| 单词 | 经常 |
| 释义 | 〔intensive〕Possessing or requiring to a high degree. Often used in combination:密集的，加强的：具有或需要较高程度的。经常用于合成词中：〔alley〕A large playing marble, often used as the shooter.大弹子：经常用来击打其它弹子的大理石弹子〔servitude〕 Servitude sometimes refers broadly to the lack of freedom to act or live as one chooses,but it often implies the performance of involuntary labor or service for a master: Servitude 有时泛指缺乏按自己选择行事和生活的自由，但它经常暗指为主人做非本意的劳动和服务： 〔Swabia〕A historical region of southwest Germany that originally included parts of present-day France and Switzerland. It was divided into small principalities and fiefdoms after 1268, but its prosperous towns often banded together in defensive leagues, most notably theSwabian League of 1488 to 1534. 士瓦本：历史上德国西南部一地区，起先包括今天的法国及瑞士。1268年后被分割成小块的公国和采邑，但是其繁荣的城镇经常联合起来组成防御性联盟，最著名的是1488年至1534年的斯瓦比亚联盟 〔see〕Remark suggests close attention and often an evaluation of what is noticed: Remark 暗示密切地注意和经常对所观察的事物进行估价： 〔desmid〕Any of various green, unicellular freshwater algae of the family Desmidiaceae, often forming chainlike colonies.鼓藻：各种绿色的、单细胞的、属于鼓藻目体系的淡水藻，经常形成链状的菌落〔proportion〕Symmetry andbalance both imply an arrangement of parts and details on either side of a dividing line, butsymmetry frequently emphasizes exact or mirror-image correspondence of parts, whilebalance often suggests dissimilar parts that offset each other to make a harmonious and satisfying whole: Symmetry 和balance 都暗示在分界线两侧的局部或细节的安排， 但symmetry 常强调各部分精确或左右相反镜像的一致， 而balance 经常暗指通过相互抵消以形成和谐、令人满意的整体的不相似部分： 〔jerkwater〕From jerkwater [a branch-line train, so called because its small boiler had to be refilled often, requiring train crews to "jerk" or draw water from streams] 源自 jerkwater [铁路支线，之所以这样称呼是因为火车的小汽缸需要经常加水，要求火车乘务员供水或从河中抽水添入汽缸] 〔polyposis〕A hereditary disease in which numerous polyps erupt in a part of the body, especially on the lining of the colon and rectum, and often become malignant.息肉病：一种遗传性疾病，症状是在身体的某一部位出现许多息肉，尤指在结肠和直肠的内壁上的，而且经常转变成恶性的〔passim〕Throughout or frequently; here and there. Used in textual annotation to indicate that something, such as a word or passage, occurs frequently in the work cited.各种；到处：普遍地或经常地；用于正文的注释，表示一些事物，如一个单词或段落在所提到的书中经常出现〔run〕A trail or way made or frequented by animals.（动物经常出没）的路径〔artificial〕Simulated refers to what is made to resemble or substitute for another often costlier substance: Simulated 指生产出一种相象的或替代另一种经常是昂贵的东西： 〔fashionable〕Associated with or frequented by persons of fashion.时髦人士的：与时髦人士有联系或经常为时髦人士光顾的〔backed〕Having or furnished with a back or backing. Often used in combination:有背的：有或配有靠背或背衬的，经常用于结合式中：〔tank〕A large, often metallic container for holding or storing liquids or gases.箱：用来容纳或储存液体或气体的体积很大的、经常是金属的容器〔lie〕A haunt or hiding place of an animal.栖息处，隐藏处：动物的隐藏处或经常出没的地方〔hourly〕Frequent; continual:经常的，持续的：〔street〕The people living, working, or habitually gathering in or along a street:全街区的人：沿街生活；工作或经常聚集在一起的人们：〔wood〕This tissue, often cut and dried especially for use as building material and fuel.木材：这部分组织经常砍倒并晾干，特别供建筑材料和燃料用〔giardiasis〕Intestinal infection with the protozoanGiardia lamblia. It is usually asymptomatic in human beings but may produce abdominal cramps, diarrhea, and nausea. 贾第虫病：由原生动物引起的肠道感染（贾第虫） 。人得了这种病经常是无症状的但可能产生腹部痉挛、腹泻和呕吐 〔speed〕Hasten suggests urgency and often eager or rash swiftness: Hasten 有紧急之意，经常表示因焦急或草率而快速： 〔so〕So is frequently used in informal speech to string together the elements of a narrative. This practice should not be carried over into formal writing,where the absence of contextual information generally requires that connections be made more explicit. ·Critics have sometimes objected to the use ofso as an intensive meaning "to a great degree or extent,” as inWe were so relieved to learn that the deadline had been extended. This usage is most common in informal contexts,perhaps because unlike the neutralvery, it presumes that the listener or reader will be sympathetic with the speaker's evaluation of the situation. (Thus one would be more apt to sayIt was so unfair of them not to invite you than to sayIt was so fortunate that I didn't have to put up with your company. ) For just this reason,the construction may occasionally be used to good effect in more formal contexts to invite the reader to take the point of view of the speaker or subject: 在非正式的讲话中，so 经常被用来连接叙述的成分。 