| 单词 | 油画 |
| 释义 | 〔canvas〕A painting executed on such fabric.油画：画在这种帆布织物上的画〔Panofsky〕German-born American art historian whose works includeStudies in Iconology (1939) and Early Netherlandish Painting (1953). 帕诺夫斯基，埃尔文：(1892-1968) 德裔美国艺术历史学家，他的作品包括《象征主义研究》 （1939年）和 《早期荷兰油画》 （1953年） 〔highlight〕An area or a spot in a drawing, painting, or photograph that is strongly illuminated.最亮点或最高区：素描、油画或照片中得到最大量光照的一点或一片〔tonality〕The scheme or interrelation of the tones in a painting.（绘画的）色调：油画中明暗色彩的安排或相互关系〔old〕an old Dutch painting.一幅古代荷兰油画。〔Cadmus〕American artist noted for his realistic paintings and etchings of sordid scenes.卡德摩斯，保罗：(生于 1904) 美国画家，因其生动逼真的油画和以贫穷景象为题材的版画而闻名〔standard〕a painting that is a benchmark of quality;一幅质量上乘的油画；〔Gentileschi〕Italian Renaissance painter whose works include self-portraits and paintings of courageous women of the Old Testament.真蒂莱斯基，阿尔特米西亚：(1593?-1652?) 意大利文艺复兴时期画家，作品包括自画像和旧约全书中勇敢妇女的油画〔shadow〕To darken in a painting or drawing; shade in.画阴影于：使油画或素描变暗；画阴影〔alligatoring〕The formation of cracks on the surface of paint layers.油画层皱裂：油画表层裂纹的形成〔Ray〕American artist. A founder of Dada in New York, he is known for his photographs, paintings, sculpture, films, and later experiments with surrealism.雷，曼：(1890-1976) 美国画家。他是纽约达达主义的创始人，以其摄影，油画，雕塑和后来的超现实主义实验而出名〔Delacroix〕French romantic painter known for his vast, dramatic canvases and exuberant use of color, as inThe Massacre of Chios (1824) and Liberty Leading the People (1831). 德拉克洛瓦，（费迪南德·维克托）尤金：(1798-1863) 法国浪漫主义画家，以他大量的、富有激情的油画和丰富色彩的使用而闻名，如在《希俄斯大屠杀》 （1824年）和 《自由领导人民》 （1831年）中 〔Rauschenberg〕American artist noted for his collages, photomontages, and paintings that incorporate photographs and real objects.劳申伯格，罗伯特：(生于 1925) 美国画家，以其图案拼凑，利用蒙太奇手法和将像片与实物放在一起的油画而出名〔sienna〕A special clay containing iron and manganese oxides, used as a pigment for oil and watercolor painting.黄土：一种特殊的粘土，含有铁和氧化锰，用作油画及水彩画的一种颜料〔unique〕Over the course of the centuryunique has become the paradigmatic example of the class of terms that do not allow comparison or modification by an adverb of degree such as very, somewhat, or quite. Thus, most grammarians believe that it is incorrect to say that something isvery unique or more unique than something else, though phrases such asnearly unique and almost unique are acceptable. In the most recent survey the sentenceHer designs are quite unique in today's fashion scene was unacceptable to 80 percent of the Usage Panel. · Critical objections to the comparison and degree modification of absolute terms date to the 18th centuryand have been applied to a wide group of adjectives includingequal, fatal, omnipotent, parallel, perfect, and unanimous. According to the standard argument, such words denote properties that a thing either does or does not have but cannot have to a qualifiable degree.Thus ifunique is properly used to mean "without equal or equivalent,” something either is unique or it isn't, and phrases such asvery unique and more unique can only betray a weakening of the sense to mean something like "unusual" or "distinctive.” It is true that comparison and modification ofunique are often associated with the style favored by copywriters, as in the advertisement announcing thatOmaha's most unique restaurant is now even more unique or in the claim that a new automobile is So unique, it's patented. But modification ofunique is also found in the work of reputable writers, where it may lack any connotations of hyperbole.A painting is described asthe most unique of Beckman's self-portraits, and a travel writer states thatChicago is no less unique an American city than New York or San Francisco. The relative acceptability of these usages reflects the semantic subtlety ofunique itself. If we were to useunique only according to the strictest criteria