| 单词 | 联系 |
| 释义 | 〔couple〕 Couple does not necessarily imply more than association: Couple 并不一定必指多于联系的意思： 〔confraternity〕An association of persons united in a common purpose or profession.社团：为了同一目的或职业而联系在一起的人的组织〔pride〕Pleasure or satisfaction taken in an achievement, a possession, or an association:引以为豪：因成绩，占有或联系而引起的愉悦或满意：〔nerd〕The wordnerd and a nerd, undefined but illustrated, first appeared in 1950 in Dr. Seuss'sIf I Ran the Zoo : "And then, just to show them,I'll sail to Ka-Troo And Bring Back an It-Kutch a Preep and a Proo a Nerkle a Nerd and a Seersucker, too!” (The nerd itself is a small humanoid creature looking comically angry,like a thin, cross Chester A. Arthur.)Nerd next appears, with a gloss, in the February 10, 1957, issue of the Glasgow, Scotland, Sunday Mail in a regular column entitled "ABC for SQUARES": "Nerd—a square, any explanation needed?”Many of the terms defined in this "ABC" are unmistakable Americanisms,such ashep, ick, and jazzy, as is the gloss "square,” the current meaning ofnerd. The third appearance ofnerd in print is back in the United States in 1970 in Current Slang : “Nurd [sic], someone with objectionable habits or traits. . . . An uninteresting person, a ‘dud.’” Authorities disagree on whether the two nerds—Dr. Seuss's small creature and the teenage slang term in theGlasgow Sunday Mail —are the same word. Some experts claim there is no semantic connectionand the identity of the words is fortuitous.Others maintain that Dr. Seuss is the true originator ofnerd and that the wordnerd ("comically unpleasant creature") was picked up by the five- and six-year-olds of 1950 and passed on to their older siblings, who by 1957, as teenagers,had restricted and specified the meaning to the most comically obnoxious creature of their own class,a "square.”单词nerd 和 a nerd，无定义但有说明， 第一次出现于1950年瑟斯博士写的要是我管动物园 中： “然后，仅仅是为了给他们看，我将航行到Ka-Troo，并带回It-Kutch a Preep和a Proo a Nerkle a Nerd ，还有一件印度泡泡纱！”（蠢货本身是一个具有人类特点的小动物，一副好笑发怒的样子，像瘦小很生气的切斯特·A阿瑟）。Nerd 接着在1957年2月10日苏格兰格拉斯哥人一期杂志上再次出现，还有一个解释。 星期日邮报 在一常设栏目中出了题为“古板之人ABC"的文章： "Nerd——古板之人，还需要任何解释吗?”许多在这个"ABC"中定义的术语是明显的美国特有词，如hep,ick 和 jazzy ， 正如nerd 的现行意思“古板之人”一样， nerd 第三次出现于印刷品中又回到了1970年美国的 最新俚语 中： “Nurd ［原文如此］带有令人不快的习惯或品质的人…一个没趣的人，一个‘饭桶。’” 权威们对这两个蠢货--瑟斯博士所指的小动物和格拉斯奇星期日邮报 上的青少年俚语是否是同一个词持不同意见。 有些专家宣称此处无语义联系，两个词的相似属偶然。其他人则坚持瑟斯博士是nerd 一词的始创者， 且nerd 一词（意为“令人不快的滑稽小动物”）让1950年时五、六岁的孩子们学会并传给了比他们大些的兄姐。 到1957年，作为青少年，他们把意思限定和专指他们当中最滑稽讨厌的家伙，即“古板守旧”的人〔cabal〕The history ofcabal reveals how a word can be transferred from one sphere of activity to another while retaining only a tenuous connection with its past. Ultimately from Hebrewbut transmitted to English probably by way of Medieval Latin and French,cabal is first recorded in English in 1616 in the sense "cabala.” Cabala was the name for the Hebrew oral tradition transmitted by Moses and also the name for a Jewish religious philosophy based on an esoteric interpretation of the Hebrew Scriptures.The notion "esoteric" is central to the development of this word in English,forcabal, probably following the sense development in French, came to mean "a tradition, special interpretation, or secret,” "a private intrigue" (first recorded in 1646-1647),and "a small body of intriguers" (first recorded in 1660).It is probably not coincidental thatcabal is found with these latter meanings during the mid-17th century, that time of plots and counterplots by Royalists and Parliamentarians.The word gained a false etymology when it was noticed that the five most influential ministers of Charles II were named Clifford, Arlington, Buckingham, Ashley, and Lauderdale.