| 单词 | 联盟 |
| 释义 | 〔college〕from Latin collēgium [association] * see collegium 源自 拉丁语 collēgium [联盟] * 参见 collegium〔combination〕An alliance of persons or parties for a common purpose; an association.联合体：为一共同目的人或党派的联盟；联合〔Cayuga〕A Native American people formerly inhabiting the shores of Cayuga Lake in west-central New York, with present-day populations in Ontario, western New York, Wisconsin, and Oklahoma. The Cayuga are one of the five original tribes of the Iroquois confederacy.卡尤加族：以前居住在美国纽约州中西部卡尤加湖沿岸的美洲土著民族，今分布在安大略州、纽约州西部、威斯康星州和俄克拉荷马州。卡尤加族是易洛魁印第安联盟的五个初始部族之一〔heptarchy〕Often Heptarchy The informal confederation of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms from the fifth to the ninth century, consisting of Kent, Sussex, Wessex, Essex, Northumbria, East Anglia, and Mercia. 常作 Heptarchy 七王国：从5世纪到9世纪盎格鲁·撒克逊王国的非正式联盟，由肯特、南撒西克斯、西撒西克斯、东撒西克斯、诺森布里亚，东英格兰和麦西亚组成〔Baldwin〕British prime minister (1923-1929 and 1935-1937) who responded to the General Strike of 1926 with the Trade Disputes Act of 1927, an antiunion bill, and facilitated the abdication of Edward VIII (1936).鲍德温，斯坦利：(1867-1947) 英国总理（1923-1929和1935-1937年），他响应1926年的总罢工，拥护1927年的反联盟法案《贸易抵制法案》，并促进了爱德华八世的退位（1936年）〔Pompadour〕The lover of Louis XV of France. She was blamed for establishing France's alliance with Austria, which led to the Seven Years' War (1756-1763).蓬巴杜侯爵夫人：法国国王路易十五的情妇。她因促成导致七年战争(1756-1763年）的法奥联盟而受到谴责〔Stockbridge〕A subtribe of the Mahican confederacy formerly inhabiting southwest Massachusetts, with a present-day population in central Wisconsin.斯托克布里奇人：马希坎族联盟下属的一个民族，早期居住于美国马萨诸塞州西南部，现在人口集中于威斯康星州中部〔Pitt〕British prime minister (1783-1801 and 1804-1806). He accomplished the Act of Union between Ireland and Britain (1800) but was unsuccessful in his efforts to achieve Catholic emancipation.皮特，威廉：(1759-1806) 曾任英国首相(1783-1801和1804-1806年）。他完成了爱尔兰和大不列颠之间的联盟法案(1800年），但在为取得天主教徒释放的努力中失败了〔bust〕an attempt to bust the union.终止联盟的企图〔detach〕To remove from association or union with something:分离，退出：从组织或联盟中移走某物：〔Aetolia〕An ancient region of central Greece north of the Gulfs of Corinth and Calydon (Patras). Aetolia was briefly significant in Greek history after the formation in 290b.c. of the Aetolian League, a military confederation that was defeated by the Achaeans later in the third century. 埃托利亚：希腊中部一古老地区，位于科林斯湾及卡莱敦（佩特雷）的北部。公元前 290年埃托利亚联盟成立以后，埃托利亚在希腊历史上具有重大意义。此军事联盟在3世纪被亚加亚人打败 〔Wyandot〕A Native American people formed of groups displaced by the destruction of the Huron confederacy in the mid-17th century, formerly located in Ohio and the upper Midwest and now living in northeast Oklahoma.怀恩多特族：一支美洲土著民族，17世纪中叶被休伦联盟消灭后所替代，原先居住在俄亥俄州和中西部北部地区，现居住在俄克拉荷马州东北部地区〔Davis〕American soldier and president of the Confederacy (1861-1865). He was captured by Union soldiers in 1865 and imprisoned for two years, and although he was indicted for treason (1866), he was never prosecuted.戴维斯，杰斐逊：(1808-1889) 美国军人和南方联盟政府总统(1861-1865年），他于1865年被联盟士兵俘获，在监狱里呆了两年，尽管他被指控为叛国罪(1866年），他从未被判罪〔Macdonald〕Canadian politician and the first prime minister of the Dominion of Canada (1867-1873 and 1878-1891). He is considered the organizer of the Canadian confederation, established in 1867.麦克唐纳，约翰·亚历山大：(1815-1891) 加拿大政治家和加拿大自治领的首任总理（1867-1873和1878-1891年）。他被认为是1867年建立的加拿大联盟的组织者〔cobelligerent〕One, such as a nation, that assists another or others in waging war, usually without entering a formal alliance.参战友国：帮助另一个或其他战争中的国家的国家，通常未参加正式联盟〔confederate〕Latin foederāre [to unite] from foedus foeder- [league] * see bheidh- 拉丁语 foederāre [联合] 源自 foedus foeder- [联盟] * 参见 bheidh- 〔Hill〕American Confederate officer active in the Seven Days' Battle, the Second Battle of Bull Run, and the Battle of Antietam (all 1862). His charge began the Battle of Gettysburg (1863).