of logic, after all, we might freely apply the term to anything in the worldsince nothing is wholly equivalent to anything else.Clearly, then, when we say that a restaurant or painting is unique,we mean that it is worthy of inclusion in a class by itself according to certain implicit but generally accepted criteria.Thus a legitimately unique painting might be one that realizes an unparalleled aesthetic vision,but not one that is rendered only in pigments whose names begin with the lettero; and a legitimately unique restaurant might be one that serves 18th-century French cuisine according to the original recipes,not one that has been installed in a converted sardine cannery.Given this understanding, it is not inherently impossible to think of uniqueness as a matter of degree,in the sense that one painting or restaurant may be more or less worthy of inclusion in a class by itself than some other. ·What is troubling about the copywriters' use ofunique is not that the word has become a synonym for unusual. Rather, it is the copywriters who are using the word in conformity with strict logic.Uniqueness is claimed for a restaurant in virtue of some trivial properties of its decor or menu,or for a resort hotel that simply happens to have a singularly picturesque view of the bay.Though it may be true that such properties render these thingslogically unique, they do not constitute legitimate grounds for putting the things into a class by themselves according to the criteria ordinarily invoked when things are sorted into classes.In fact, the abuse ofunique can be cloying even when no modification or comparison is involved; when we read an advertisement for a line of sportswear that featuresa unique selection of colors, we may suspect that the distinctive properties of the color selection are not so remarkable as the advertiser would have us believe. But it is not surprising that these uses ofunique should lend themselves to promiscuous modification and comparison; for once it is granted that uniqueness can be claimed for any product or service that is somehow distinctive from all its competitors,it is inevitable that an increase in uniqueness will be seen in every minor innovation.See Usage Note at equal ,infinite ,parallel ,perfect 在本世纪整个过程中unique 已成为不能由程度副词，例 very、somewhat 或 quite， 比较或修饰的一类术语的例证。 因此，多数语法学家认为说某事是very unique 或 more unique than 是不正确的， 虽然短语例如nearly unique 和 almost unique 是可接受的。 在最近的调查中，句子Her designs are quite unique in today's fashion scene （她的设计在现今流行样式的场面中是很独特的） 对用法专题使用小组的百分之八十成员是不可接受的。 对纯粹术语的比较和程度修饰的主要异议可追述到18世纪，并已广泛用到许多形容词中，包括equal, fatal, omnipotent, parallel, perfect 和 unanimous。 根据标准论据，这些单词表示一事有或没有但不能有可修饰的程度的性质。于是如果unique 适当地用于表示“没有相等或相当的”，则某事是唯一的或不是唯一的， 而短语像very unique 和 more unique 仅能表露出说明某事像“不寻常的”或“独特的”的意义的减弱。 的确，unique 的比较和修饰常与撰稿人喜欢的文体相联系， 如在广告中称Omaha's most unique restaurant is now even more unique（奥马哈城的最独特的餐馆现在甚至是更加独特） 或声称新汽车是 So unique, it's patented（如此独特，它取得了专利权）。 但是unique 的修饰也在著名作家的作品中发现， 那里可能缺乏夸张法的任何涵义。描述一张油画为the most unique of Beckman's self-portraits（最独特的贝克曼的自画像）， 一位旅游作家叙述Chicago is no less unique an American city than New York or San Francisco（芝加哥比纽约或旧金山是不逊独特的美国城市）。 这些用法的相对可接受性反映unique 自身语义的巧妙。 如果我们仅按照逻辑的严格标准使用unique ， 则我们终于会自由地把此术语使用于世界上的任何事，因为没有完全等同于另一事的事。于是，显然当我们说餐馆或油画是独特的时，我们意味着根据某种隐含的但可普遍接受的判据它是值得包含在一个等级内的。于是合理独特的油画可能是实现空前未有的审美型的，而不是仅给予名字以字母O开始的颜料； 合理独特的餐馆可能根据原来的食谱提供18世纪法国菜肴的餐馆，而不是配备转换的沙丁鱼罐头食品的餐馆。按这样了解，将独特性视为程度问题不是本来就不可能的，在这个意义上一张油画或一个餐馆或多或少可能是极好的有价值的内涵物而不是其他。关于撰稿人使用unique 的困惑不是此单词已成为 unusual 的同义词。 相反地，正是撰稿人使用此单词与严密的逻辑相一致。对餐馆声称独特性是由于它的布置或菜单的某些不重要的性质，或者对于人们常去的旅馆仅因为有海湾的独一无二地别致的景象。虽然这样的性质使得这些事logically 独特的可能是真实的， 但是当事情进行了分类，根据平常实行的判据把这些事情自身放到一类，他们不组成正常的基础。事实上unique 的滥用会使人发腻，即使在没有涉及修饰或比较的时候； 当我们读运动服装的unique selection of colors（颜色的独特选择） 的一行广告时， 我们会怀疑颜色选择的独特性质并非广告商希望我们所认为的那么明显。