但是这种做法不能带入正式的写作当中，上下文信息的缺乏通常要求连接明确。批评家们有些时候对so 被用来表示强调的意思“很大程度”提出反对， 如在我们得知最后期限已被推迟的消息时感到了极大的放松 中。 这种用法在非正式的文章中最常用，也许是因为和中性的very 不同， 它假定听众或读者能对讲话者对形势的评价引起共鸣。（因此人们通常会说他们没有邀请你是多么不公平 ， 而不是说多幸运啊，我不必再成为你的朋友 )。 正因为这个原因，这个结构有时在正式的文章中也有很好的作用，使读者接受说话人或主题的观点： 〔involve〕To connect closely and often incriminatingly; implicate:密切关联，牵连：和…直接有关，经常指使某人担上罪责；牵连：〔filmgoer〕One who frequently goes to see movies.看电影者：经常去看电影的人〔purty〕Purty is probably the most common American example of metathesis, a linguistic process in which two adjacent sounds are reversed in order.Metathesis in English often involves the consonantr and a vowel, since the phonetic properties ofr are so vowellike. For example,the wordthird used to be thrid, and bird, brid. By the same process,Englishpretty often came to be realized as purty in regional speech. Most such words stabilized because of the influence of printing and the resultant standardized spelling,butpurty for pretty has survived in regional American dialects. Purty 可能是美国换位词最普遍的一个例子， 换位是两个相邻的音在顺序上调换位置的语法过程。英语中的换位经常包括辅音r 和一个元音， 因为r 的语音属性是非常像元音的。 举个例子来说，单词third 过去曾是 thrid 及 bird和brid。 具有同样的过程，英语单词pretty 在区域性语言中常被渐渐地认作 purty。 大部分这样的单词固定下来是因为印刷的影响以及由此而产生的标准化拼写，但是代替pretty 的 purty 却在美国区域性的方言中存在下来了 〔impress〕To affect strongly, often favorably:使感动：强烈地且经常是有利地影响：〔sardine〕Any of various small or half-grown edible herrings or related fishes of the family Clupeidae, frequently canned in oil or water, especially the pilchard of European waters.沙丁鱼：任一种小的或半成熟的可食用的鲱鱼或与鲱科鱼家族有关的鱼类，经常装入盛有油或水的罐中，尤指欧洲水域中的沙脑鱼〔noma〕A severe, often gangrenous inflammation of the mouth or genitals, occurring usually after an infectious disease and found most often in children in poor hygienic or malnourished condition.走马疳，坏疽性口炎：嘴或生殖器部分严重的经常为生疽性的发炎，通常在感染了传染病后发生，最常发病于卫生条件极差或营养状况不良的孩子〔ferret〕To uncover and bring to light by searching. Often used without : 搜出，发现：通过搜索发现或认清。经常与out 连用： 〔chest〕A sturdy box with a lid and often a lock, used especially for storage.箱子：专门用来贮放东西的结实的箱子，有盖且经常有锁〔midday〕Often used to modify another noun:正午的；中午的：经常用于修饰另一名词：〔also〕Besides often introduces an element that reinforces what has gone before: Besides 经常引出一个加强前面内容的成份： 〔ponder〕I sat mulling over my problem without finding a solution. Tomuse is to be absorbed in one's thoughts; the word often connotes an abstracted quality: 我坐着一遍又一遍地思考我的问题，可总是找不到解决办法。 Muse 是指沉浸在自己的思想中； 该词经常含有一种抽象的性质： 〔blowpipe〕A metal tube in which a flow of gas is mixed with a controlled flow of air to concentrate the heat of a flame, used especially in the identification of minerals.吹风管：吹进混合人工控制的气流使火焰更旺的金属管，经常用于矿物的性质分析〔assentation〕Hasty, typically servile agreement with another's opinions.迎合：快速地，经常地附和赞成他人的意见〔nonstandard〕The termnonstandard was introduced by linguists and lexicographers to describe usages and language varieties that had previously been labeled with terms such as vulgar and illiterate. Nonstandardis not simply a euphemism but reflects the empirical discoverythat the varieties used by low-prestige groups have rich and systematic grammatical structuresand that their stigmatization more often reflects a judgment about their speakersrather than any inherent deficiencies in logic or expressive power.Note, however, that the use of nonstandard forms is not necessarily restricted to the communities with which they are associated in the public mind.Many educated speakers freely use forms such ascan't hardly or ain't I to set a popular or informal tone. · Some dictionaries use the termsubstandard to describe forms, such asain't, associated with uneducated speech, while reservingnonstandard for forms such as irregardless, which are common in writingbut are still regarded by many as uneducated.Butsubstandard is itself susceptible of disparaging interpretation, and most linguists and lexicographers now use onlynonstandard, the practice followed in this Dictionary.