| 单词 | 萧伯纳 |
| 释义 | 〔Evans〕British actress noted for her roles in the works of Shakespeare, Wilde, and Shaw.埃文斯，埃迪斯：(1888-1976) 英国女演员，以在莎士比亚、王尔德和萧伯纳的作品的角色而闻名于世〔John〕British painter whose portraits, as of George Bernard Shaw (1914) and Thomas Hardy (1923), offer unflattering characterizations.约翰，奥古斯都·埃德温：(1878-1961) 英国画家，其肖像画提供了写实逼真的人物刻画，如乔治·萧伯纳(1914年）及托玛斯·哈代(1923年）的肖像〔Shavian〕Of, relating to, or characteristic of George Bernard Shaw or his works:萧伯纳风格的：属于、有关或具有乔治·伯纳德·萧或其作品特征的：〔will〕"She makes you will your own destruction"(George Bernard Shaw)“她使你自甘毁灭”(乔治·萧伯纳)〔flatter〕"What really flatters a man is that you think him worth flattering"(George Bernard Shaw)“真正令一个人愉快的是你认为他值得奉承”(乔治·萧伯纳)〔culture〕"The test of a man's or woman's breeding is how they behave in a quarrel" (George Bernard Shaw). “对某一男人或女人教养的考验是他们在争吵中如何表现” （乔治·萧伯纳）。〔origin〕"Lack of money is the root of all evil" (George Bernard Shaw). “缺钱是所有罪恶的根源” （乔治·萧伯纳）。 〔destroy〕"In crowded populations, poverty destroys the possibility of cleanliness"(George Bernard Shaw)“在人口拥挤的地方，贫困使清洁毫无可能”(乔治·萧伯纳)〔ax〕To understand the origin of the idiomax to grind, we need to know thatgrind means "to sharpen.” This phrase is said to have come from a story by the 19th-century journalist Charles Miner (alias Poor Robert) about a seemingly friendly manwho was able by flattery to persuade a young boy to turn a grindstone for him.The tale first appeared in the Luzerne, Pennsylvania,Federalist on September 7, 1810, under the title "Who'll Turn Grindstones?” and later in an 1815 book entitledEssays from the Desk of Poor Robert the Scribe. Because "Poor Robert" was confused with "Poor Richard,”the story has often been erroneously attributed to Benjamin Franklin.The idiom itself is an Americanism—a word or expression originating in the United States.It was at first restricted to political contexts,but quotations from James Joyce ("Skin-the-Goat . . . evidently with an axe to grind, was airing his grievances")and George Bernard Shaw ("distinguished statesmen of different nations . . . each with a national axe to grind") attest that the phrase has traveled abroad and,as we know only too well, is no longer found only in political contexts.为了理解成语ax to grind 的出处， 我们需要知道grind 意思是“磨尖”。 这个短语据说出自19世纪旅行家查尔斯·麦纳（别名穷罗伯特）所写的关于一个似乎很友善的人的故事，他能够奉承地劝说一名男孩为他翻过一块磨光石。这个传说第一次出现在1810年9月7日宾夕法尼亚州的卢泽恩，在1810年9月7日题为“谁将推翻磨石”的联邦制拥护者 中提到， 之后1815年又在名为作家穷·罗伯特文集 一书中提到。 因为"poor Robert和"poor Richard"易被弄混淆，这个故事经常被错误地认为是本杰明·弗兰克林创作的。这个成语本身是美国式的词或表达源于美国。一开始被限于在政治性言词的情况中使用，但是从以下的引文表明这个短语已广泛地传播，一个是引于詹姆斯·琼斯（“这个显然别有企图的披着人皮的狼，正在诉苦”），另一个引自乔治·萧伯纳（“辨认出不同国家的人…每个国家都有自己国家的打算”），正如我们所熟知的，它不会只在政治性言论的上下文间才可以找到的〔Terry〕British actress. The preeminent English-speaking actress of her day, she was known for her Shakespearean roles and her correspondence with George Bernard Shaw.泰莉，埃伦·艾丽斯：(1847-1928) 英国女演员。当时卓越的英语演员，以其在莎士比亚戏剧中所扮演的角色和与乔治·萧伯纳的通信而著称〔shy〕"The poor man was shy and hated society" (George Bernard Shaw).