| 单词 | 美国黑人 |
| 释义 | 〔Kwanza〕An African-American cultural festival, celebrated from December 26 to January 1.宽扎文化节：美国黑人文化节，庆祝活动从12月26日开始到1月1日结束〔funky〕When asked which words in the English language are the most difficult to define precisely,a lexicographer would surely mentionfunky. The meaning offunky seems well captured by Geneva Smitherman in Talkin and Testifyin: The Language of Black America, where she states that funky means “[related to] the blue notes or blue mood created in jazz, blues, and soul music generally, down-to-earth soulfully expressed sounds; by extension [related to] the real nitty-gritty or fundamental essence of life, soul to the max.”Be that as it may,funky is first recorded in 1784 in a reference to musty, old, moldy cheese. Funky then developed the sense "smelling strong or bad,” which could be used to describe body odor.Butfunky was applied to jazz, too—a usage explained in 1959 by one F. Newton inJazz Scene : "Critics are on the search for something a little more like the old, original, passion-laden blues: the trade-name which has been suggested for it is ‘funky’(literally: ‘smelly,’ i.e. symbolizing the return from the upper atmosphere to the physical, down-to-earth reality).” Funky comes from the earlier nounfunk, which meant "a strong smell or stink.” This noun can probably be traced back to the Latin wordfūmus, "smoke.” 当被问及英语中最难准确定义的是哪些词时，词典编纂者肯定会提到funky 这个词。 Funky 的含义似乎被热纳瓦·史密斯曼在 语言和证明： 美国黑人语言一节中解释得很清楚，她认为 funky 指“主要在爵士乐、布鲁斯歌曲、灵乐这些发自灵魂深处的音乐中创造出的音符式的忧郁； 由此延伸为与生命本质精髓有关的，表现美国黑人及其文化特点到极致的。”Funky 最早可能被记录于1784年，用于指发霉的、过期的奶酪。 后来，funky 引申到这层意思“闻起来强烈或有异味的，” 可以用来形容身体的气味。但funky 也用于指爵士乐方面， 这种用法于1959年在一位名叫F·牛顿的人的书爵士舞台 中有所解释： “批评家们正在找一种有些更象原始的、激情洋溢的老布鲁斯歌曲一样的东西：用来表现后的词就是‘有气息的’（字面意义：‘有气味的，’也就是说，从高高在上的格调降回到自然而率直的风格）。” Funky 一词来自较早出现的名词funk， 意为“一种刺鼻的气味或臭味”。 这个词可能可追溯到拉丁词fumus， “烟” 〔Chesnutt〕American writer whose works, such asThe Wife of His Youth (1899), concern racial prejudice and life among Black Americans. 切斯奈特，查尔斯·沃德尔：(1858-1932) 美国作家，作品有《他青年时的妻子》 （1899年）等，涉及种族歧视和美国黑人生活 〔soul〕A sense of ethnic pride among Black people and especially African-Americans, expressed in areas such as language, social customs, religion, and music.激情：黑人尤其是美国黑人所具有的一种民族自傲，如在语言、社会风俗、宗教以及音乐等方面都有表现〔Muhammad〕American activist and leader of the Black Muslims (1934-1975) who favored political, social, and economic independence for Black Americans.穆罕默德，以利亚：(1897-1975) 美国运动家和黑人回教领袖（1934-1975年），他主张美国黑人在政治、社会和经济上的独立〔Dunbar〕American writer primarily noted for his poetry, which reflects Black American life and dialect.邓巴，保罗·劳伦斯：(1872-1906) 美国作家，主要以其反映美国黑人生活与方言的诗著名〔Garvey〕Jamaican Black nationalist active in America in the 1920's. He founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association (1914) and later urged American Black people to establish an independent country in Africa.加维，马库斯·（莫札赫）·奥利留斯：(1887-1940) 牙买加黑人民族主义者，在20世纪20年代积极活动于美国。他成立了全球黑人发展协会（1914年），后来鼓励美国黑人建立一个独立的非洲国家〔black〕An American descended from peoples of African origin having brown to black skin; an African American; an Afro-American:美国黑人：美国来自非洲有黑色或棕色皮肤人种的后代；美国黑人：〔Gibson〕American tennis player. The first Black American to play at Wimbledon (1951), she won the U.S. women's singles title and the singles and doubles titles at Wimbledon in 1957 and 1958.吉普森，阿尔希亚：(生于 1927) 美国网球手，第一位在温布尔登参赛的赛美国黑人女选手（1951年）。她获得美国女子单打冠军。1957和1958年在温伯尔登分获单打和双打冠军〔Bethune〕American educator who sought improved racial relations and educational opportunities for Black Americans. She was part of the U.S. delegation to the first United Nations meeting (1945).贝休恩，玛丽·麦克里奥德：(1875-1955) 美国教育家，她寻求改善种族关系和美国黑人受教育的机会。他是参加第一次联合国大会（1945年）的美国代表团成员〔Franklin〕American historian noted for his studies of Black American history, such asFrom Slavery to Freedom (1947). 