希尔，安布罗斯·鲍威尔：(1825-1865) 美国内部时期南方联盟将领，曾参加“七天战役”、第二次布尔兰战役以及安提塔姆战役（都发生在1862年）。1863年他率部猛攻拉开了葛底斯堡战役的帷幕〔Yuchi〕A Native American people formerly inhabiting northern Georgia and eastern Tennessee, politically included in the Creek confederacy since the 19th century.尤奇族：一支美洲土著人，原先居住在乔治亚州北部和田纳西州东部，19世纪以来，政治上归属克里克联盟〔Young〕American civil rights leader who was executive director of the National Urban League (1961-1971).扬，小惠特尼·穆尔：(1921-1971) 美国民权运动的领袖，是全国城市联盟的执行主管(1961-1971年）〔Willard〕American reformer. An ardent advocate of temperance and women's suffrage, she was the national president of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union (1879-1898).威拉德，弗朗西丝·伊丽莎白·卡罗琳：(1839-1898) 美国改革家。极力主张禁酒和妇女拥有选举权。是全美基督教妇女禁酒联盟的主席(1879-1898年）〔sachem〕A chief of a Native American tribe or confederation, especially an Algonquian chief.酋长：美国土著部落或联盟的首领，尤指阿尔冈昆族酋长〔pamper〕"Pelham . . . felt that an ally so little used to control . . . might well be indulged in an occasional fit of waywardness" (Macaulay).“佩勒姆…觉得掌握这样小的一个联盟…如同让自己沉溺在对反复无常的适应上” （麦考雷）。〔front〕A group or movement uniting various individuals or organizations for the achievement of a common purpose; a coalition.阵线，联盟：联合不同个人或组织为了共同目标的团体或活动；联盟〔Orr〕Canadian-born hockey player. He led the National Hockey League in scoring in 1970 and 1975 and was the first defenseman to score more than 100 points in a season.奥尔，罗伯特：(生于 1948) 加拿大出生的美国曲棍球选手。他率领国家曲棍球联盟在1970年和1975年获胜，并且是第一个在一赛季中获超过100分防卫人员〔Northumbria〕An Anglo-Saxon kingdom of northern England formed in the seventh century by the union of Bernicia and Deira, Angle kingdoms originally established c.a.d. 500. Much of Northumbria fell to invading Danes in the ninth century and was annexed to Wessex in 954. 诺林伯利亚：北英格兰-盎格鲁-撒克逊王国，公元7世纪由伯尼西亚和德伊勒联盟建立，盎格鲁王国始建于公元 500年。诺森伯利亚的大部分在9世纪被入侵的丹麦人占领，954年被韦塞克斯吞并 〔paper〕papered together a new coalition of political convenience.为政治便利而匆忙形成的新联盟〔man〕Traditionally,man and words derived from it have been used generically to designate any or all of the human race irrespective of sex.In Old Englishthis was the principal sense ofman, which meant "a human being" regardless of sex;the wordswer and wyf (or w÷pman and wifman ) were used to refer to "a male human being" and "a female human being" respectively. But in Middle Englishman displaced wer as the term for "a male human being,”whilewyfman (which evolved into present-day woman ) was retained for "a female human being.” The result of these changes was an assymetrical arrangement that many criticize as sexist.Many writers have revised some of their practices accordingly.But the precise implications of the usage vary according to the context and the particular use ofman or its derivatives. · Man sometimes appears to have the sense of "person" or "people" when it is used as a count noun, as inA man is known by the company he keeps and Men have long yearned to unlock the secrets of the atom, and in phrases likethe common man and the man in the street. Here the generic interpretation arises indirectly:if a man is known by the company he keeps,then so, by implication, is a woman.For this reasonthe generic interpretation of these uses ofman is not possible where the applicability of the predicate varies according to the sex of the individual. Thus it would be inappropriate to say thatMen are the only animals that can conceive at any time, since the sentence literally asserts that the ability to conceive applies to male human beings.This usage presumes that males can be taken as representatives of the species.In almost all cases,however, the wordsperson and people can be substituted for man and men, often with a gain in clarity. · By