| 单词 | 被用作 |
| 释义 | 〔tanzanite〕A transparent variety of zoisite, used as a gem.坦桑黝帘石：一种透明的黝帘石，被用作一种宝石〔mesitylene〕A hydrocarbon, C6H 3(CH 3) 3, occurring in petroleum and coal tar or synthesized from acetone and used as a solvent. 三甲苯：一种碳氢化合物，化学式为C6H 3(CH 3) 3，能从石油和煤焦油中提取或用丙酮合成，被用作一种溶剂 〔stavesacre〕The poisonous seeds of this plant, formerly used medicinally as an emetic, a cathartic, and an external parasiticide.飞燕草毒种：这种植物的有毒种子，以煎药用，被用作催吐剂、泻药和外用杀寄生虫剂〔cresset〕A metal cup, often suspended on a pole, containing burning oil or pitch and used as a torch.标灯：一种通常悬挂在柱子上的金属杯，内装有燃油或沥青，被用作火炬〔scandium〕A silvery-white metallic element found in various rare minerals and separated as a byproduct in the processing of certain uranium ores. An artificially produced radioactive isotope is used as a tracer in studies of oil wells and pipelines. Atomic number 21; atomic weight 44.956; melting point 1,540°C; boiling point 2,850°C; specific gravity 2.99; valence 3. See table at element 钪：一种发现于许多稀有矿物中的银白色金属元素，是某种铀矿加工过程中分离出的副产品，人造放射性同位素被用作油井和油气管道的探测剂。原子序数21；原子量44.956；熔点1,540°C；沸点2,850°C；比重2.99；化合价3 参见 element〔debut〕These usages are well established in connection with entertainment and the performing artsbut are not entirely acceptable when used of other sorts of introductions,as of products ( 这些用法在与娱乐和表演艺术相关时，已被认可；但被用作其它种类的介绍时没有被完全接受，如对产品的介绍（ 〔Cupid〕cupid A representation of Cupid as a naked, cherubic boy usually having wings and holding a bow and arrow, used as a symbol of love. cupid 丘比特画像：丘比特作为小天使般的少年裸体画像，通常有双翼并手持弓箭，被用作爱的象征〔North〕English translator whose edition of the works of Plutarch served as a source for many of Shakespeare's plays.诺思爵士，托马斯：(1535?-1601?) 英国翻译家，他的关于蒲鲁特克著作的版本被用作许多莎士比亚戏剧的来源〔expect〕 Anticipate is sometimes used as a synonym ofexpect, but usually it involves more than expectation.Sometimes it refers to taking advance action,as to forestall or prevent the occurrence of something expected or to meet a wish or request before it is articulated: Anticipate 有时被用作expect 的同义词， 但通常它不仅仅是期望这个意思，有时它指提前采取行动，来阻止预料中某事的发生或在一项要求或愿望说出之前使它得到满足： 〔Yankee〕Yankee is an excellent example of a widely known word whose origins cannot be determined. The best hypothesis is thatYankee comes from Dutch Janke, a nickname forJan, "John.” Evidence can be found in theOxford English Dictionary that the forms Yankey, Yanky, and Yankee were used as surnames or nicknames in the 17th century. The wordYankee is first found in one of our modern senses in 1758, the sense being "a New Englander.” The 17th-century nickname forJan was derisive, and the first instances of our word show the term being used derisively by the British for New Englanders.After the Battle of Lexington (1775) New Englanders dignified the name.The British were responsible for application of the term to all Americans (a use first recorded around 1784);and Southerners, for application of the term to Northerners (first recorded in 1817).Yankee 是一个广为人知但来源不明的单词的极好例证。 最好的假设是Yankee 来自于荷兰语 Janke, 是Jan “约翰”的浑名。 从《牛津英语字典》 可以找到证据证明 Yankey,Yanky 和 Yankee 这些形式在17世纪曾被用作姓氏或浑名。 Yankee 一词的第一个现代意义出现于1758年，即“新英格兰人”。 17世纪Jan 的浑名含有嘲弄意味， 该词的第一例用法也说明英国人用它来嘲弄新英格兰人。在莱克星顿战役(1775年）后，新英格兰人赋于了它尊严与荣誉。英国人用该词来指称所有美国人（首次出现于1784年）；美国南方人则用它指称北方人（首次出现于1817年）〔gringa〕Used as a disparaging term for a foreign woman in Latin America, especially an American or English woman.