“这个穷人畏惧和厌恶与人交往” （乔治·萧伯纳）。〔perish〕"Must then a Christ perish in torment in every age to save those who have no imagination?”(George Bernard Shaw)“那基督必须每年为拯救那些缺乏想象力的人们而受一次死亡的折磨吗?”(乔治·萧伯纳)〔Thorndike〕British actress who created the title role in George Bernard Shaw'sSaint Joan (1924) and was known for her great versatility. 桑戴克，希必尔：(1882-1976) 英国女演员，1924年她扮演乔治·萧伯纳的作品《圣·琼》 中的主角并以非凡的多才多艺而出名 〔Shaw〕Irish-born British playwright. A founder of the Fabian Society, he wrote plays of iconoclastic social criticism, includingArms and the Man (1894), Pygmalion (1913), and Saint Joan (1923). He won the 1925 Nobel Prize for literature. 萧伯纳，乔治·伯纳德：(1856-1950) 爱尔兰裔英国戏剧家，作为费边社的一个创建者，他写了抨击社会的批评主义戏剧，包括《武器和人类》 （1894年）、 《茶花女》 （1913年）及 《圣女贞德》 （1923年），他获得1925年诺贝尔文学奖 〔superman〕Overman and Beyondman hardly seem likely names for a superhero, but perhapsOverman might be "leaping tall buildings at a single bound" had the German word Übermensch been translated differently than it was. However, Nietzsche's term for the ideal superior man was translated into English assuperman, first recorded in a work by George Bernard Shaw published in 1903. Such a term comes to us through a process called loan translation, or calque formation,whereby the semantic components of a word or phrase in one language are literally translated into their equivalents in another language,GermanÜbermensch, made up of über, "super-,” and Mensch, "man,” thus becoming superman. Becauseüber- can also be translated "beyond" and "over,” we also findoverman and beyondman as calques for the word Übermensch, but they did not take root.Shaw, in a letter written before 1917, noted that"some of our most felicitous writers . . . had been using such desperate and unspeakable forms as Beyondman, when the glib Superman was staring them in the face all the time.”Hence, when it came to naming a new comic strip hero,Superman was the logical choice, a name first recorded in 1938. Overman 和 Beyondman 看上去几乎不象超级英雄的名称， 但是，如果将德语中 Übermensch 这个单词译作不同于原有的译法时，那么，也许 Overman 可能是“纵身一跃就能跃过高楼大厦”。 然而，尼采给予理想超人的名称译成英语为Superman ， 这个词最早见于乔治·萧伯纳的出版于1903年的一部作品中。这个词是通过借译而来的，或者说是通过仿造而来的，在以上这样的过程中，一个词或词组的语义成分被直译成另一语言中的与之相对应的成分。德语单词 Übermensch 是由 uber （即英语中"super-”之意）和 Mensch （即英语中"man"之意）组成的，这样的话，此词在英语中就成了 Superman 。 因为 über 也可译为"beyond"和"over"， 所以我们发现 躡ermensch 也被借译为 overman 和 beyondman 。 但是，这两个词并没有在英语中确立下来。萧伯纳在写于1917年之前的一封信中说道：“一些措辞最巧妙的英语作家，竟一直使用象Beyondman这种令人绝望而又无法形容的词，却对一直面对面盯着他们的‘Superman’视而不见”。这样，当要命名一个新的连环漫画中的英雄时，Superman 一词就成了理所当然的选择，这个名称首次记录于1938年 〔disposition〕"Her highly strung temperament made her uncertain . . . capricious . . . enchanting" (George Bernard Shaw). “她极易激动的个性使得她性情多变. . .反复无常. . .魅力无穷” （乔治·贝尔纳·萧伯纳）。〔criticize〕"People are always blaming their circumstances for what they are" (George Bernard Shaw). “人们经常责备使他们成为现在这个样子的周围环境” （乔治·萧伯纳）。 |
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