| 单词 | 英国法 |
| 释义 | 〔Hughes〕British jurist and reformer best known for his bookTom Brown's School Days (1857). 休斯，托马斯：(1822-1896) 英国法理学家、改革家，以其作品《汤姆·布朗的学生时代》 （1857年）而闻名 〔praemunire〕The offense under English law of appealing to or obeying a foreign court or authority, thus challenging the supremacy of the Crown.蔑视王权罪：英国法律中因求助于或遵从于外国法庭或权威而冒犯国王统治权所构成的违法行为〔culprit〕According to British legal tradition,the wordculprit comes from cul. prit, an abbreviation of the Anglo-Norman legal phraseCulpable: prit d'averrer nostre bille. These words, said by the clerk of the crown in response to a not-guilty plea,meant, "Guilty: I am ready to aver our indictment.”After law French went out of official use in the courts,the shortened formcul. prit was misinterpreted as a term of address used by the clerk to a prisoner indicted for high treason or felony and pleading "not guilty.” Culprit is first recorded in such a use in 1678. The term was thereafter taken to mean "the accused,”and then, by association with Latinculpa, "guilt,” it came to mean "a guilty party.”根据英国法律的传统，culprit 一词源于 cul. prit ， 这是英国法语的法律短语Culpable： prit d'averrer nostre bille 的缩略语。 这些词语是王国政府的书记员在回答对于被指控罪名不服的申诉时所说的，意思是：“证明有罪的：我将要证实我们的控告属实。”在诺曼人的法律法语不限于在法庭中使用后，其缩略形式cul.prit 被错误地理解为一种称呼，书记员用它来称呼被控犯有判国罪或重罪但又申辩“无罪”的犯人。 Culprit 一词最早在1678年以这种用法被记录下来。 这个词语自那以后被用来指“被控告的人”，然后它与拉丁语culpa “有罪的”一词相联系， 用来表示“被证明有罪的一方”〔remembrancer〕An officer of the British judiciary responsible for collecting debts owed to the Crown.王室的债款收取官：负责为王室收债的英国法官中的一名官员〔Maitland〕British jurist and historian noted for his many works on the history of English law.梅特兰，弗雷德里克·威廉：(1850-1906) 英国法学家和历史学家，以其众多记述英国法律历史的著作而著称〔Coke〕English jurist who as chief justice of the Court of Common Pleas (1606-1616) ruled that the common law is supreme law, even when the Crown disagrees.科克，爱德华：(1552-1634) 英国法学家、高等民事法庭的首席法官（1606-1616年），即使在国王不同意的情况下仍裁定习惯法是最高法〔soke〕In early English law, the right of local jurisdiction, generally one of the feudal rights of lordship.地方司法权：在早期的英国法律中，地方司法审判的权力，总体上是贵族的封建权利之一〔Whitehall〕A wide thoroughfare in London, England, running north and south between Trafalgar Square and the Houses of Parliament. Named after Whitehall Palace (1529-1698), the chief residence of the Court of London, it is noted for its government offices.白厅：英国伦敦的一条宽阔大道，南北走向，位于特拉法尔加广场与议会大厦之间，根据怀特霍尔宫而命名(1529年-1698年），是英国法庭的主要所在地，以其为政府办公机构所在地而著名〔oyez〕Hearing the cry "Oyez, oyez, oyez,” in a courtroommay have puzzled more than one auditor,especially if pronounced "O yes.” (Many people have thought that in fact it is likeO yes. ) This cry serves to remind us that up until the 18th century,speaking English in a British court of law was not requiredand one could instead use Law French,a form of French that evolved after the Norman Conquest, when Anglo-Norman became the language of the official class in England.Oyez descends from the Anglo-Norman oyez, the plural imperative form ofoyer, "to hear"; thusoyez means "hear ye" and was used as a call for silence and attention. Although it would have been much heard in Medieval England,it is first recorded as an English word fairly late in the Middle English period,in a work composed around 1425.