外国姥：被用作为描述在拉丁美洲外国妇女的轻蔑用语，尤其是指美国或英国的妇女〔alfilaria〕An annual Mediterranean plant(Erodium cicutarium) having pinnately dissected leaves and small pink or purple flowers. It is a widespread weed and is used for spring forage in the western United States. Also called filaree ,pin clover 荷兰彪牛儿，芹叶太阳花：一种一年生地中海植物（荷兰彪牛儿） 有羽状多裂叶，开粉红或紫色的小花。它是一种分布很广的野草，在美国西部被用作春季草料 也作 filaree,pin clover〔sillimanite〕A brown, gray, white, or pale green mineral, Al2SiO 5, used as a gemstone and for ornamental carvings. Also called fibrolite 硅线石：棕色、灰色、白色或灰白绿色的矿石，Al2SiO 5，被用作宝石和装饰性雕刻 也作 fibrolite〔what〕Whenwhat is the subject of a clause, it may be construed as singular or plural, depending on the sense.It is singular when taken as the equivalent ofthat which or the thing which, as inI see what seems to be a dead tree; and it is plural when it is taken as the equivalent ofthose which or the things which, as inHe sometimes makes what seem to be gestures of aloofness. ? When awhat clause is itself the subject of a sentence, it may be construed as singular or plural,but the conditions governing this choice are somewhat more complicated.In general, awhat clause will be taken as a plural when the clause contains an explicit indication of its own plurality. There are two principal cases.First, the clause is plural ifwhat is the subject of the clause and the verb of the clause is itself plural: What seem to be two dead trees are blocking the road. What most surprise me are the inflammatory remarks at the end of his article. If the verb in thewhat clause does not anticipate the plural sense of the predicate in this way, a singular verb is generally used in the main clause as well,though the plural is sometimes found:What truly commands respect is (sometimes are ) a large navy and a resolute foreign policy. Second, thewhat clause is treated as plural when its predicate contains a plural noun phrase that unambiguously establishes the plurality of the clause as a whole, as inWhat traditional grammarians called "predicates" are called "verb phrases" by modern linguists. What the Romans established as military outposts were later to become important trading centers. In the absence of explicit plural marking of either of these types in a subjectwhat clause, the clause is usually treated as singular for the purposes of agreement, regardless of the sense:What she held in her lap was four kittens. What the apparent diamonds turned out to be was paste. In some cases, however, a clause withwhat as the subject may be treated as singular or plural, depending on a subtle distinction of sense. InWhat excite him most are money and power, the implication is that money and power are distinct elements; inWhat excites him most is money and power, the implication is that money and power are taken as constituting a single entity.See Usage Note at which 当what 作为从句中的主语时， 它既可被当作单数也可以为复数，这取决于词义。当被看作是that which 或 the thing which 时它就是单数， 如在I see what seems to be a dead tree（我看到个象棵死树的物体）” 这句话中； 当它被用作those which 或 the things which 的对应词时它是复数， 如在He sometimes makes what seem to be gestures of aloofness（他有时做一些似乎很超然的手势） 中。 当what 从句本身是句子的主语时， 它可被当作单数或复数，但决定这种选择的条件略为复杂些。总体上说，what 从句的含有对其数性明确指示时，它就可以将当作复数。 