| 单词 | 水果 |
| 释义 | 〔yogurt〕A custardlike food with a tart flavor, prepared from milk curdled by bacteria, especiallyLactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus, and often sweetened or flavored with fruit. 酸乳酪：一种具有酸味的蛋奶糕状食物，由细菌作用的牛奶凝结物制得，尤指保加利亚乳酸杆菌 和 喜温链球菌 ，常加水果以变甜或加味 〔costermonger〕One who sells fruit, vegetables, fish, or other goods from a cart, barrow, or stand in the streets.小贩：在街头从马车、手推车或小摊里买水果、蔬菜、鱼或其他商品的人〔savory〕A dish of pungent taste, such as anchovies on toast or pickled fruit, sometimes served in Great Britain as an hors d'oeuvre or instead of a sweet dessert.美味小盘菜肴：如土司上的鲵鱼或腌制水果等辣味，在美国可以代替饭前开胃菜或作为饭后甜点〔berry〕A small, juicy, fleshy fruit, such as a blackberry or raspberry, regardless of its botanical structure.浆果类：无论其植物结构如何的小型、多汁的肉质水果，如黑莓、木莓〔core〕The hard or fibrous central part of certain fruits, such as the apple or pear, containing the seeds.核：某些水果（如苹果或梨）的中心硬的纤维部分，含种子〔Kissimmee〕A city of central Florida south of Orlando. Shipbuilding and fruit packing are among its industries. Population, 30,050.基西米：美国佛罗里达州中部奥兰多以南一城市。它的工业包括造船业和水果加工业。人口30,050〔tart〕A small open pie with a sweet filling, as of custard or cooked fruit.果馅饼：一种带有露在外面的甜馅的小饼，如蛋奶沙司或煮熟的水果〔fruit〕fruit for dessert.饭后水果（做饭后甜点的水果）〔dacquoise〕A cake made of ground almond or hazelnut meringue layers with fruit or variously flavored cream fillings between the layers.蛋白酥皮奶油卷：一种蛋糕，由底层为杏仁或榛子的蛋白酥皮卷和夹层之间有水果或各种风味奶油的馅制成〔dessert〕A usually sweet course or dish, as of fruit, ice cream, or pastry, served at the end of a meal.甜点：饭后上的甜食，例如水果、冰淇淋或糕点〔orange〕Oranges imported to China from the United States reflect a journey come full circle,for the orange had worked its way westward for centuries, originating in China,then being introduced to India,and traveling on to the Middle East, into Europe,and finally to the New World.The history of the wordorange keeps step with this journey only part of the way. The word is possibly ultimately of Dravidian origin, that is, it comes from a language or languages in a large non-Indo-European family of languages,including Tamil and Telugu, that are spoken in southern India and northern Sri Lanka.The Dravidian word or words were adopted into the Indo-European language Sanskritwith the formnāraṅgaḥ. As the fruit passed westward,so did the word,as evidenced by Persiannārang and Arabic nāranj. Arabs brought the first oranges to Spain,and the fruit rapidly spread throughout Europe.The important word for the development of our term is Old Italianmelarancio, derived from mela, "fruit,” and arancio, "orange tree,” from Arabicnāranj. Old Italianmelarancio was translated into Old French as pume orenge, theo replacing the a because of the influence of the name of the town of Orange, from which oranges reached the northern part of France.The final stage of the odyssey of the word was its borrowing into English from the Old French formorenge. Our word is first recorded in Middle English in a text probably composed around 1380,a time preceding the arrival of the orange in the New World.从美国进口到中国的桔子恰恰反映出兜圈子似的行进里程，因为原产于中国的桔子几个世纪以来不断向西行进，先是被引入印度，之后传播到中东国家、欧洲，最后引进了新大陆，orange 这个词的发展历史只与桔子的发展历程在一部分时段上是有其同步性的， 它最可能是来源于达罗毗荼，也就是说，它来源于非印一欧语系中的一种或多种语言，包括用于印度南部和斯里兰卡北部的泰米尔语和泰卢固语。达罗毗荼语是以梵文形式引入印欧语系的，形式如narangch。 当这种水果向西传播时，这个单词也同样西传，从以下可得到明证，如波斯语中的narang 和阿拉伯语中的 naranj。 阿拉伯人把第一批桔子带到西班牙后，这种水果又迅速传遍整个欧洲。我们现时所用的这个词的发展期中重要的一词便是古意大利语melarancio ，源于 mela， “水果”及 arancio， “桔树”， 来源于阿拉伯语naranj。 古意大利语melarancio 翻译成古法语为 pume orenge， o 变换为 a 是因为受奥伦奇城名的影响， 桔子即由此地进入法国北部。这一单词长途跋涉的最后一站是它由古法语orenge 进入英语词汇。 我们所用的这一词汇最初载入中世纪英语是在大约1380年左右的一份文本当中，早于桔子进入新大陆的时间〔pulp〕The soft, moist part of fruit.果肉：水果柔软而潮湿的部分〔oxheart〕A variety of cultivated cherry having sweet, juicy fruit.牛心形樱桃：培育出来的大而甜的多种樱桃，多汁水果〔strudel〕A pastry made with fruit or cheese rolled up in a thin sheet of dough and then baked.