| 单词 | 简单 |
| 释义 | 〔irreducible〕Impossible to reduce to a desired, simpler, or smaller form or amount:无法减轻的：无法缩减为所希望的更简单，或更小的形成或数量的：〔dedifferentiation〕Regression of a specialized cell or tissue to a simpler, more embryonic, unspecialized form. Dedifferentiation may occur before the regeneration of appendages in plants and certain animals and in the development of some cancers.去分化，反分化：指高度分化的细胞或组织向更简单，更初期非特化的形式的退化。去分化发生在植物和某些动物的附器的再生之前，或一些癌症出现的时候〔cleavage〕Any single cell division in such a series.细胞分裂：这种一组分裂中的任何一次简单细胞分裂〔haplology〕Greek haplos, haplous [single, simple] * see haploid 希腊语 haplos, haplous [单一的，简单的] * 参见 haploid〔yet〕In formal styleyet in the sense "up to now" requires that the accompanying verb be in the present perfect, rather than in the simple past: 在正式文体中，yet 表达“迄今”这一意思时，须与现在完成时动词连用， 而不是简单的过去时： 〔chemosynthesis〕Synthesis of carbohydrate from carbon dioxide and water using energy obtained from the chemical oxidation of simple inorganic compounds. This form of synthesis is limited to certain bacteria and fungi.化学合成：用简单无机化合物的化学氧化所产生的能量将二氧化碳和水合成碳水化合物。这种化学合成形式只限于某些细菌和真菌〔musical〕A play or movie in which an often simple plot, developed by dialogue, is interspersed with songs and sometimes dances.歌剧，歌舞剧音乐片：通常剧情简单的戏剧或电影，利用对话推动情节发展，中间穿插歌曲和舞蹈〔utilitarian〕plain, utilitarian kitchenware.简单实用的厨具〔madrigal〕probably from dialectal madregal [simple] 可能源自 方言 madregal [简单的] 〔machine〕A simple device, such as a lever, a pulley, or an inclined plane, that alters the magnitude or direction, or both, of an applied force; a simple machine.机械装置：一个简单装置，如杠杆、滑轮或斜面刨，可以改变作用力的大小或方向或同时改变；简单机械装置〔camp〕A place in the country that offers simple group accommodations and organized recreation or instruction, as for vacationing children:乡间宿营区：位于乡村的一个地方，提供简单的成套设备以及有组织的娱乐和教育，比如为度假的孩子们：〔haplont〕Greek haplous [single, simple] * see haploid 希腊语 haplous [单一的，简单的] * 参见 haploid〔imbecile〕A person of moderate to severe mental retardation having a mental age of from three to seven years and generally being capable of some degree of communication and performance of simple tasks under supervision. The term belongs to a classification system no longer in use and is now considered offensive.弱智者：有中度到严重精神障碍的人，有三到七岁的智力年龄，在指导下通常能做某种程度的交流并能完成简单的任务。这个术语属于一个已停用的区分系统，现在被认为是攻击性的〔epsilon〕Greek e psilon [simple e] [from neuter of] psilos [simple] 希腊语 e psilon [简单的e] 源自psilos的中性词 [简单] 〔haywire〕It may seem oddthat the wordhaywire should have come to describe something or someone that is not functioning properly. Haywire originally was in fact simply a compound of the words hay and wire, denoting wire used to bale things such as hay or straw.The term is first recorded as a noun in a debate that occurred in the Canadian House of Commons (1917);hence it is a Canadianism, or since it soon thereafter appeared in a United States publication, a North Americanism.We find an earlier (1905) attributive use,however, in the phrasehay wire outfit, a term used contemptuously for poorly equipped loggers. What lies behind this term is the practice of making repairs with haywire.Haywire is found in other contexts with the general sense "makeshift, inefficient,” from which comes the extended senses "not functioning properly" and "crazy.”