这有两种最主要的情况：首先，如果what 是从句的主语而该从句的谓语动词本身是复数，从句就是复数： What seem to be two dead trees are blocking the road.（象两棵死树的物体挡着路）； What mostsurprise me are the inflammatory remarks at the end of his article.（最令我吃惊的是他文章结尾处的煽动性言词） 。 如果what 从句的谓语动词并不预示谓语是复数， 主句中通常也用单数动词，尽管有时也可以发现有复数：What truly commands respect is（有时 are ) a large navy and a resolute foreign policy（真正博得尊敬的是强大的海军和坚定的外交政策） ； 其次what 从句在其谓语含有复数名词短语，并且其明显可建立整个从句的复数性时是被当作复数的， 如在What traditional grammarians called "predicates" are called "verb phrases" by modern linguists.（那些传统语法家所称为“谓语”的则被现代语言学家称作“动词短语”） What the Romans established as military outpostswere later to become important trading centers.（那些罗马人设为军事前哨基地的地方后来成为了重要的贸易中心）。 当what 从句主语缺乏这两类明确表示复数性的标记时， 从句通常为了一致性而不顾及词义地被当作单数：What she held in her lap was four kittens.（她抱在膝盖上的是四只小猫）。 What the apparent diamonds turned out to bewas paste.（那些看上去象真的钻石结果却是人造宝石） 。 然而，在一些情况下，以what 作主语的从句可被当单数或复数，取决于语义上微妙的差异。 在What excite him most are money and power（最让他兴奋的是金钱和权力）， 这句话中暗含着金钱和权力是不同的成分； 在What excites him most is money and power（最让他兴奋的是金钱和权力）， 这句话中暗含着金钱和权力是作为构成一个单一整体的成分 参见 which〔monogram〕A design composed of one or more letters, typically the initials of a name, used as an identifying mark.交织字母：一种被用作辨识标记的由一个或多个字母组成的一种图案，常由姓名的字首组成〔deacon〕Used as a title prefixed to the surname of such a person:执事：被用作一个头衔，放在这类人的姓的前面：〔saponin〕Any of various plant glucosides that form soapy lathers when mixed and agitated with water, used in detergents, foaming agents, and emulsifiers.皂角苷：任一种与水混合时能够产生肥皂沫的植物葡糖苷，被用作除垢剂、发泡剂和乳化剂〔polytetrafluoroethylene〕A thermoplastic resin, (C2F 4) n , that is resistant to heat and chemicals, has an extremely low coefficient of friction, and is used as a coating on cookware, gaskets, seals, and hoses. 聚四氟乙烯：一种热塑性树脂，(C2F 4) n ，抗热抗化学物质，具有极低的摩擦系数，被用作炊具、垫圈、气塞和袜子的覆面 〔dactinomycin〕An antibiotic of the actinomycin group, C62H 86N 12O 16, isolated from bacteria and used as an antineoplastic agent in the treatment of certain cancers. Also called actinomycin D 更生霉素：放射线菌素群中的一种抗生素，C62H 86N 12O 16，从细菌中分离出来，在某些癌症的治疗中，被用作一种抗肿瘤的药物 也作 actinomycin D〔cycloheximide〕A colorless crystalline compound, C15H 23NO 4, that is used as an agricultural fungicide. 环己酰亚胺：被用作一种农业杀菌剂的无色晶体化合物，C15H 23NO 4 〔plutonium〕A naturally radioactive, silvery, metallic transuranic element, occurring in uranium ores and produced artificially by neutron bombardment of uranium. Its longest-lived isotope is Pu 244 with a half-life of 76 million years. It is a radiological poison, specifically absorbed by bone marrow, and is used, especially the highly fissionable isotope Pu 239, as a reactor fuel and in nuclear weapons. Atomic number 94; melting point 640°C; boiling point 3,235°C; specific gravity 19.84; valence 3, 4, 5, 6. See table at element 钚：一种天然地放射性银色超铀金属元素，存在于铀矿中，对铀元素进行中子轰击而人工制成。其存在周期最长的同位素是半衰期为七千六百万年的钸244，它是一种核辐射毒素，特别是能被骨髓吸收。尤其是其极具可裂变性的同位素钸239，被用作一种核反应燃料并用在核武器中。原子序数94；熔点640°C；沸点3,235°C；比重19.84；化合价3, 4, 5, 6 参见 element〔rhatany〕The dried root of either of these plants, formerly used as an astringent and now used in various dental preparations, such as toothpaste and mouthwash.