单词cable 的历史表现出一个单词在与其过去的含义仅保持微弱联系的情况下，如何能够从一个使用范围转向另一个范围。 最起始是源于希伯来语，但可能是通过中世纪的拉丁语和法语转化为英语，cabal 以“秘教”的含义在英语中最早载于1616年。 Cabala 是对摩西所传的希伯来口头传说的称谓， 也是对基于希伯来圣经神秘解说的犹太宗教哲学的称谓。“深奥的”这个概念对于这个英文单词的发展是很重要的，因为cabal 可能是沿用法语里发展起来的含义， 意为“传统，特殊的理解或秘密的，“个人阴谋”（最早记载于1646至1647年），以及“较小的阴谋者的联合体”（最早记载于1660年）。它可能与cabal 的17世纪中叶的后来含义并不一致， 在这一时期内充斥着保皇党人和议员们的阴谋和对策。由于注意到查理二世时期五位最有影响的大臣姓名分别为克利福德，阿灵顿，白金汉，阿什利和劳德戴尔（其姓名首字母合起来为CABAL），该词由此得来一错误的语源说明〔firm〕In these days of agribusiness,a farm and a firm are probably closer than they have been since the time before the wordsfarm and firm developed from the same Latin word, firmāre, "to strengthen, make fast, confirm, attest,” which is derived from Latinfirmus, the source offirm, meaning "secure.” In Medieval Latinfirmāre came to mean "to ratify by signature,” from which sense eventually came our word firm, first recorded in 1574 with the meaning "signature.”This wordfirm later added the senses "designation under which a firm transacts business" and "commercial house.” Latinfirmāre by way of Old French also gave us Middle English ferme, the ancestor of our wordfarm. 大农场经营年代，农场和商行也许比在farm 和 firm 从同一拉丁语 firmare， 意为“加强，使牢固，使确定，使证明”发展来之前联系更为紧密， 它是从拉丁词firmus 派生而来， 即firm 一词的来源，意为“确定的”。 在中世纪拉丁语中，firmare 开始取意为“用签名来批准，”从此含义出发，最终有了我们的 firm 这个词， 1574年它首次被记录下来，意为“签名”。Firm 这个词后来增加了两个含义，“商行借以办理事务的名称”和“经商的房屋。” 拉丁词firmare 也通过古法语给了我们中世纪英语 ferme 这个词， 它是我们的单词farm 的前身 〔dungeon〕The worddungeon may have gone down in the world quite literally, if one etymology of the word is correct. Dungeon may go back to a Vulgar Latin word,domniō, meaning "the lord's tower,”which came from Latindominus, "master.” In Middle English,in which our word is first recorded in a work composed around the beginning of the 14th century,it meant "a fortress, castle,” and "the keep of a castle" as well as "a prison cell underneath the keep of the castle.”Dungeon can still mean "keep,” although the usual spelling for this sense is donjon, but the meaning most usually associated with it is certainly not elevated.It is also possible thatdungeon goes back to a Germanic word related to our word dung. This assumed Germanic word would have meant "an underground house constructed of dung.”If this etymology is correct, the worddungeon has ended up where it began. 单词dungeon 的一种词源是它以其字面意义流传下来， 如果这个单词其中的一种语源是正确的话。 Dungeon 可追溯到拉丁俗词domnio， 意为“领主的塔”，这一拉丁俗词又来自拉丁文dominus， 意为“主人”。 在中古英语时期，该词首次记录于作于14世纪初的一部作品，意为“要塞，城堡”，“城堡主楼”以及“城堡方楼下的地牢”。Dungeon 仍有城堡主楼的意思，但最常与之联系在一起的这一拼法为 donjon， 但最常与之联系在一起的这一意义显然流传不广。Dungeon 还可能上溯到与之相联系的日耳曼语词 dung。 这一假设的日耳曼语词可能曾意为“由粪建构的地下房屋“。假如这一词源正确，dungeon 一词结束于它起源的地方 〔terminal〕A position in a circuit or device at which a connection is normally established or broken.