在审判室里听到"Oyez，oyez，oyez"的声音，被迷惑的不仅仅是一个听者，尤其是当它的发音为"O yes"时。（许多人本认为事实上它象Oyes。 ) 这叫声用来提醒我们一直用到18世纪，当时不要求在英国法庭上讲英语，且人们可用法国法律，这是在诺曼底征服之后，当盎格鲁-诺曼语言成为英格兰官方阶级语言时发展起来的一种法语形式。Oyez 源于盎格鲁-诺曼语言 oyez， 是oyer 的复数祈使动词，意思是“听”； oyez 并被用来作为要求安静和注意的号令。 虽然这个词在中世纪的英格兰听得较多，但它第一次作为英语单词被记录下来是在中古英语时期的后期 ，出现于1425年左右创作的一本作品上〔appendant〕Belonging to a land grant as a subsidiary right in English law.附带权利的：英国法律中属于封地的附加权益的〔Selden〕English jurist and scholar noted for his collection of Oriental manuscripts and hisHistory of Tithes (1618), which was suppressed at the urging of the clergy. 塞尔登，约翰：(1584-1654) 英国法学家和学者，因其收集东方手稿和著有《什一税史》 （1618年）而著名，该书因遭教士反对而被禁 〔Blackstone〕British jurist and educator who wroteCommentaries on the Laws of England (1765-1769), the most comprehensive single treatment of the body of English law. 布莱克斯通，威廉：(1723-1780) 英国法官和教育家，著有《英国法律评论》 （1765-1769年），是对英国总体法律最为全面的独家论述 〔Ethelbert〕Anglo-Saxon king who ruled all of Britain south of the Humber, was converted to Christianity by Saint Augustine (597), and codified English law (604).埃塞尔伯特：盎格鲁--撒克逊国王，他曾统治亨伯河以南的英国全部地区，597年圣·奥古斯丁使其改信基督教，604年他编纂了英国法律〔bushel〕A unit of volume or capacity in the British Imperial System, used in dry and liquid measure and equal to 2,219.36 cubic inches or 36.37 liters. See table at measurement 蒲式耳：英国法定体积或容量单位，用于度量干燥固体和液体。1蒲式耳等于2,219.36立方英寸或36.37升 参见 measurement〔Hale〕English jurist who promoted the Restoration, served as chief baron of the Exchequer (1660) and chief justice of the King's Bench (1671-1676), and was a noted scholar of English common law.黑尔爵士，马修：(1609-1676) 英国法学家，提倡复辟运动，1660年担任财政总长，1671-1676年任王座法庭首席法官，是英国习惯法（不成文法）方面的知名学者〔Vinogradoff〕Russian-born British jurist and historian. His works includeGrowth of the Manor (1905) and Historical Jurisprudence (1920-1922). 维诺格拉多夫，保罗·加弗里洛维奇：(1854-1925) 俄裔的英国法学家和历史学家。他的作品包括《庄园的成长》 （1905年）和 《历史法学》 （1920年-1922年） 〔Adams〕American Revolutionary leader whose agitations spurred Bostonians toward rebellion against British occupation and rule. He was a member of the First and Second Continental Congresses, signed the Declaration of Independence, and served as governor of Massachusetts (1794-1797).亚当斯，塞缪尔：(1722-1803) 美国独立战争的领导人，鼓动波士顿人反抗英国统治及英国法律。第一届和第二届大陆会议的成员，签署《独立宣言》并任马萨诸塞州州长（1794-1797年）〔Hurst〕British jurist who served as a judge of the Permanent Court of International Justice at The Hague (1929-1946) and president of the court (1934-1936).赫斯特爵士，塞西尔·詹姆斯·巴灵顿：(1870-1963) 英国法官，曾任海牙国际法院永久法庭的法官(1929-1946年）及庭长(1934-1936年） |
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