词条nonstandard 被语言学家和词典编辑人引进用来描述以前已被词条，例如 vulgar 和 illiterate归类的用法和语言种类。 Nonstandand不只是委婉的说法， 而且反映了凭经验得到的发现：被具有权威的群体所用的语种有丰富而且系统的语法结构，而且这些误解被轻蔑描绘更经常地反映了对其说话者的判断，而不是对任何天生的逻辑和表达力的缺乏。然而，要注意，非标准语形式的运用并不必要限制于在公众心目中与其所联系的团体。许多受过教育的说话者自由地用这些形式如can't hardly 或者 ain't I 说流行或非正式的句子。 有些字典用substandard 来描述此类形式， 如ain't， 并与未受教育的言语相联系， 而同时保留nonstandard 用来形容 irregardless 这一类形式， 这些形式普遍用于写作中，但仍被许多人认为是未受教育的用法。但是substandard 本身很容易引起贬低含义的翻译， 大多数语言学家和词典编辑现在只用nonstandard， 在此词典后边有练习〔bur〕A persistently clinging or nettlesome person or thing.粘附物，难摆脱的人：经常粘着别人或恼人的人或事〔misfortune〕Adversity frequently implies continuing hardship or affliction: Adversity 经常暗含着连续不断的艰难和磨难： 〔Naugahyde〕A trademark used for an artificial leather made of vinyl-coated fabric. This trademark, which often occurs in print as an attributive, sometimes occurs in figurative contexts as well:瑙格海德人造皮：由带有己烯基的织物制成的人造皮物的商标，这一商标，经常在印刷中以形容词的形式出现，有时也在比喻的上下文中出现：〔minimal〕Under the strict interpretation ofminimal, this sentence should mean only "Alcohol has an unpleasant effect when I have eaten nothing.”If the looser interpretation is allowed, however,the sentence can also mean “ . . . when I have eaten a bit.”Presented with the sentence, 29 percent of the Usage Panel said that it could have only the "eaten nothing" (that is, the strict) interpretation;34 percent said that it could have only the "eaten a bit" (that is, the looser) interpretation;and 37 percent said that it could have either meaning.Thus the looser sense ofminimal is accepted by 71 percent of the Panel and must be considered acceptable in nontechnical use. · In an analogous shift,the verbminimize is often used to mean "to reduce,” an extension of its strict etymological sense of "to reduce to the smallest possible level.”This looser usage is the result of the imprecision that usually attaches to the use of the verb in most nontechnical contexts.When a manager announces thatThe company wants to minimize the risk of accidents to line workers, we naturally interpret the manager as meaning that the risk is to be reduced to the smallest level consistent with considerations of efficiency and cost,not that risks are to be reduced to the lowest level logically possible.Even when used with allowable imprecision, however, the verbminimize should carry some implication that the relevant quantity is reduced as much as could reasonably be expected in the circumstances.Thusminimize retains at least an approximately superlative sense and so is inconsistent with modification by adverbs such asgreatly or considerably, which imply that the verb is being used as a simple synonym forlessen or reduce. 若句中的minimal 的意思比较严格， 那么这一句就只能理解为“当我什么没吃时喝酒会搞得我很难受。”但是如果比较宽泛的词义得到承认，那么这一句同时也有“…当我吃过一点东西时”这层意思。百分之二十九的用法专题使用小组成员认为这一词只能当“什么都不吃”（即严格意义上的词义）来讲；百分之三十四的成员说它只有“吃过一点”（即宽泛一些的）词义；百分之三十七的成员说两种含义都可适用。所以minimal 宽泛的含义被用法专题使用小组的百分之七十一的成员接受。 与其相类似的是，动词minimize 经常被用来指“减少”， 是其“减少到最可能小的水平”的严格意义上的延伸。这一较宽泛的含义是非技术性文章使用这一动词的不精确性而带来的结果。当一个经理宣称公司试图将生产线上工人面临出事故的风险降至最低， 我们自然会认为经理的意思是工厂的事故风险将被降至一个同时又考虑效率和成本的最小程度，而不是逻辑上可以达到的最低程度。即使在可以允许不精确的程度内使用时，动词mininize 也应有一层隐含的意思， 即其相对数量已被减少到了情况所期望的合理的程度。这样，minimize 至少仍然保留着一种大致为最高级的意思， 因而它与这些副词如greatly 或 considerably 不能搭配使用， 因为这些副词暗示着这一动词被当成了lessen 或 reduce 简单同义词而使用 |
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