但不必惊讶于unique 的这些用法应当适用于杂乱的修饰和比较； 就这一次可以承认，独特性能用来指任何产品或服务，它们与所有的竞争者相比较有某种程度的特色，在每一小的创新中可以看到独特性的增加是必然会发生的 参见 equal,infinite,parallel,perfect〔tone〕The general effect in painting of light, color, and shade.色调：油画中光线，颜色和明暗形成的总体效果〔scumble〕To soften the colors or outlines of (a painting or a drawing) by covering with a film of opaque or semiopaque color or by rubbing.薄涂不透明色，使…变淡：薄涂不透明或半透明色使（油画或画像）的色彩或轮廓变得柔和〔pentimento〕An underlying image in a painting, as an earlier painting, a part of a painting, or an original draft, that shows through, usually when the top layer of paint has become transparent with age.修饰痕的重现：油画由于年代久远，颜料的表层变得透明而显现出来的下层图案，如早期图案、画的一部分或原稿〔model〕In painting, drawing, and photography, to give a three-dimensional appearance to, as by shading or highlighting.使…具立体感：在油画、绘画或摄影中，通过造型或强烈光线照射表现立体的外观〔Remington〕American artist and journalist best known for his sculptures and paintings of the American West.雷明顿，弗雷德里克：(1861-1909) 美国艺术家和记者，以他描绘美国西部生活的雕刻和油画而著称〔overvalue〕overvalued the painting.对这幅油画定价过高〔Beckmann〕German artist whose early expressionistic manner yielded to his lasting style, the painting of brutal, often grotesque figurative canvases, such asNight (1919). 贝克曼，马克斯：(1884-1950) 德国艺术家，他的早期表现主义手法让位于他的永久风格，即无理性的画。通常风格奇异，运用比喻手法的油画，如《夜》 （1919年） 〔Fragonard〕French artist best known for his rococo paintings of exotic landscapes and love scenes.弗拉戈纳尔，简·奥诺：(1732-1806) 法国艺术家，以他的表现奇特风景和情爱场面的洛可可式油画最为著名〔stretcher〕One that stretches, such as the wooden framework on which canvas is stretched for an oil painting.绷画布的框子：为油画而使帆布绷紧的木框架，例如木制框架〔canvas〕A piece of such fabric on which a painting, especially an oil painting, is executed.画布：一块这样的帆布织物，人们可在其上作画，尤指油画〔tone〕To soften or change the color of (a painting or photographic negative, for example).调色：使柔和或改变如（某幅油画或照像底片等）的颜色〔take〕To put down an image, a likeness, or a representation of by or as by drawing, painting, or photography:绘画，照相：通过或仿佛通过绘画、油画或摄影记录下…的一个形象、肖像或象征：〔capture〕capture a likeness in a painting.保存一幅油画中的人物肖像〔glaze〕A transparent coating applied to the surface of a painting to modify the color tones.透明色料：涂在油画表层用来调色的透明颜料〔mural〕A very large image, such as a painting or an enlarged photograph, applied directly to a wall or ceiling.壁画：非常大的画像，如直接挂在墙上或者天花板上的油画或者放大的照片〔ours〕The original of the painting is ours. If your car doesn't start, take ours.这幅油画的原作是属于我们的。要是你的车开动不了，就用我们的车吧〔modeling〕Representation of depth and solidity in painting, drawing, or photography.立体感：在油画、素描和摄影中表现深度和实体感〔express〕The painting expresses the rage of war victims.这幅油画述说了战争受害者的愤怒〔Morisot〕French impressionist painter most admired for her graceful canvases featuring women and children.摩里森，贝尔特：(1841-1895) 法国印象派画家，主要以其浓厚的妇女和孩童特色的优雅油画而闻名〔Redon〕French artist and forerunner of surrealism whose works include eerie lithographs and floral paintings.雷东，奥迪伦：(1840-1916) 法国艺术家和超现主义先驱者，其作品包括怪诞的版画和描写花卉的油画〔Kirchner〕German expressionist artist whose woodcuts and paintings, such asThe Street (1913), convey psychological tension and eroticism with sharply contrasting colors and angular forms. 基尔希纳，厄恩斯特·路德维希：(1880-1938) 德国表现主义艺术家。他的木版画和油画，例如《大街》 （1913年），用鲜明对比的色彩和棱角结构表现出心理紧张和性的渴望 〔Davis〕American artist who often incorporated jazz tempos into his vibrant canvases. In the 1920's he was strongly influenced by cubism.戴维斯，斯图尔特：(1894-1964) 美国艺术家，常常把爵士乐节奏引入他色彩鲜明的油画中。在20世纪时深受到立体派的影响〔represent〕The museum had several paintings representing the artist's early style.博物馆藏有几幅代表这个艺术家早期风格的油画〔Boucher〕French artist whose paintings and tapestries are representative of the rococo style.布歇，弗朗索瓦：(1703-1770) 法国艺术家，其油画和挂毯是洛可可式风格的代表〔shading〕The lines or other marks used to fill in outlines of a sketch, an engraving, or a painting to represent gradations of color or darkness.影线：用于填充素描、雕刻或油画的线条或其它痕迹以展示颜色或暗度的梯度 |
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