| 单词 | 竭力 |
| 释义 | 〔transpire〕Transpire has been used since the mid-18th century in the sense "leak out, become publicly known,” as inDespite efforts to hush the matter up, it soon transpired that the colonels had met with the rebel leaders. This usage was objected to as a Gallicism when it was first introducedbut has long been standard.The more common use oftranspire to mean "occur" or "happen" has had a more troubled history.Though it dates at least to the beginning of the 19th century,it has been the object of critical opprobrium for more than a hundred years,charged with being both pretentious and unetymological.There is some signthat resistance to this sense oftranspire is abating, however. In a 1969 survey the usagewas acceptable only to 38 percent of the Usage Panel;in the most recent surveyit was acceptable to 58 percent in the sentenceAll of these events transpired after last week's announcement (though many of the Panelists who accepted the usage also remarked that it was pretentious or pompous).Transpire 这个词从18世纪中叶开始一直有“泄漏，为公众所知”的意思， 如尽管竭力掩盖事实真相，但人们很快就得知军官们已经与反叛者的领导人会晤。 当这种用法一开始出现时，有人把它当作法国式用法而提出异议，但现在它早已成为标准用法。Transpire 更为普通的用法是“发生”或“碰巧发生”的意思， 这个用法的历史更为复杂。尽管这种用法至少可以追溯到19世纪初期，但一百多年以来它一直遭到批评反对，人们认为这个用法不仅矫饰而且在词源上毫无根据。但是有迹象表明，对transpire 的这个词义的异议正在消失。 在一次1969年进行的调查中，用法委员会成员中只有38%的人接受这种用法。在最近进行的一次调查中，有58%的人认为象在所有这些事件都发生在上个星期的宣告之后 这样的句子中，这个词的用法是可以接受的 （许多接受这种用法的使用者也指出这种用法很矫柔造作）〔deny〕trying to gainsay the evidence;竭力否认证据；〔lithe〕Marked by effortless grace:自然优雅的：不竭力修饰的：〔urge〕To exert an impelling force; push vigorously.催促：成为驱动力；竭力推动〔muzzle〕tried to muzzle the opposition.竭力钳制反对派言论〔propagandize〕To engage in propaganda for (a doctrine or cause).宣传，传播：为（主义或事业）进行竭力宣传〔press〕To advance eagerly; push forward.呼吁：竭力提议；竭力要求〔internecine〕In the first edition of theAmerican Heritage Dictionary 91 percent of the Usage Panel approved the use ofinternecine relating to internal struggle within a nation or organization that did not necessarily imply fatal or destructive conflict.The objection that had been overcome for most of the Panel was thatinternecine should imply such destruction because it came from the Latin wordinternecīnus, a variant ofinternecīvus, "fought to the death, murderous,” ultimately derived fromnecāre, "to kill.” Inter- in this compound is simply an intensive, supplying the notion of "all the way to" in the sense "fought to the death.”Internecine in English, first recorded in 1663, indeed meant "deadly, destructive,”but Samuel Johnson, inserting the word in his dictionary of 1755,thought thatinter- meant "mutual" and so defined it as "endeavoring mutual destruction.”This definition set the word incorrectly on its present course,and wheninternecine was further extended simply to mean "relating to internal struggle,” the original error was compounded.However, the point is that the meaning of words can be changed by mistakes and that mistaken meanings adhere to words.Only an occasional etymologist points out that the emperor's new clothes are patched.在美国经典辞书 第一版中， 百分之九十一的用法专题使用小组成员赞同internecine 与一个国家或组织内部的斗争有关， 但并不一定是致命的或有破坏性的冲突。为大多数小组成员说服的反对意见为internecine 应该暗指这种破坏， 因为它来源于拉丁词internecinus ， 是internecivus 的变体，意为“战至死亡的，谋杀的”， 它最终来源于意为“杀害”的necare 。 在这个复合词中inter- 只是简单的一个强调成分， 在“战至死亡的”这个意义上加上“一直”这个概念。在英语中internecine 最早记载于1663年， 确实意味着“致死的，破坏性的”，但是塞缪尔·约翰逊在其1755年的字典中插入此词，认为inter- 意为“共同的”， 并且将它定义为“竭力造成共同破坏的”。这个定义造成此词今日用法的不准确，而且当internecine 更进一步被简单地引申为“关于内部斗争的”时， 其起源的错误就加重了。但是，重要的是词的意思被错误改变并且为错误意思所追随。只有偶尔的一个词源学家指出“皇帝的新衣服打满补丁”〔cap〕To attempt to attract and win as a mate.女追男，挑逗男子：竭力吸引或赢得…使成为配偶〔stack〕tried to stack the jury.竭力让法庭优先〔urge〕To advocate earnestly the doing, consideration, or approval of; press for:极力主张，强烈要求：竭力做、考虑或赞同；竭力推行：〔score〕"Aging punks try to impress her with tales of . . . the different drugs they've scored"(Art Jahnke)“老阿飞们竭力用…他们以前取得毒品的故事来打动她”(阿特·扬克)〔urge〕We urged her to reconsider the offer, but she refused.我们竭力地怂恿她再一次地考虑这个提议，但她拒绝了。〔snob〕One who overtly imitates, obsequiously admires, and offensively seeks to associate only with those one regards as one's superiors and who tends to rebuff or ignore altogether those one regards as one's inferiors:势利小人：对自以为地位高于自己的人竭力追随，露骨的赞美或拼命与之建立联系，而对自认为地位比自己低的人则完全忽视或者欺侮的人：〔tamper〕tried to tamper with the decedent's will; tampering with the timing mechanism of the safe.竭力篡改死者的遗嘱；胡乱拨弄保险箱的计时装置〔isolate〕trying to insulate herself from the chaos surrounding her;竭力把她自己与周围的混乱隔开；〔unlearn〕tried to unlearn smoking.竭力改掉抽烟的习惯 |
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