| 单词 | 西欧 |
| 释义 | 〔Azilian〕Of or relating to a Mesolithic western European culture.阿济尔期的：是或有关中石器时代西欧文化的〔reformation〕Reformation A 16th-century movement in Western Europe that aimed at reforming some doctrines and practices of the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the establishment of the Protestant churches. Reformation 宗教改革：16世纪西欧旨在改革罗马天主教某些教义和作法的改革运动，最终造成新教的建立〔Latin〕The Indo-European language of the ancient Latins and Romans. Latin, the most important member of the Italic branch of Indo-European, is divided into several historical periods and social dialects and was the most important cultural language of western Europe until the end of the 17th century.拉丁语：古拉丁人和罗马人的印欧语言。拉丁语作为印欧语系意大利语族的最重要的一员，被分为几个历史性阶段和社会方言，并且还是直至17世纪未西欧的最重要的文化语言〔Kiev〕A city of western European U.S.S.R. on the Dnieper River southwest of Moscow. One of the oldest cities in the country, it was the center of the first Russian state and an early seat of Russian Christianity. Its power declined after the 12th century, and it was annexed by Moscow in 1686. Often known to Russians as "the Mother of Cities,” Kiev is also the capital of the Ukraine. Population, 2,448,000.基辅：苏联西欧部分一城市，位于莫斯科西南第聂伯河边。它是前苏联最古老的城市之一，曾是第一个俄罗斯国家的中心和俄罗斯基督教早期的中心。12世纪之后其权势衰落，1686年被莫斯科占领。它经常被俄罗斯人认为是“城市之母”。基辅还是乌克兰首都。人口2,448,000〔Gaul〕An ancient region of western Europe south and west of the Rhine River, west of the Alps, and north of the Pyrenees, corresponding roughly to modern-day France and Belgium. The Romans extended the designation to include northern Italy, particularly after Julius Caesar's conquest of the area in the Gallic Wars (58-51b.c. ). 高卢，加利亚：西欧的一古老地区，在莱茵河南部和西部，阿尔卑斯山西部，比利牛斯山北部，基本相当于现代的法国和比利时。罗马人把其疆域扩展到包括北意大利，尤其是当朱利斯·凯撒在高卢一战中征服此地区后（公元前 58-51年） 〔bluebell〕Any of several bulbous plants of the genusEndymion in the lily family, native to western Europe and northwest Africa and having racemes of usually blue to pink bell-shaped flowers. Also called wood hyacinth 圆叶风铃草：一种滨瓣庆 属球茎状植物，原产于西欧和西北非洲，有通常为蓝色或粉红色风铃样的串状花 也作 wood hyacinth〔Dnieper〕A river of western European U.S.S.R. rising near Smolensk and flowing about 2,285 km (1,420 mi) southward to the Black Sea. It has been a major commercial waterway since the ninth century.第聂伯河：起源于斯摩棱斯克附近的苏联西欧部分河流，向南流入黑海。流程2,285公里(1,420英里），9世纪以来即为重要商业水道〔entente〕"the economic entente between the Soviet Union and western Europe"(Robert W. Tucker)“苏联和西欧之间的经济协议”(罗伯特W.塔克)〔Castro〕Cuban revolutionary leader who overthrew the corrupt regime of the dictator Fulgencio Batista in 1959 and established a socialist state. He has supported other liberation struggles in Latin America and Africa and maintained close ties with the Soviet Union.卡斯特罗，菲德尔：(生于 1927) 古巴革命领导者，在1959年推翻了独裁者弗尔根西欧·巴蒂斯塔的腐败统治并建立了社会主义国家。他曾支持拉丁美洲和非洲一些其他解放运动，并和苏联保持着密切的联系〔Pinsk〕A city of western European U.S.S.R. south-southwest of Minsk. First mentioned in chronicles in 1097, it was the capital of the Pinsk duchy in the 13th century. Pinsk passed to Lithuania in 1320, to Poland in 1569, to Russia in 1793, back to Poland in 1921, and finally to the U.S.S.R. in 1945. Population, 109,000.平斯克：苏联西欧部分的一座城市，位于明斯克西南偏南。1097年在编年史中首次提到，13世纪时是平斯克公爵领地的首府。1320年归立陶宛，1569年归波兰，1793年归俄罗斯，1921年回归波兰，1945年最终归苏联。人口109,000〔Styr〕A river, about 436 km (271 mi) long, of western European U.S.S.R. flowing northward to the Pripet River.