看起来或许很奇怪，haywire 一词竟可以用来形容某物或某人不能正常运转。 事实上，haywire 是由 hay 和 wire 两个词组成的一个简单复合词， 指用来捆绑诸如干草或麦秆的铁丝，这个词在1917年加拿大众议院的一次辩论中第一次以一个名词的形式被记录下来，因此这是一个加拿大俗语或者说是北美俗词，因此这词很快就出现在美国出版物中。我们可以找到一个更早的（1905年）形容性用法，词组hay wire outfit, 是对装备不足的伐木工人的鄙称。 这个词的内涵是指准备用铁丝捆干草的工作。在其它语境中，haywire 被用来表示“临时的，效率低的”这种笼统的意思， 由此扩展出“不能正常工作的”以及“疯狂的”这些意义〔minimal〕Under the strict interpretation ofminimal, this sentence should mean only "Alcohol has an unpleasant effect when I have eaten nothing.”If the looser interpretation is allowed, however,the sentence can also mean “ . . . when I have eaten a bit.”Presented with the sentence, 29 percent of the Usage Panel said that it could have only the "eaten nothing" (that is, the strict) interpretation;34 percent said that it could have only the "eaten a bit" (that is, the looser) interpretation;and 37 percent said that it could have either meaning.Thus the looser sense ofminimal is accepted by 71 percent of the Panel and must be considered acceptable in nontechnical use. · In an analogous shift,the verbminimize is often used to mean "to reduce,” an extension of its strict etymological sense of "to reduce to the smallest possible level.”This looser usage is the result of the imprecision that usually attaches to the use of the verb in most nontechnical contexts.When a manager announces thatThe company wants to minimize the risk of accidents to line workers, we naturally interpret the manager as meaning that the risk is to be reduced to the smallest level consistent with considerations of efficiency and cost,not that risks are to be reduced to the lowest level logically possible.Even when used with allowable imprecision, however, the verbminimize should carry some implication that the relevant quantity is reduced as much as could reasonably be expected in the circumstances.Thusminimize retains at least an approximately superlative sense and so is inconsistent with modification by adverbs such asgreatly or considerably, which imply that the verb is being used as a simple synonym forlessen or reduce. 若句中的minimal 的意思比较严格， 那么这一句就只能理解为“当我什么没吃时喝酒会搞得我很难受。”但是如果比较宽泛的词义得到承认，那么这一句同时也有“…当我吃过一点东西时”这层意思。百分之二十九的用法专题使用小组成员认为这一词只能当“什么都不吃”（即严格意义上的词义）来讲；百分之三十四的成员说它只有“吃过一点”（即宽泛一些的）词义；百分之三十七的成员说两种含义都可适用。所以minimal 宽泛的含义被用法专题使用小组的百分之七十一的成员接受。 与其相类似的是，动词minimize 经常被用来指“减少”， 是其“减少到最可能小的水平”的严格意义上的延伸。这一较宽泛的含义是非技术性文章使用这一动词的不精确性而带来的结果。当一个经理宣称公司试图将生产线上工人面临出事故的风险降至最低， 我们自然会认为经理的意思是工厂的事故风险将被降至一个同时又考虑效率和成本的最小程度，而不是逻辑上可以达到的最低程度。即使在可以允许不精确的程度内使用时，动词mininize 也应有一层隐含的意思， 即其相对数量已被减少到了情况所期望的合理的程度。这样，minimize 至少仍然保留着一种大致为最高级的意思， 因而它与这些副词如greatly 或 considerably 不能搭配使用， 因为这些副词暗示着这一动词被当成了lessen 或 reduce 简单同义词而使用 〔moving〕Her expression of gratitude was simple and touching.她把感激表达得简单而动人。〔metal〕Abbr. MAny of a category of electropositive elements that usually have a shiny surface, are generally good conductors of heat and electricity, and can be melted or fused, hammered into thin sheets, or drawn into wires. Typical metals form salts with nonmetals, basic oxides with oxygen, and alloys with one another.