contrast,man functions more as a generic when it is used without an article in the singular to refer to the human race, as in sentences likeThe capacity for language is unique to man or in phrases like man's inhumanity to man. But this use ofman is also ambiguous, since it can refer exclusively to male members of the human race.In most contexts wordssuch ashumanity or humankind will convey the generic sense of this use of man. · On the whole,the Usage Panel accepts the generic use ofman, the women members significantly less than the men. The sentenceIf early man suffered from a lack of information, modern man is tyrannized by an excess of it was acceptable to 81 percent of the Panel (including 58 percent of the women and 92 percent of the men).The Panel also accepted compound words derived from genericman. The sentenceThe Great Wall is the only man-made structure visible from space was acceptable to 86 percent (including 76 percent of the women and 91 percent of the men).The sentence"The history of language is the history of mankind" (James Bradstreet Greenough and George Lyman Kittredge) was acceptable to 76 percent (including 63 percent of the women and 82 percent of the men). Such compounds were acceptable even when the context required that they be applied chiefly to women.Thus, 66 percent of the Panel (including 57 percent of the women and 71 percent of the men) accepts the wordmanpower in the sentence Countries that do not permit women to participate in the work force are at a disadvantage in competing with those that do avail themselves of that extra source of manpower. · A related set of problems is raised by the use ofman in forming the names of occupational and social rolessuch asbusinessman, chairman, spokesman, layman, and freshman, as well as in analogous formationssuch asunsportsmanlike and showmanship. Some condemn this use categorically;however, these words remained acceptable to a majority of the Usage Panel when they were used to refer to a role or class in the abstractbut were rejected when they were used to refer to a woman.Thus the general use ofchairman was acceptable to 67 percent of the Panel (including 52 percent of the women and 76 percent of the men) in the sentence The chairman will be appointed by the Faculty Senate. But only 48 percent (including 43 percent of the women and 50 percent of the men) accepted the use of the word inEmily Owen, chairman of the Mayor's Task Force, issued a statement assuring residents that their views would be solicited, where it is applied to a woman. · Several strategies have been suggested for replacing the categorical use of compounds formed withman. Parallel terms likebusinesswoman, spokeswoman and chairwoman are increasingly used to refer to women. Also in use are common-gender terms coined withperson, such asbusinessperson, spokesperson, and chairperson. For occupational titles ending inman, new standards of official usage have been established by the U.S. Department of Labor and other government agencies.In official contexts termssuch asfirefighter and police officer are now generally used in place of fireman and policeman. · A majority of the Panelists rejected the verbman when it was used to refer to an activity performed by women. The sentenceMembers of the League of Women Voters will be manning the registration desk was unacceptable to 56 percent of the Panel (including 61 percent of the women and 54 percent of the men). See Usage Note at -ess ,people 传统上，man 以及它的衍生字一般是用来指任何人或整个人类， 不考虑性别。在古英语中，这就是man 这个字主要的意思， 即“人” 而不分性别；单词wer 和 wyf （或 woepman 和 wifman )则分别用以指“男人”和“女人”。 但在中古英语时man 取代了 wer 这个词， 也具有“男人”的意义了；而wyfman （这个字发展演变成了今天的 woman 这个字）作为“女人”这个意思被保留了下来。 