斯蒂尔河：苏联西欧部分的一条河流，流程约为436公里（即271英里），向北注入普利佩特河〔megalith〕A very large stone used in various prehistoric architectures or monumental styles, notably in western Europe during the second millenniumb.c. 巨石：各种史前建筑或纪念碑所用之巨型石块，尤见于公元前 第二个千年时之西欧 〔Daugavpils〕A city of western European U.S.S.R. southeast of Riga. Founded in the 13th century, it was held by Lithuania and Poland before being ceded to Russia in 1771. Population, 124,000.陶格夫匹尔斯：苏联西欧部分一城市，位于里加东南部。建成于13世纪，1771年割让给俄国之前归属立陶宛和波兰。人口124,000〔manor〕The district over which a lord had domain and could exercise certain rights and privileges in medieval western Europe.采邑：在中世纪的西欧，领地拥有者具有某些权力和特权的区域〔Charlemagne〕King of the Franks (768-814) and founder of the first empire in western Europe after the fall of Rome. His court at Aix-la-Chapelle became the center of a cultural rebirth in Europe, known as the Carolingian Renaissance.查理曼：法兰克国王(768-814年），而且是罗马灭亡后西欧第一个帝国的创始人，他在艾克斯拉沙佩勒的宫廷成为欧洲文化复兴的中心，因加洛林文艺复兴而闻名〔Rhine〕A river of western Europe formed by the confluence of two tributaries in eastern Switzerland and flowing about 1,319 km (820 mi) north and northwest through Germany and the Netherlands to its two-pronged outlet on the North Sea. It is a major commercial shipping waterway linked by canals to other important European rivers and passes through a number of scenic valleys.莱茵河：西欧的一条河流，由瑞士东部的两条支流汇合而形成，向北及西北穿过德国及荷兰到北海的两叉流出口，流经约1,319公里(820英里）。它是一条主要的商业航运水道，通过运河与其它重要的欧洲河流相连并途经许多天然景色的山谷〔denier〕A small coin of varying composition and value current in western Europe from the eighth century until the French Revolution.丹尼尔：西欧18世纪到法国大革命时期流通的一种有不同成分和面值的小硬币〔tin〕The history of the wordtin may take us back to a time before Europe had been settled by speakers of Indo-European languages, such as the Germanic and Celtic languages. Related words for this metal are found in almost all Germanic languages,such as GermanZinn, Swedish tenn, and Old English tin (as in Modern English), but no other Indo-European language family has such a word.The word may have been borrowed into the Germanic languages from a pre-Indo-European language of Western Europe.Such borrowing is supported by the factthat during the Bronze Age the Near East imported most of its tin and copper from Europe, where the metals were produced and metal objects were manufactured.Lest we be too amazed by this accomplishment,we might remember another remarkable achievement of pre-Indo-European society, the construction of huge megalithic monuments such as Stonehenge.单词tin 的历史可以把我们带回讲印欧语系语言（如日耳曼和凯尔特语）的民族在欧洲定居以前的那个时代。 在几乎所有的日耳曼语言中都可以找到指称这种金属的相关词，如德语中的zinn ，瑞典语中的 tenn 以及古代英语中的 tin （与现代英语一样）， 但是其它印欧语系语言中都没有这样的一个词。这个词可能是从西欧的前印欧语系语言借入日耳曼语的。这种转借是有据可依的，因为在青铜时代近东地区的大多数锡和铜都是从生产金属和金属器具的欧洲输入的。我们可能对当时欧洲的这种成就感到惊异，但是如果我们想到前印欧语系社会的另一个杰出成就——大型巨石纪念碑，如巨石阵的建造，我们就不会感到那么奇怪了〔Gothic〕Of or relating to an architectural style prevalent in western Europe from the 12th through the 15th century and characterized by pointed arches, rib vaulting, and flying buttresses.哥特式的：流行于西欧的12世纪到15世纪的一种建筑风格的，特征是有尖角的拱门，肋形拱顶和飞拱〔Togliatti〕Italian politician under whose leadership (1926-1964) the Italian Communist Party became the largest in western Europe.托格里亚第，帕尔米洛：(1893-1964) 意大利政治家，在他的领导下(1926-1964年）意大利共产党成为西欧最大的共产党组织〔Ternopol〕A city of western European U.S.S.R. in the Ukraine west-southwest of Kiev. Founded in 1540, it passed to Austria in 1772 and was later held by Poland (until 1939). Population, 182,000.特尔诺波尔：苏联西欧部分一城市，位于乌克兰境内基辅西南偏西。于1540年建立，1772年归属奥地利，后来归属波兰（直至1939年）。