缩写 M金属：任一种带阳电性元素的物质，通常具有光亮的表面，是热和电的良好导体，能被熔化或融合，也可以锻制成薄片或拉制成金属线。典型金属与非金属物质可以生成盐，与氧生成简单氧化物，而两种金属则能制成合金〔boxy〕Resembling a box, especially in simplicity or rectangularity.盒状的：象盒子的，尤指简单形状或矩形的〔catabolism〕The metabolic breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones, often resulting in a release of energy.分解代谢：复杂分子转变为简单分子的新陈代谢的分解作用，常引起能量释放〔band〕A simple ungrooved ring, especially a wedding ring.结婚戒指：一种简单的未刻花纹的戒指，尤指结婚戒指〔easy〕"the faculty . . . of reducing his thought on any subject to the simplest and plainest terms possible" (Baron Charnwood).“用最简单、最清楚的词语表达他对任何问题看法的才能” （拜伦·查伍德）。〔unadorned〕Without adornment or embellishment; simple or plain.未装饰的：未加装饰的；简单的，朴素的〔light〕Requiring relatively little equipment and using relatively simple processes to produce consumer goods:轻型的：只需相对少量设备、简单过程生产的消费用品的：〔however〕The first part was easy; the second, however, took hours.第一部分很简单；比较而言，第二部分就要费力了〔jingle〕A piece of light singsong verse or rhyme.诗文：一首轻快且有节奏的简单的诗文或押韵诗〔simple〕Being without additions or modifications; mere:简单的：没有附加物质或修饰的；仅仅：〔mutual〕It is commonly (not mutually ) believed that Spanish is an easier language than French. （而不用 mutually ） 相信西班牙语是一种比法语简单的语言 〔virus〕Any of various simple submicroscopic parasites of plants, animals, and bacteria that often cause disease and that consist essentially of a core of RNA or DNA surrounded by a protein coat. Unable to replicate without a host cell, viruses are typically not considered living organisms.病毒：各种动物、植物和细菌的简单亚微观寄生虫之一，常引起疾病，主要由核糖核酸或脱氧核糖酸的一个核组成，周围有蛋白质包围。离开寄主细胞不能复制本身，病毒通常不被认作为是生物体〔translate〕To put into simpler terms; explain or interpret.解释：用更简单的语言表达；解释或阐释〔Necker〕French financier and politician who advocated the formation of the States-General to effect financial reform. His brief dismissal by Louis XVI (1789) precipitated the storming of the Bastille.内克尔，雅克：(1732-1804) 法国财政家和政治家，提倡由僧侣，贵族和第三等级代表组成的议会来影响财政改革。他的被路易十六(1789年）的简单的免职引起了巴土底暴动〔swing〕A type of popular dance music developed about 1935 and based on jazz but employing a larger band and simpler harmonic and rhythmic patterns.摇摆乐：形成于1935年前后的一种流行舞蹈音乐，以爵士乐为基础，但运用更简单的和声和节奏形式以及更大的管乐队〔growth〕Development from a lower or simpler to a higher or more complex form; evolution.发展，进化：由低级或简单的形态向较高级或复杂的形态发展；进化〔phospholipid〕Any of various phosphorous-containing lipids, such as lecithin and cephalin, that are composed mainly of fatty acids, a phosphate group, and a simple organic molecule. Also called phosphatide 磷脂：一种含磷的油脂，如卵磷脂和脑磷脂，主要由脂酸、磷酸盐和一个简单的有机分子组成 也作 phosphatide〔vamp〕To improvise simple accompaniment or variation of a tune.即席伴奏：即兴做出简单的伴奏或音调的变化〔athodyd〕A simple, essentially tubular jet engine, such as a ramjet.压式喷气发动机：一种简单的，主要为管道式的喷气发动机，如喷压式发动机〔anabolism〕The phase of metabolism in which simple substances are synthesized into the complex materials of living tissue.合成代谢：简单的物质被合成为复杂的活组织物质的代谢过程〔develop〕To progress from earlier to later or from simpler to more complex stages of evolution.进化：从进化阶段的早期到末期或从简单到复杂的发展过程〔complex〕The composer transformed a simple folk tune into a complex set of variations.这位作曲家把一首简单的民歌小调改编成一首复杂的变奏曲。〔simplify〕To make simple or simpler, as:使变得简单或更简单，如： |
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