1788年）成为美国俄亥俄河南部地区(1790年）和后来的田纳西州的基础。纳什韦尔为其首府，孟斐斯为最大城市。人口4,896,641〔Oklahoma〕A state of the south-central United States. It was admitted as the 46th state in 1907. First explored by the Spanish, it was opened to settlement in 1889. The western part was organized in 1890 as the Oklahoma Territory, which was merged with the adjoining Indian Territory to form the present state boundaries. The Dust Bowl of the 1930's forced many farmers to move west as migrant laborers. Oklahoma City is the capital and the largest city. Population, 3,157,604.俄克拉荷马州：美国中南部的一个州。它于1907年被接纳为美国的第46个州。西班牙人首先探察了这一地区，在1889年它对外开放，允许外来人居住。1890年，其西部地区组成俄克拉荷马地区，它与印第安地区合并构成了现在的俄克拉荷马州。20世纪30年代的干旱尘暴迫使许多农民向西迁移成为流动劳工。俄克拉荷马城是其首府和最大的城市。人口3,157,604〔Roussillon〕A historical region of southern France bordering on Spain and the Mediterranean Sea. Originally inhabited by Iberians, it became part of Roman Gaul after c. 121b.c. and later changed hands many times, eventually becoming a Spanish possession that was transferred to France by the Treaty of the Pyrenees (1659). 鲁西荣：法国南部与西班牙和地中海接界的一个历史地区，古伊比利亚人最初在此定居，公元前 121年该地区开始成为古罗马高卢的一部分，后来多次易手，最终成为西班牙人的领地，签订比利牛斯条约（1659年）后转交给法国 〔Pensacola〕A city of extreme northwest Florida onPensacola Bay, an inlet of the Gulf of Mexico. Originally settled by the Spanish in 1559, the city passed back and forth between the Spanish, French, and British until it was captured by Andrew Jackson in 1814 during the War of 1812. It formally became part of the United States in 1821. Population, 58,165. 彭萨科拉城：美国佛罗里达州西北一城市，濒临墨西哥湾的一个海湾佩沙科拉湾， 西班牙人于1559年首先在此定居，它曾由西班牙人、法国人和英国人轮番控制直到1812年爆发的英美战争中由安德鲁·杰克逊率军于1814年占领为止，并于1821年并入美国。人口58,165 〔Spaniard〕A native or inhabitant of Spain.西班牙人：西班牙土著人或其居民〔Samar〕An island of east-central Philippines in the Visayan Islands northeast of Leyte in theSamar Sea, an arm of the Pacific Ocean. The island was the first in the archipelago to be discovered by the Spaniards (1521). 萨马岛：菲律宾中东部维萨延群岛中的一个岛屿，位于雷迪岛东北部，在太平洋一个海湾萨马海 上。萨马岛是群岛中最早被西班牙人发现的岛屿(1521年） 〔Tampico〕A city of east-central Mexico near the Gulf of Mexico north-northeast of Mexico City. Settled by the Spanish in the 1530's, it is a major port, manufacturing center, and tourist resort. Population, 267,957.坦皮科：墨西哥中东部一城市，位于墨西哥湾畔，墨西哥城的东北偏北方。它在16世纪30年代由西班牙人建立，是一个重要的港口、制造业中心和旅游度假胜地。人口267,957〔Colorado〕A state of the west-central United States. It was admitted as the 38th state in 1876. First explored by the Spanish in the 16th and 17th centuries, the region was added to the United States through the Louisiana Purchase (1803) and a cession by Mexico (1848). The Colorado Territory was organized in 1861. Denver is the capital and the largest city. Population, 3,307,912.科罗拉多州：美国中西部的一个州，1876年被确认为第38个州。于16和17世纪首先被西班牙人探险发现，通过路易斯安那购买（1803年）和墨西哥的割让（1848年）而加入美国版图。科罗拉多的区划正式确立于1861年，丹佛是其首府和最大城市。