人口182,000〔Levalloisian〕Of or relating to a western European stage in lower Paleolithic culture, characterized by a distinctive method of striking off flake tools from pieces of flint.勒瓦娄哇文化的：属于或关于西欧早期旧石器时代文化的一个阶段，特征为从扁平的燧石上打制石片石器的特殊方法〔Courland〕A historical region and former duchy of western European U.S.S.R. between the Baltic Sea and the Western Dvina River. It passed to Russia in 1795 and was largely incorporated into Latvia in 1918.库尔兰：历史上的一个地区，是原西欧部分苏联的领地，位于波罗的海和西德维纳河之间，1795年转给俄国，1918年大部分并入拉托维亚〔Meuse〕A river of western Europe flowing about 901 km (560 mi) from northeast France through southern Belgium and the southeast Netherlands to the North Sea. Its valley was the scene of severe fighting during World Wars I and II.默兹河：西欧的一条河流，长901公里(560英里），源自法国东北部，流经比利时南部，在荷兰东南部注入北海，在两次世界大战期间此流域是激烈的战场〔Cathar〕A member of a heretical Christian sect that flourished in western Europe in the 12th and 13th centuries and professed a dualistic belief emphasizing ascetic renunciation of the world.清洁派成员：一种基督教异教派别的成员，该派别兴盛于12世纪与13世纪的西欧，怀有双重信仰，重点强调世界范围内放弃禁欲主义〔Bug〕Also Southern Bug A river of western European U.S.S.R. rising in the southwest Ukraine and flowing about 853 km (530 mi) generally southeast to the Black Sea. 也作 Southern Bug 布格河：西欧的一条河流，位于苏联乌克兰西南部，全长853公里（约530英里），主干向东南流入黑海〔Slavophile〕A person advocating the supremacy of Slavic culture, especially over western European influences, as in 19th-century Russia.斯拉夫优越论者：鼓吹斯拉夫文化优越论的人，特别是优于西欧的影响，比如在19世纪的俄国〔Hallstatt〕Of or relating to a dominant Iron Age culture of central and western Europe, probably chiefly Celtic, that flourished from the ninth to the fifth centuryb.c. 哈尔希塔特的：关于中欧、西欧一个繁荣于公元 9至15世纪重要的铁器时代文化遗址的，也许主要是凯尔特人的 〔Desna〕A river rising east of Smolensk in western European U.S.S.R. and flowing about 885 km (550 mi) generally south to the Dnieper River above Kiev.得斯纳河：一条起源于俄罗斯西欧部分的斯摩棱斯克东部的河流，流程约885公里(550英里），向南在基辅上端流入第聂伯河〔Niort〕A city of western France southeast of Nantes. Originally a Gallo-Roman town, it was a stronghold of the Huguenots in the 16th and 17th centuries. Population, 58,203.尼奥罗：法国西部南特东南的一城市，最初是罗马帝国统治下的（西欧古国）高卢的一城镇，在16世纪和17世纪是胡格诺派教徒的根据地。人口58,203〔Riga〕A city of western European U.S.S.R. on theGulf of Riga, an inlet of the Baltic Sea bordering on Latvia and Estonia. Founded as a trading post on a site originally inhabited by Baltic tribes, the city became a member of the Hanseatic League in 1282 and later passed to Poland (1581), Sweden (1621), and Russia (1710). It is the capital and largest city of Latvia. Population, 883,000. 里加：苏联西欧部分一城市，位于里加湾 沿岸，它是波罗的海的一个海湾，毗邻拉脱维亚和爱沙尼亚，最初由波罗的海商旅居住而成为商贸中心，该城市于1282年成为汉萨同盟的一员，后来先后被划归波兰(1581年）、瑞典(1621年）和沙俄(1710年），该城是拉脱维亚的首府和最大的城市。人口883,000 〔Wednesday〕We say the names of the days of the week constantly,but for most of us they are nonsense syllables. The seven-day system we use is based on the ancient astrological notion that the seven celestial bodies (the sun, the moon, Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus, and Saturn) revolving around stationary Earth influence what happens on itand that each of these celestial bodies controls the first hour of the day named after it.This system was brought into Hellenistic Egypt from Mesopotamia,where astrology had been practiced for millenniums and where seven had always been a propitious number.Ina.d. 321 the Emperor Constantine the Great grafted this astrological system onto the Roman calendar, made