端子：电路或设备中连接或断开联系的一个装置〔arrowroot〕The arrowroot is just one of many plants that the European settlers and explorers discovered in the New World.The Arawak, a people who formerly lived on the Caribbean Islands and continue to inhabit certain regions of Guiana, named this plantaru-aru, meaning "meal of meals,” so called because they thought very highly of the starchy, nutritious meal made from the arrowroot.The plant also had medicinal value because its tubers could be used to draw poison from wounds inflicted by poison arrows.The medicinal application of the roots provided the impetus for English speakers to remakearu-aru into arrowroot, first recorded in English in 1696. Folk etymology—the process by which an unfamiliar element in a word is changed to resemble a more familiar word,often one that is semantically associated with the word being refashioned—has triumphed once again,thus denying us the direct borrowing ofaru-aru and giving us arrowroot instead. 竹芋仅是欧洲探险家和拓荒者在新大陆发现的多种植物中的一种。曾居住在加勒比海各岛，现仍在圭亚那部分地区居住的阿拉瓦克人把这种植物称为aru-aru 意思是“餐中餐”， 这样称呼是因为他们非常看重这种用竹芋粉做成的淀粉状的，非常有营养的食物。这种植物同时还有医疗价值，因为其块茎可用来从毒箭箭伤处把毒吸出来。这种植物的医疗作用促使讲英语的人重新将aru-aru 命名为 arrowroot ，1696年首次在英语中予以记载。 词的通俗变化就是比较陌生的词被比较熟悉的词所替代的过程，常常是被一个语义上与被翻新的词有联系的词。这里，通俗词汇学又一次取得胜利，不允许我们直接借用aru-aru ，而是另给了我们一个 arrowroot 。 〔Cassatt〕American painter noted for her studies of mothers and their children, such asThe Bath (1891-1892). She was associated with the French impressionists. 卡萨特，玛丽·史蒂文森：(1844?-1926) 美国画家，以其对母亲和孩子的研究而著名，如《沐浴》 （1891-1892年）。她与法国印象主义者有联系 〔Junker〕A member of the Prussian landed aristocracy, a class formerly associated with political reaction and militarism.容克：普鲁士贵族地主中的成员，先前与政治上的极端保守主义和军国主义联系在一起的阶级〔fashionable〕Associated with or frequented by persons of fashion.时髦人士的：与时髦人士有联系或经常为时髦人士光顾的〔have〕To be concerned or associated with.与…有联系或关联〔Titoism〕The post-World War II Communist policies and practices associated with Marshal Tito, especially the assertion by a Communist nation of its interests independently of or in opposition to the Soviet Union.铁托主义：二次世界大战以后一种与铁托元帅联系在一起的共产主义政策和实践，特指一个共产主义国家宣称自己利益独立于苏联或与苏联对立〔alliance〕A connection based on kinship, marriage, or common interest; a bond or tie:联系，关系：建立在亲缘、婚姻或共同兴趣基础上的关系；联系或关系：〔Breton〕French poet and literary theorist. He began to write after World War I, at first linking himself with Dadaism but breaking with that movement to write the first manifesto of surrealism (1924).勃雷东，安德鲁：(1896-1966) 法国诗人和文学理论家。第一次世界大战后他开始写作，开始时与达达主义联系在一起，后与该运动决裂，于1924年写下第一个超现实主义宣言〔blond〕It is usual in English to treatblond as if it required gender marking, as in French, spelling itblonde when referring to women and blond elsewhere. But this practice is in fact a relatively recent innovation,and some have suggested that it has sexist implicationsand that the formblond should be used for both sexes. There is certainly a measure of justice to the claim that the two forms are not used symmetrically.Since English does not normally mark adjectives according to the gender of the nouns they modify,it is natural to interpret the final-e as expressing some additional meaning, perhaps because it implies that hair color provides a primary category of classification for women but not men.This association of hair color and a particular perception of feminine identity is suggested in phrasessuch asdumb