孔裂药豆干根：任一种这样的植物的干根，从前被用作一种收敛剂而现在用于各种牙科药剂中，如牙膏及漱口剂〔ethnic〕When in a Middle English text written before 1400it is said that a part of a temple fell down and "mad a gret distruccione of ethnykis,”one wonders why ethnics were singled out for death.The wordethnic in this context, however, means "gentile,” coming as it does from the Greek adjectiveethnikos, meaning "national, foreign, gentile.”The adjective is derived from the nounethnos, "people, nation, foreign people,” that in the plural phraseta ethnē meant "foreign nations.” In translating the Hebrew Bible into Greek,this phrase was used for Hebrewgōyīm, "gentiles"; hence the sense of the noun in the Middle English quotation.The nounethnic in this sense or the related sense "heathen" is not recorded after 1728, although the related adjective sense is still used. But probably under the influence of other words going back to Greekethnos, such asethnography and ethnology, the adjectiveethnic broadened in meaning in the 19th century. After this broadeningthe noun sense "a member of a particular ethnic group,”first recorded in 1945, came into existence.在一篇1400年以前的中古英语文章中写道，一座神殿的一部分倒塌了并“导致一个种族的彻底毁灭”，人们想知道为什么一个种族单单被挑出去死。但是ethnic 在这个上下文中的意思是“异教徒”， 来自于希腊语的形容词ethnikos ， 意为“民族的，外来的，异教的”。该形容词源自名词ethnos， 意为“民族、种族、外来人”， 它的复数形式ta ethne， 意为“外来民族”。 在把希伯来圣经翻译成希腊语的过程中，这一词组被用作希伯来语中的goyim， 意为“异教徒”； 因此名词的含意在中世纪英语被引用。即使相关含意讲的名词ethnic 在1728年之后也未被收录，尽管这时相关的形容词含义已被应用， 但大概在那些可追溯到古希腊语ethnos 的词， 如ethnograthy 和 ethnology 的影响下， 形容词ethnic 在19世纪时对词义进行了扩充。 这次扩充后，名词词意为“某一特定的种族群体中的一员”，在1945年被首次收录并开始存在〔gold〕Symbol Au A soft, yellow, corrosion-resistant element, the most malleable and ductile metal, occurring in veins and alluvial deposits and recovered by mining or by panning or sluicing. A good thermal and electrical conductor, gold is generally alloyed to increase its strength, and it is used as an international monetary standard, in jewelry, for decoration, and as a plated coating on a wide variety of electrical and mechanical components. Atomic number 79; atomic weight 196.967; melting point 1,063.0°C; boiling point 2,966.0°C; specific gravity 19.32; valence 1, 3. See table at element 符号 Au 黄金：一种软的，黄色的，抗腐蚀的物质，是最具有延展性的金属并能抽成丝，产于矿藏和冲积层中，通过开采或淘砂可以找到它，是热和电的良好导体。黄金中一般掺入其他物质以增加强度，经常被用作衡量国际货币的标准，也被制成珠宝作为装饰品，同时被广泛用作各种电子和机械元件的镀层材料。原子序数79；原子量196.967；熔点1,063.0°C；沸点2,966.0°C；比重19.32；化合价为1，3 参见 element〔Hiawatha〕Onondagan leader who is credited with the organization of the Iroquois confederacy. His name was given to the hero of Longfellow's poemThe Song of Hiawatha (1855). 海华沙：奥农达加领袖，曾组织易洛魁联盟。他的名字被用作朗费罗的长诗《海华沙之歌》 （1855年）中主人公的名字 〔Philistine〕It has never been good to be a Philistine.Samson, Saul, and David in the Bible helped bring the Philistines into prominence because they were such prominent opponents.Even though the Philistines have long since disappeared,their name has lived on in the Old Testament.The English name for them,Philistines, which goes back through Late Latin and Greek to Hebrew, is first found in Middle English,wherePhilistiens, the ancestor of our word, is recorded in a work composed before 1325. Beginning in the 17th centuryphilistine was used as a common noun usually in the plural to refer to various groups considered the enemy,such as literary critics.In Germany in the same centuryit is said that in a memorial at Jena for a student who had been killed in a town-gown quarrel,the minister preached a sermon from the text "Philister über dir Simson! [The Philistines be upon thee, Samson!],”the words of Delilah to Samson after she attempted to render him powerless before his Philistine enemies.From this usage it is said that German students came to usePhilister, the German equivalent of Philistine, to denote nonstudents and hence uncultured or materialistic people.Both usages were picked up in English in the early 19th century.