the first day of this new week a day of rest and worship for all,and imposed the following sequence and names to the days of the week:Diēs Sōlis, "Sun's Day"; Diēs Lūnae, "Moon's Day"; Diēs Martis, "Mars's Day"; Diēs Mercuriī, "Mercury's Day"; Diēs Iovis, "Jove's Day" or "Jupiter's Day"; Diēs Veneris, "Venus's Day"; andDiēs Saturnī, "Saturn's Day.” This new Roman system was adopted with modifications throughout most of western Europe:in the Germanic languages, such as Old English, the names of four of the Roman gods were converted into those of the corresponding Germanic gods.Therefore in Old English we have the following names (with their Modern English developments):Sunnandæg, Sunday; Mōnandæg, Monday; Tīwesdæg, Tuesday (the god Tiu, like Mars, was a god of war); Wōdnesdæg, Wednesday (the god Woden, like Mercury, was quick and eloquent); Thunresdæg, Thursday ( the god Thunor in Old English or Thor in Old Norse, like Jupiter, was lord of the sky;Old NorseThōrsdagr influenced the English form); Frīgedæg, Friday (the goddess Frigg, like Venus, was the goddess of love); andSaeternesdæg, Saturday. 我们经常说一周各天的名字，但对我们中的大多数人来说，它们是毫无意义的音节。我们使用的七天制度是建立在古代星象学的观点上，即绕着静止不动的地球旋转的七个天体（太阳、月亮、火星、水星、木星、金星和土星），影响着地球上发生的事情，并且这些天体控制着以它们的名字命名的周日的第一个小时。这个体制从美索不达米亚引进到具有古希腊文明的埃及，在美索不达米亚，星象术已流行了上百万年，七一直是个吉利的数字。在公元 321年伟大的康斯坦丁国王把星相学系统用于罗马历， 把这种新星期的第一天作为休息与做礼拜的一天，并把以下的次序及名字加在其它的周日上：Dies solis ，“太阳日”； Dies Lunae “月亮日”； Dies Martis “金星日”； Dies Mercurii ，“水星日”； Dies Iovis， “朱维日”或“木星日”； Dies Veneris， “金星日”； 和Dies Saturni, “土星日”。 这种新罗马体制在西欧的大部地区有所改变后被采用：在日耳曼语言中，如古英语中，四位罗马神的名字被改为相应的日耳曼神的名字。所以在古英语中我们看到以下的名字（以及他们的现代英语形式）：Sunnanhd?g, 星期日； Monand?g, 星期一； Tiwesd?g， 星期二（蒂乌神，象玛尔斯一样，是战神）； Wodnesd?g, 星期三（沃登，象墨丘利一样，行动敏捷，善于词辩）； Thunresd?g， 星期四( 古英语中的撒纳及古挪威语的索，象朱庇特一样，是宇宙之主；古挪威语的Thorsdagr 影响了英语中的该词的形式）； Friged?g, 星期五（女神弗丽嘉，象维纳斯一样，是爱神）； 和Saeternesd?g, 星期六 〔Vitebsk〕A city of western European U.S.S.R. on the Western Dvina River northeast of Minsk. First mentioned in 1021, it passed to Russia in 1772 and is now a port, railroad junction, and processing center. Population, 335,000.维捷布斯克：苏联西欧部分一城市，位于明斯克东北部的西德维纳河畔。首次提及于1021年，1772年划归俄国，现在是一港口、铁路枢纽和加工中心。人口335,000〔plaice〕A large edible marine flatfish(Pleuronectes platessa) of western European waters. 欧鲽：一种生长在西欧水域中的可食的海生大比目鱼（鲽 鲽科） 〔Bug〕Also Western Bug A river of western European U.S.S.R. rising in the southwest Ukraine and flowing about 772 km (480 mi) through Poland to the Vistula River near Warsaw. 也作 Western Bug 布格河：西欧的一条河流，位于苏联乌克兰西南部，全长772公里(480英里），流径波兰流入华沙附近的维斯杜拉河〔trilateralism〕The political and economic policy of encouraging friendly relations among three nations or regions, especially the United States, Western Europe, and Japan, or North America, Europe, and the Pacific Rim.三边主义：鼓励在三个国家或地区之间发展友好关系的政治和经济政策，尤指在美国、西欧和日本之间或在北美、欧洲和太平洋地区〔Wicca〕A pagan nature religion having its roots in pre-Christian western Europe and undergoing a 20th-century revival, especially in the United States and Great Britain.巫术崇拜，巫术迷信：源于基督教产生前西欧的一种异教徒的自然宗教，20世纪以来又有重新兴起的势头,尤其在美国和英国〔undercut〕"This celebration of opulence and wealth and power undercuts the character of the Statue of Liberty"(Jesse Jackson)"The partnership between the United States and Western Europe is undercut by diverging economic interests"(Scott Sullivan)“这种对丰裕、财富和权力的颂扬破坏了自由女神像的特质”(杰西·杰克逊)“美国和西欧之间的合作关系正被经济利益上的分歧所破坏”(斯科特·沙利文) |
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