blonde and Is it true blondes have more fun? or in Susan Brownmiller's depiction of Hollywood's "pantheon of celebrated blondes who have fed the fantasies of men and fueled the aspirations of women.” The corresponding masculine formblond, by contrast, is not ordinarily used to refer to men in contexts in which hair color is not specifically at issue; there is something arch in a reference toLeslie Howard, Robert Redford, and other celebrated blonds. See Usage Note at brunette 在英语中，通常在使用blond 时似乎认为这个词需要性别标志。 正如在法语中，指女性时拼作blonde ，指其他时拼作 blond 。 但这实际上是较新的一种用法，一些人就曾认为这个词本身就带有性别的含义，而且blond 可同时用于两种性别。 两种形式并没有相应地使用的说法是有几分道理。因为英语中通常并不根据形容词修饰的名词的性而加以标明，很自然地就词尾的-e 看作附加的意思的表示， 这也许是由于它暗示头发的颜色是女性而不是男性提供了一个鉴别的首要类型。这种把头发颜色和女性鉴别的特殊方法联系在一起的作法，在如下的一些句子中有所体现，dump blonde（愚蠢的女人） 和 Is it true blondes have more fun?（金发女人真的更有情趣吗?） 或苏珊·布朗米勒的《好莱坞》中的描写的 "pantheon of celebrated blondes who have fed the fantasies of men and fueled the aspirations of women"（一些曾满足男人的幻想和勾起女人的野心的显赫女明星）。 不同的是相对应的男性的强调形式blond, 在行文中没有特别头发颜色的情况下通常并不专指男性； 如这句说法有调侃的意味的例句Leslie Howard, Robert Redford, and other celebrated blonds（莱斯利·霍华德，罗伯特·莱德佛拉和其他著名的金发明星中） 参见 brunette〔category〕Aristotle's modes of objective being, such as quality, quantity, or relation, that are inherent in everything.客观实物：亚里士多德观念上的客观实在，如质量、数量或联系，它们为一切事物所固有〔Jiangxi〕A province of southeast China. In early times it served as a corridor for north-south migration and communications. Nanchang is the capital. Population, 34,600,000.江西：中国东南部省。早期它是南北移民和联系的通道。省会为南昌。人口34,600,000〔scold〕A scold is no poet and a scolding is not poetry, at least to the one being scolded,but it seems that the wordscold has a poetic background. It is probable thatscold, which is first recorded in Middle English in a work probably composed around 1150, has a Scandinavian source that is related to the Old Icelandic wordskāld, "poet.” Middle Englishscolde may in fact mean "a minstrel,” but of that we are not sure.However, its Middle English meanings, "a ribald, abusive person" and "a shrewish, chiding woman,”may be related toskāld, as shown by the senses of some of the Old Icelandic words derived fromskāld. Old Icelandicskāldskapr, for example, meant "poetry" in a good sense but also "a libel in verse,” whileskāld-stöng meant "a pole with imprecations or charms scratched on it.” It would seem that libelous, cursing verse was a noted part of at least some poets' productions and that this association with poets passed firmly along with the Scandinavian borrowing into English.骂人者不是诗人，谩骂不是诗，至少对被骂的人来说是这样的，但是scold 这个词似乎有着诗的背景。 Scold 这个词在中世纪英语中第一次被记录在一部大约于1150年创作的作品中，它有可能源于斯堪的纳维亚语， 与skald 这个在冰岛古语中表示“诗人”的词有关。 中世纪英语中的scolde 实际上可能意为“吟游诗人”， 但对此没有肯定说法。然而，它在中世纪英语中的意思是“说脏话、辱骂人的人”和“悍泼的、好骂人的女人”，可能与skald 有关， 如一些起源于skald 的冰岛古词语的意思显示的那样。 例如，古冰岛语中的skaldskapr 其褒义为“诗”，但也有“诽谤性的诗”的意思, 而skald-stong 意思是“刻有诅咒或符咒的杆子”。 看来，诽谤、辱骂性的诗歌至少是一些诗人作品突出的部分并与诗人这种联系稳步地随斯堪的纳维亚语被借入英语中〔Wilkins〕American civil rights leader. Long associated with the NAACP, he asserted that racial equality should be achieved through the democratic process.威尔金斯，罗伊：(1901-1981) 美国民权运动领袖，与全国有色人种协会长期有联系，他坚持种族平等应该通过民主过程来实现〔sisterhood〕Association or unification of women in a common cause.