做非利士人从来没有好处。《圣经》中的参孙、索尔和大卫使非利士人出名是因为他们是很优秀的对手。尽管非利士人已消失很久了，他们的名字却仍存在于《旧约》当中。他们的英文名称Philistines 可由晚期拉丁语和希腊语追溯到希伯来语， 是在中世纪英语中首先发现的，其中我们所用词的前身Philistines 记载在一部1325年前的著作中。 17世纪以来，Philistine 被用作普通名词并且常以复数形式出现， 意指被认为是敌人的各种团体，如文学批评家。在同一世纪的德国，据说在耶拿举行的纪念一名在市民和大学生争执中被杀的学生的纪念会上，牧师从“［非利士人比你强，参孙!］”中选取了一段做布道，就是迪莱勒在试图使参孙在他的非利士手面前变得软弱无力后说的那些话。这段话的用法中可见德国学生开始使用philister 作为 philistine 的德语替代语， 意指不是学生因此也就是没有文化以及不务实的人。这两种用法在19世纪早期的英语中均能找到〔escarole〕A variety of endive(Cichorium endivia) having leaves with irregular, frilled edges and often used in salads. 宽叶莴苣：一种菊莴苣（苣荬菜 菊苣属） 具有不整齐的装饰边缘，经常被用作制沙拉 〔shrapnel〕Henry Shrapnel received no compensation for the invention named after him other than having his name live on in connection with it.This deadly artillery shell, invented by Shrapnel, a British artillery officer, in his spare time and at his own expense,was given its first test in South America during the British seizure of part of Suriname (1799-1802),but shrapnel came into its own during the Peninsular War (1808-1814) between Great Britain, Spanish guerrillas, Portugal, and Napoleonic France.Shrapnel's shell was first officially called thespherical case shot, but it seems that early on it was called theshrapnel shell as well (first recorded in 1806), and this was the name eventually adopted by the British army.The wordshrapnel came to be used by itself as a collective noun, and even though the shrapnel shell is no longer used,people have for some time (first recorded in 1940) called the fragments from a shell, mine, or bombshrapnel, thus ensuring the continued existence, if not the immortality, of Henry Shrapnel's name.亨利·宣普纳因这种以其名字命名的发明，除了他的名字跟这种发明联系在一起以外他一无所获。宣普纳是一位英国炮兵军官，这种致命的武器是他在闲暇时间自筹经费发明的。它的首次试用是在南美洲英国占领部分苏里南领土期间（1799-1802年）进行的，但在大布列颠、西班牙游击队、葡萄牙及拿破仑统治下的法国几方之间进行的半岛战争期间（1804-1814年），榴霰弹开始使用。一开始宣普纳的这种炮弹被官方称作霰弹 。 但这之前似乎被称为shrapnel shell （最早记录于1806年）。 这一名字最终被英国陆军采用。shrapnel 一词被用作一集合名词， 虽然榴霰弹已不再使用了，但有一段时期人们把弹丸、地雷或炸弹的碎片也称为shrapnel （最早记录于1940年）， 这样就确保了亨利·宣普纳的名字得以继续存在，即使不能永存的话〔echinacea〕The roots, seeds, or other parts of such a plant, used in herbal medicine.紫锥菊：紫锥菊的根、子、或其它部分，被用作为草药〔cullet〕Scraps of broken or waste glass gathered for remelting, especially with new material.废碎玻璃：聚集起来被用作熔制破碎的或废弃的玻璃碎片，尤指与新材料一起熔制〔purslane〕A trailing Asian weed(Portulaca oleracea) having small yellow flowers, reddish stems, and fleshy obovate leaves that are sometimes cooked as a vegetable or used in salads. 马齿苋：亚洲的一种爬在地上的草（马齿苋 马齿苋属） ，生有黄色小花、淡红色根茎及多肉的倒卵形的叶子，叶子有时可被用作蔬菜而烹制或用在沙拉里 〔flaunt〕For some time nowflaunt has been used in the sense "to show contempt for,” even by educated users of English.This usage is still widely seen as erroneousand is best avoided.很长一段时间以来flaunt 已被用作表示“对…表示蔑视，” 就连有教养的英国人也这样用。这种用法仍被普遍看作是错误的，最好避免使用〔yohimbine〕A poisonous alkaloid, C21H 26N 2O 3, derived from the bark of a tree, Corynanthe yohimbe, and formerly used as an aphrodisiac, a local anesthetic, and a mydriatic. 