人口3,307,912〔Montevideo〕The capital and largest city of Uruguay, in the southern part of the country on the Río de la Plata estuary. Founded by the Spanish c. 1726 on the site of a captured Portuguese fort, it became the capital after Uruguay achieved independence in 1828. Population, 1,237,227.蒙得维的亚：乌拉圭首都和最大城市，位于该国南部，拉普拉塔河河口。1726年由西班牙人在被占领的葡萄牙要塞上建立，并在1828年乌拉圭取得独立后成为首都。人口1,237,227〔black〕"Many blacks and Hispanics cannot borrow money from banks on subjective grounds"(Jesse Jackson)“许多黑人和西班牙人因为他人的主观偏见而不能从银行贷款”(杰西·杰克逊)〔tule〕Low, swampy land istules or tule land in the parlance of northern California. When the Spanish colonized Mexico and Central America,they borrowed from the native inhabitants the Nahuatl wordtollin, "bulrush.” The English-speaking settlers of the West in turn borrowed the Spanish wordtule to refer to certain varieties of bulrushes native to California.Eventually the meaning of the word was extended to the marshy land where the bulrushes grew.北加利福尼亚的说法中，潮湿洼地叫做tules 或 tule land 。 当西班牙人殖民于墨西哥和中美洲时，他们从土著居民那里借来了那瓦特语tollin （“灯心草”）。 接着西方讲英语的定居者又借用了西班牙语tule ， 用来表示原产于加利福尼亚的各种灯芯草。最后该词的意义又扩展到这种灯芯草所生长的沼泽地〔tomato〕It has been said that the real contributions to world civilization were made by the unknown inhabitants of the Americas who domesticated plants such as the potato and squash and not by the great pre-Columbian civilizations, including that of the Aztecs.The tomato was another contribution,its name coming ultimately from the Nahuatl language spoken by the Aztecs as well as by other groups in Mexico and Central America.The Spanish, who conquered the area, brought back the tomato to Spain and,borrowing the Nahuatl wordtomatl for it, named ittomate, a form shared in French, Portuguese, and early Modern English.Tomate, first recorded in 1604, gave way totomato, a form created in English either because it was assumed to be Spanish or under the influence of the wordpotato. In any case,as is well known,people resisted eating this New World food at first because its membership in the Nightshade family made it suspect,but it is now eaten throughout the worldwhile Aztec civilization is memorialized by ruins.据说对世界文明真正作出贡献的并非是包括阿兹特克文明在内的哥伦布到达前的美洲文明，而是那些家庭种植土豆、南瓜等的不知名的美洲居民。西红柿是其中的另一贡献，它的名字最终的来源是阿兹特克人和其他墨西哥和中美洲居民使用的纳瓦特尔语。征服了该地区的西班牙人把西红柿带回了西班牙，并且借用了纳瓦特尔语的单词tomatl ， 把它称作tomate ， 这个形式为法语、葡萄牙语和早期现代英语所通用。Tomate ，最早记录于1604年， 后来被英语中诞生的一个形式tomato 所取代。 取代的原因可能是因为形式上更象西班牙语或是因为受单词potato 的影响。 不管怎么样，就像我们知道的，由于它属于茄科使它受到怀疑，人们起初拒绝吃它，不过现在全世界的人们都在吃西红柿，而阿兹特克文明都只存在于废墟之中了〔Tallahassee〕The capital of Florida, in the northwest part of the state. Originally a Native American village, it was settled by the Spanish after 1539 and founded as the capital of the Florida Territory in 1824. Population, 124,773.塔拉哈西：美国佛罗里达州的首府，位于该州的西北部。它最初是美洲土著居民的一个村庄，1539年后西班牙人来此定居，并在1824年将其建为佛罗里达地区的首府。人口124,773〔Sertorius〕Roman general who ruled much of Spain in defiance of the Roman Senate.萨特斯，昆图斯：(123?-72) 领导西班牙人反对罗马议会的罗马将军 |
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