妇女团体：由于相同的原因而结成的女性之间的联系和团结〔cabaletta〕from Latin cōpula [link] 源自 拉丁语 cōpula [连结，联系] 〔relate〕To have connection, relation, or reference:有联系：有连结，关系或者关联：〔external〕Relating to, existing on, or connected with the outside or an outer part; exterior.外面的，外在的：与外面或外部有关的，出现在外面或外部的，与外面或外部有联系的；外部的〔close〕Bound by mutual interests, loyalties, or affections; intimate:亲密的，亲近的：被共同的兴趣、忠贞或爱好联系；亲密的：〔connect〕To join to or by means of a communications circuit:联络：用通讯工具联系或连接：〔agin〕The spelling ofagin reflects both the raised vowel before a nasal consonant, typical of Southern dialects, and a reduced final consonant cluster, typical of several regional varieties.Agin has a wide spectrum of senses in the regional speech of those who pronounce it this way. Indeed, these regional senses are tied to the pronunciation,for standard Englishagainst does not quite capture the full implication of the assertion "I'm agin him" — that is, "opposed to him and all that he stands for.”Another regional sense recalls the original literal Old English sense of "facing; next to" (see the first four senses ofagainst in the Oxford English Dictionary), where standard English would haveby: Their house is agin the mountain.Agin may be used figuratively with regard to time chiefly in South Midland dialects,meaning "by or before (a specified time)”: "I'll be there agin daylight" (North Carolina informant in DARE).词汇agin 的拼写既反映了典型的南部方言──鼻辅音前的元音的提高， 又反映了压缩的后辅音群──几种典型的地方变体的特征。Agin 在它被如此发音的地方方言有广泛的意思。 确实，这些地域意义是和读音联系在一起的，因为标准英语中against 没有完全表达 "I'm agin him" 所隐含的意义── 即“反对他及他所代表的一切。”另外一个地域意义使人想起古英语中最初的文学用语“面对；紧靠着”（参阅《牛津英语词典》中against 的前四个释义）， 而在标准英语中应该用by： 傍山而建的房屋。Agin 主要在中南部方言中可以比喻地用来表示时间，意思是“到或在…（特定时间）前”： “天亮前我可到达” （美国区域英语词典的北卡罗来纳提供资料者）〔memory〕"My earliest memories were connected with the South" (Thomas B. Aldrich).“我最早的记忆是与南方联系在一起的” （托马斯B·艾尔里奇）。〔psychoanalysis〕The method of psychiatric therapy originated by Sigmund Freud in which free association, dream interpretation, and analysis of resistance and transference are used to explore repressed or unconscious impulses, anxieties, and internal conflicts.心理分析：由西格蒙德·弗洛伊德创立的一套精神治疗的方法，用自由联系、对梦的阐释和对抵抗和移情的分析来研究被压抑或无意识的冲动、焦虑和内心冲突〔kind〕A group of individuals linked by traits held in common.同种，同类：因具有共同的特性而联系在一起的个体的集合〔chromodynamics〕The physics of the relationship between color-carrying quarks, especially the nature of their strong interaction, which is characterized by the exchange of gluons.色动力学：带色夸克之间联系的物理学，尤指其强烈相互作用的本质，是以胶子的交换为特征的〔Nubian〕Of or relating to Nubia or its peoples, languages, or cultures.努比亚的：努比亚或其人民、语言或文化的或与之有联系的〔paronymous〕Allied by derivation from the same root; having the same stem; for example,beautiful and beauteous. 同源的，同词根的：由同一词根派生而联系在一起的；有同样词根的；例如，beautiful 和 beauteous 〔networking〕An informal system whereby persons having common interests or concerns assist each other, as in the exchange of information or the development of professional contacts.人际网：由具有共同兴趣或爱好的人组成的非正式体系。人们互相帮助、互相交换信息或工作联系的进展〔fetish〕An object that is believed to have magical or spiritual powers, especially such an object associated with animistic or shamanistic religious practices.