育亨宾（宁碱）：一种毒性生物碱，C21H 26N 2O 3，从 育亨宾树 的树皮中提炼出来，以前被用作春药、局部麻醉剂和散瞳药 〔scammony〕An eastern Mediterranean plant(Convolvulus scammonia) having large roots that yield a resin formerly used as a cathartic. 药旋花：一种生长于地中海东部的植物（打碗花） ，生有粗根，它分泌的树脂以前被用作泻药 〔mutt〕Clipping not of sheep but of a word having to do with sheep has given us our termmutt for a mongrel dog. Clipping or abbreviating words, a standard process of word formation,shearedmutt from muttonhead, a pejorative term meaning "a stupid person,”based on the notion that sheep are stupid.Mutt in its first recorded use in 1901 is used in the same senses asmuttonhead, but it is soon recorded (1904)as a term of contempt for a horseand then (1906) for a dog.We can be reasonably certain that theNew Yorker critic writing in 1970 that "The cast includes a Sheepdog . . . a Mutt Bitch,” had no awareness that a sheepdog would make the ideal mutt.不是对绵羊的修剪而是对与绵羊有关的一个词进行省略呈现给我们的专门名词mutt 指杂种狗。 简略或缩写单词，一项规范的造词过程，将mutt 从 muttonhead 缩略而得， 这个含贬义的词意为“笨蛋”，源于绵羊是蠢笨的说法。Mutt 最早记载于1901年， 被用作muttonhead 的同义词， 但不久(1904年）的记载中，该词表示对马的蔑称，然后(1906年）成为对狗的蔑称。我们有理由肯定1970年的New Yorker 一本批判性作品， 其评注“包括牧羊狗…狗杂种”就没有意识到牧羊狗也可以表示十足的狗杂种之意〔cyanogen〕A colorless, flammable, pungent, highly poisonous gas, C2N 2, used as a rocket propellant, an insecticide, and a chemical weapon. 氰：一种无色、易燃、有刺激性的剧毒气体，C2N 2，被用作火箭燃料、杀虫剂和化学武器 〔realgar〕A soft orange-red arsenic ore, As2S 2, used in pyrotechnics and tanning and as a pigment. 雄黄，鸡冠石：一种质地柔软的桔红色含砷矿产，As2S 2，在烟火制造和皮革制造中被用作着色剂 〔sandworm〕Any of various segmented worms, especially of the generaNereis and Arenicola, generally inhabiting coastal mud or sand and often used as fishing bait. 沙蚕：任一种分节的蠕虫，尤指沙蚕属 和 沙蠕属 的蠕虫，通常居于海滨泥沙处，并被用作鱼饵 〔dicker〕Perhaps a desire to see history repeat itself has been at work in the case of an etymology suggested for the verbdicker, first recorded in 1802with reference to horse trading and the haggling that accompanies it.In a work published in 1848James Fenimore Cooper used the word with reference to frontier trade.This use would support a connection with the noundicker, which denotes a quantity of ten and was a common unit used in trading hides or furs. If the verbdicker originated in the fur trade, a parallel would exist with the noundicker. The noun may have come into the Germanic languages and hence to English by way of trade or tribute in furs between the Germanic peoples and the Roman Empire, with the Germanic word coming from the Latin worddecuria, "a group of ten men,” which in Late Latin was used as a measure of skins. The difficulty with this parallel isthat no existing evidence proves conclusively the derivation of the verbdicker from the noun dicker. 关于对动词dicker 提出的词源问题，也许是想看看历史重演的一种欲望在起作用， 此单词第一次记载是在1802年，同马匹交易和与之伴随的价格争论有关。在1848年出版的一本著作中，詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库珀根据边境贸易使用了这个词。这种使用将会支持与名词dicker 代表数量“十”并用于皮毛交易的联系。 如果动词dicker 起源于毛皮生意， 那么便会与名词dicker 一起并行存在。 该名词也许是随着来自于拉丁语decuria “十人一组”的日耳曼语单词一起（在拉丁语中它被用作皮革的计量单位），通过日耳曼人和罗马帝国之间毛皮交易或进贡的途径进入日耳曼语中，而从此以后进入英语中。 但是对于这种并行的困难是，没有现成的证据确凿地证明动词dicker 是从名词 dicker 中衍生来的 〔control〕An individual or group used as a standard of comparison in a control experiment.对照物个体：在对照实验中被用作对照标准的一个或一组物体 |
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