这些变化的结果是，作为性别歧视者所批评的匀称排列。为此，许多作家相应地修订了他们部分的创作活动。但是这用法的准确含义取决于它的上下文以及man 的具体用途或它的衍生字。 当man 这个字被当作一个可数名词来用时，它有时似乎具有“一个人”或“人们”的意思， 如在被他所在的那个公司熟悉了解的人 和 很久以来，人们都期盼着解开原子的秘密 ， 以及如下短语中普通的人 和 街上的人 。 这里，一般的理解源于间接地推理：如果一个男人是被他所在的公司了解的话，其言下之意是，一个女人也是被他所在的公司熟悉了解的。正是这个原因，使得man 当此一般理解之义用时，其谓语随着个人性别的改变而变化是不可能的。 所以，说人是唯一能在任何时候思考的动物 是不适当的， 因为这句话字面之义是指男人的思考能力。这种用法是假定男人可以作为人类的代表。几乎毫无例外的是，词person 和 people 可以用 man 和 men 来取代，且后两字意思更清楚。 相反，当man 以单数不带冠词出现用以指人类时，它更是指一类、一属， 如在象句子只有人才有语言能力 或象短语 人类对人类的不人道 中。 但man 若以这种形式出现，其意思也会模糊不清， 因为其可只指人类中的男性成员。在大多数的行文中，例如humanity 或 humankind 这样的字也传达了 man 这种用法的一般意义。 总的说来，在用法专题使用小组成员中接受man 这种一般用法的女性比男性明显少得多。 下面这句话如果说古代人受信息不足之苦的话，那么现代人则是受信息过量之虐待了 在小组中有81的成员可接受 （其中女性成员中的接受率为58，男性中则为92)。专题小组会还接受作为一般意义的man 构成的复合词。 长城是太空中的唯一可见的人造物 这句话有86的成员接受 （其中女性成员的接受率为76，而男性中为91)。“语言史就是一部人类史” （詹姆士·布拉斯瑞特·格里诺和乔治·莱曼·基特里奇）这句话的接受率为76（基中在女性成员中有63接受，而男性中为82)。 即使是上下行文所需的字主要指的是女人，这种复合词仍然被接受。因此小组中的66（其中女性委员的57，男性的71)接受了manpower 这个词在下句的用法： 那些不允许女人加入生产力大军的国家和那些允许女人加入生产力大军的国家相比，在处理剩余劳动力这一点上明显处于竞争的劣势 。 由于man 的使用所引起的一系列相关问题产生了， 在构成职业或社会角色类别的名称，如商人、主席、发言人、外行 和 渔夫 ， 以及将这个字用于类似的构词法中，如违反运动精神的 和 善于表演的才能 。 有些人谴责这种类别的用法；然而，当它们抽象地指某种角色或阶层时，这些词仍能得到用法专题使用小组大多数人的接受；但当它们用由于指女性时，这些词就被拒绝了。因此在句子主席由职工委员会指定 中 主席 的这种一般用法就得到了67小组成员的接受（其中在女性成员中为52，而男性中为76)。 但是，在句子艾米莉·欧文，市长任务小组的主席，发表了一个声明，向市长保证将考虑他们的观点 中这个字的用法，由于是指女性，只有48的成员接受（其中在女性成员中的接受率为43，而男性中为50)。 对于如何替换用man 构成的类别复合词，几种构思被提了出来。 与之相对的复合词如女商人、女发言人 和 女主席 越来越多地被用来指女性。 另外，用person 构成的中性词也创造了出来， 如商人、发言人 和 主席 。 对于用man 结尾的职业名称， 美国政府劳工部和其它政府机构已建立起了新的官方运用标准。在官方行文，现在一般用如firefighter 和 police officer 代替 fireman 和 policeman 。 大多数的小组成员反对将动词man 用于指那些女性从事的活动。 句子登记处将配备女性选民联盟的成员 在用法专题使用小组中的反对率是56（其中在女性成员中的反对率是61，而男性中为54) 参见 -ess,people〔amphictyony〕A league of neighboring ancient Greek states sharing a common religious center or shrine, especially the one at Delphi.近邻各邦联盟：共有一个宗教中心或神殿（特别是在特尔斐的）的古希腊邻近城邦的联盟〔Oneida〕A Native American people formerly inhabiting central New York south of Oneida Lake, with present-day populations in Wisconsin, New York, and Ontario. The Oneida are one of the original members of the Iroquois confederacy.奥奈达族：从前居住在奥奈达湖南部纽约中心地带的一个美国土著民族，现在有一部分居住在威斯康星、纽约、安大略。此民族是伊洛魁联盟的原始成员之一〔partner〕The United States and the Soviet Union were allies in World War II. Aconfederate is a member of a confederacy, a league, or an alliance; sometimes the term signifies a collaborator in a suspicious venture: 在第二次世界大战中美国与苏联是同盟国。 Confederate 是指同盟、团体或联盟中的一员； 有时这个词也指一项可疑事件中的共谋者： 〔confederacy〕A union of persons, parties, or states; a league.联盟：个人、党派或国家的联盟；同盟〔confederate〕United in a confederacy; allied.被统一入联盟；联盟的〔organized〕Affiliated in an organization, especially a union.并入的：合并入一组织的，尤指一个联盟〔Peoria〕A Native American people forming part of the Illinois confederacy.皮奥里亚族：属伊利诺斯联盟的美国土著民族〔mustang〕from mesta [association of livestock owners] 源自 mesta [家畜主人的联盟] 〔Alabama〕A tribe of the Creek confederacy formerly inhabiting southern Alabama and now located in eastern Texas.亚拉巴马部落：克里克联盟的一个部落，以前居住在美国亚拉巴马州南部，现在定居在得克萨斯州东部〔Herzegovina〕A region of west-central Yugoslavia. Largely independent after the 10th century, it was conquered by Bosnia in the 14th century and has been closely allied with that region ever since. Herzegovina became part of the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes (later Yugoslavia) in 1918.黑塞哥维那：南斯拉夫中西部一地区，10世纪之后，其大部已独立，但在14世纪被波斯尼亚占领，从此与波斯尼亚结成紧密联盟。1981年，黑塞哥维那成为塞尔维亚、克罗地亚和斯洛维尼亚（后南斯拉夫）联合王国的一部分〔Mahican〕A member of this confederacy.马希坎人：这个联盟的成员〔Deganawidah〕Native American spiritual leader. According to tradition, he founded the Iroquois confederacy with Hiawatha.德甘那威戴：美国原住民精神领袖。据传说，他与海华沙创立了易洛魁联盟〔Illinois〕A member of this confederacy.伊利诺斯人：该联盟中的成员 |
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