物神：尤指与万物有灵或萨满教的宗教习俗有联系的被相信有魔力或神力的物品〔raid〕The members of an army traveling on a particularroad to carry out a raid probably would not draw a connection between the two words.However,raid and road descend from the same Old English word rād. Theai in raid represents the standard development in the northern dialects of Old English long a, while theoa in road represents the standard development of Old English long a in the rest of the English dialects. Old Englishrād meant "the act of riding" and "the act of riding with a hostile intent; that is, a raid,”senses that no longer exist for our wordroad. It was left to Sir Walter Scott to revive the Scots formraid with the sense "a military expedition on horseback.”The Scots weren't making all the raids, however.Others seem to have returned the favor,for we find these words in the Middle EnglishCoventry Leet Book : "aftur a Rode . . . made uppon the Scottes at thende of this last somer.”The "Rode" was led by the non-Scottish Duke of Gloucester, who was later crowned as Richard III, and Henry Percy, Duke of Northumberland.一支部队的士兵在某条road （路）上行进以发动一场 raid （袭击）， 这大概不会使这两个词之间产生什么联系。然而raid 和 road 这两个词源于古英语中的同一个词 rad 。 Raid 中的 ai 代表了古英语中北部发言中长 a 的标准发展， 而road 中的 oa 代表了其它地区古英语方言中长 a 的发展。 古英语中rad 的意思是“骑马的行动和出于敌意而骑马的行动； 也就是说，一次奇袭，”词意中不再有路 这个意思。 沃尔特·斯科特爵士又恢复了raid 这个词的苏格兰语形式， 其意思是“马上的远征”。然而，奇袭并不只是由苏格兰人发动。别人似乎也保留了对这个词的偏好，因为我们在中世纪英语的考文垂史料 中发现了这段话： “在去年夏末对苏格兰发动的奇袭之后…”。该“奇袭”是由后来被冠以查理三世的格洛斯特的非苏格兰公爵和诺森柏兰的亨利·珀西公爵领导的〔lieutenant〕What is the connection between a lieutenant governor and a lieutenant in the army?In the etymology of the wordlieutenant, at least, the connection lies in their holding a place;that is, the wordlieutenant is from an Old French compound made up of lieu, "place,” and tenant, "holding,” the present participle of the verb tenir, "to hold.” The word in Old French and the borrowed Middle English wordlieutenant, first recorded near the end of the 14th century, referred to a person who acted for another as a deputy.This usage has survived,for example, in our termlieutenant governor, the deputy of the governor and the one who replaces the governor if need be. In military parlancelieutenant appears by itself as well as in compounds such asfirst lieutenant and second lieutenant, which muddy the water a bit,but the original notion of the word in military usage was that the officer it referred to ranked below the next one upand could replace him if need be.A lieutenant in the U.S. Army could thus step into the shoes of a captain.副州长和陆军中尉之间有什么联系?就lieutenant 这个单词的词源来说， 至少，联系在于他们都拥有一个位置；也就是说，lieutenant 这个词源于一个古法语复合词，这个词由 lieu （“场所”）和 tenant （“拥有”）及动词 tenir （“持有，拥有”）的现在分词组成。 古法语的这个词和借用的中古英语词lieutenant 的最早记录出现在14世纪末， 该词指的是代理别人做某事的人。这种用法至今仍使用，例如，我们的短语lieutenant governor（副州长） 州长的副职和必要时代替州长的人。 在军事用语中，lieutenant 单独出现， 也在复合词如first lieutenant 及 second lieutenants 中出现， 这把情况搞复杂了一些，但这个词在军事用语中的原始意义是它所指的军官低于上一级军官，在必要时可以取代他。因此，美国陆军中的一名中尉可以取代上尉〔Ponca〕A Native American people formerly inhabiting northeast Nebraska near the Niobrara River, with present-day populations in Oklahoma and Nebraska. The Ponca are closely related to the Omaha in language and history.篷卡人：一支美洲土著人，原先定居在内布拉斯加东北、奈厄布拉勒河附近，现在他们居住在俄克拉荷马州和内布拉斯加州。篷卡人和奥玛哈人在语言和历史沿上都有紧密的联系〔relationship〕Connection by blood or marriage; kinship.亲属关系：因血缘或婚姻产生的联系；亲戚关系 |
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