富兰克林，约翰·霍普：(生于 1915) 美国历史学家，以其对美国黑人历史的研究而出名，作品如《从奴隶到自由》 （1947年） 〔Hastie〕American jurist who served on the U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals (1949-1971), the first Black American to do so.黑斯蒂，威廉·亨利：(1904-1976) 曾任职于美国联邦上诉法院的第一位美国黑人法官（1949-1971年）〔Bearden〕American painter and collagist whose subjects often are drawn from the African-American community and New York City street life.比尔敦，罗麦尔·霍华德：美国油画家和拼贴画家，他的作品常取材于美国黑人小区和纽约城市街头的生活〔Wright〕American writer whose powerful fiction explores the oppression suffered by Black Americans. His works includeNative Son (1940) and Black Boy (1945). 莱特，理查德：(1908-1960) 美国作家，他强有力的小说揭露美国黑人所遭受的压迫。他的作品包括《土生子》 （1940年）和 《黑孩子》 （1945年） 〔Negress〕Like the feminine forms of other ethnic terms,such asJewess, the wordNegress is now widely regarded as offensive, since it seems to imply that Black women constitute a distinct racial category.Where reference to gender is relevant,the phraseBlack (or African-American or Afro-American ) woman should be used: 如其他种族的词语中表示女性的词，比如Jewess， 单词Negress 这个词普遍认为是没有礼貌的， 因为它似乎暗示黑人妇女构成了一个独特的种族类别。当指代有关性别时，可以使用Black （或 非洲裔美国人的 或 美国黑人的 ) woman 这个词： 〔black〕Of, relating to, or belonging to an American ethnic group descended from African peoples having dark skin; African American; Afro-American:美国黑人的：黑色皮肤的非洲人后代成为美国少数民族的，与其相关的或属于该少数民族的；美国黑人的；美国黑人的：〔ax〕Ax, a common nonstandard variant of ask, is often identified as an especially salient feature of African American Vernacular English. While it is true that the form is frequent in the speech of African Americans, it used to be common in the speech of white Americans as well, especially in New England. This should not be surprising since ax is a very old word in English, having been used in England for over 1,000 years. In Old English we find both āscian and ācsian, and in Middle English both asken and axen. Moreover, the forms with cs or x had no stigma associated with them. Chaucer used asken and axen interchangeably, as in the lines "I wol aske, if it hir will be/To be my wyf" and "Men axed hym, what sholde bifalle,” both from The Canterbury Tales. The forms in x arose from the forms in sk by a linguistic process called metathesis, in which two sounds are reversed. The x thus represents (ks), the flipped version of (sk). Metathesis is a common linguistic process around the world and does not arise from a defect in speaking. Nevertheless, ax has become stigmatized as substandard—a fate that has befallen other words, like ain't, that were once perfectly acceptable in literate circles. ask 的一般非标准变体 ax 常被认为是美国黑人英语极为显著的特色。尽管美国黑人在交谈中的确使用ax这种形式，但美国白人也在口语中普遍使用它，尤其是新英格兰的白人。不必对此表示惊奇，因为 ax 是个很古老的英语词汇，在英语中至少使用了1000年以上。古英语中有 āscian 和 ācsian, ，中古英语中有 asken 和 axen 。而且，带 cs 或 x 的形式同不好的含义无关。乔叟在下文中交替使用 asken 和 axen ："I wol aske, if it hir will be/To be my wyf（我问道，这是真是幻/将成为我的妻子）”和"Men axed hym, what sholde bifalle（人们问他，会降临什么）”，这两句话都出自 《坎特伯利故事集》 。带 sk 的形式经由 换位 的语言过程产生带 x 的形式，换位就是将两个音位置颠倒。因此 x 表示(ks)的发音，即(sk)的翻转发音。换位是世界通用的语言过程并且不会造成交谈中的欠缺。但 ax 已被记作非标准用法──同样降临在曾一度被知识界完全接受的其它单词（如 ain't ）的命运 〔Brooks〕American poet known for her verses detailing the dreams and struggles of Black Americans. An early volume of poems,Annie Allen (1949), was awarded a Pulitzer Prize. 布鲁克斯，格温德琳·伊丽莎白：(生于 1917) 美国女诗人，以其淋漓尽致地描述美国黑人的梦想和斗争的诗而闻名。其早期的一部诗集《安妮·爱伦》 （1949年），获普利策奖 〔spiritual〕A religious folk song of American Black origin.圣歌：美国黑人所创的宗教民歌〔Burleigh〕American singer, composer, and arranger who devoted much of his lifework to preserving the musical heritage of Black Americans.伯利，哈里·撒克：(1866-1949) 美国歌唱家，作曲家，作为改编者他投入毕生的工作来保存美国黑人的音乐遗产〔cakewalk〕A 19th-century public entertainment among American Black people in which walkers performing the most accomplished or amusing steps won cakes as prizes.美国黑人所创的步态竞赛：19世纪美国黑人中的一种公共娱乐形式，比赛中迈最为熟练而滑稽的步伐步行者赢得蛋糕作为奖品 |
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