果馅卷：一种把水果或奶酪卷进一层薄面粉再煎成的馅饼〔citron〕of Latin (mālum) citreum [citron (fruit)] 拉丁语 (mālum) citreum的变化 [淡绿黄色的（水果）] 〔immaterial〕The wordimmaterial, meaning "of no importance or relevance,” has made its way in the world in spite of the opposition of no less a figure than Samuel Johnson. Johnson stated that "this sense has crept into the conversation and writings of barbarians; but ought to be utterly rejected.”More than two centuries laterit is difficult for us to recover Johnson's strength of feeling,and this tale might in fact serve as a warning to those who believe that the usages they abominate will not survive and become standard.Although Johnson was a man of immense learning,he did not have the lexicographical resources available today.If Johnson had had access to theOxford Latin Dictionary and the Middle English Dictionary, among other works, he would have seen that frommāter, meaning "a mother,” "a plant as the source of things such as cuttings or fruit,” and "a source,”was derived the wordmāteria, meaning "wood as a building material,” "any substance of which a physical object is made,” "the subject matter of a speech or book,” and "the condition whereby an action is effected.”The adjectivemāteriālis derived from māteria only meant "of or concerned with subject matter" in Classical Latin, but its descendant in Late and Medieval Latin and its descendants in Old French (materiel ) and Middle English ( material ) developed other meanings, such as "consisting of matter.”One Middle English sense, "important, relevant,”that probably harks back to senses of Classical Latinmāteria such as "subject matter" continued in existence after Middle English times. So it was natural for the English wordimmaterial, first recorded in the 15th century, to come to mean "not important,” in spite of Johnson's wrath.尽管不只塞缪尔·约翰逊一个人反对意思为“不重要的，无关紧要的”，immaterial 这个词还是产生了。 约翰逊声明：“这个意思偷偷出现在野蛮民族的对话和写作中；但应该遭到完全抵制。”两个多世纪之后，我们很难重新找到约翰逊强烈的感受。这个故事实际上可以算是对那些认为他们厌恶的用法不可能生存和标准化的人的一种警告。尽管约翰逊是一个博学的人，但是他没有今天可以得到的词汇学的资料。如果约翰逊除了其他著作外能得到牛津拉丁语词典 和 中古英语词典 的话， 他就能从中认识到这一点：mater ， 意思为“母亲”，“作为诸如剪下的东西或水果来源的一株植物”和“来源”，是由materia ， 意思为“建筑用的木材”，“用于制造物体的任何材料”，“讲话或著作的主题”和“影响一个行动的条件”而衍变而来的。形容词materalis 是由在古典拉丁语中仅仅意味着“和主题有关的” materia 衍变而来的， 但它在中古拉丁语和后期拉丁语中的衍生词和古法语中的衍生词(materiel )以及中古英语中的衍生词( material )继续发展有了其他的意思， 如“由物质组成的”。中古英语的一个意思“重要的、有关的”，很可能追溯到古典拉丁语materia 的意思如“主题”在中古英语时期之后继续存在。 因此，最早在15世纪被记录下来的英语单词immaterial 至今仍有“不重要的”的意思是很自然的， 尽管约翰逊对此很愤怒〔butter〕A spread made from fruit, nuts, or other foods:果酱：由水果、坚果仁或其他食物制得的酱状食品：〔pomaceous〕from Late Latin pōmum [apple, fruit] * see pome 源自 后期拉丁语 pōmum [苹果，水果] * 参见 pome〔lug〕A box for shipping fruit or vegetables.果箱，蔬菜箱：用来运输水果或蔬菜的包装箱〔Burbank〕American horticulturist who developed countless new varieties of fruits, vegetables, and flowers, including the Burbank potato and the Shasta daisy.伯班克，卢瑟：(1849-1926) 美国植物育种专家，培育了许多的水果，蔬菜和花卉的新品种，包括伯班克土豆和大滨葡〔Tantalus〕A king who for his crimes was condemned in Hades to stand in water that receded when he tried to drink, and with fruit hanging above him that receded when he reached for it.丹达罗斯：一位国王，因其犯过罪而被打入阴间并被罚站立在水中，当他想去饮水时水即流走，其头上挂有水果，但当他想拿水果时却退开〔pome〕from Latin [fruit] 源自 拉丁语 [水果] 〔fat〕A mixture of such compounds occurring widely in organic tissue, especially in the adipose tissue of animals and in the seeds, nuts, and fruits of plants.动物油脂，植物油脂：此种成分的混合物，广泛存在于有机组织里，特别是在动物的脂肪组织、以及植物的种子、坚果以及水果里〔Glendora〕A city of southern California at the foot of the San Gabriel Mountains east-northeast of Los Angeles. The city grew as a fruit-shipping center but is now mainly residential. Population, 38,500.格伦多拉：美国加利福尼亚州南部一城市，地处圣加布里埃尔山脚下，洛杉矶东北偏东。因水果运输而建立但是现在为主要住宅区。人口38,500〔pit〕To extract the pit from (a fruit).除去…的核：从（水果）中提取核〔paca〕A large nocturnal burrowing rodent of the genusCuniculus, found in South and Central America and similar to the agouti, especially the spotted species C. paca that lives on plants and fruit and is hunted for its edible flesh. 无尾刺豚鼠：一种夜间打洞的天竺鼠属 大啮齿目动物，产于中美洲和南美洲，和刺豚鼠类似，尤指有斑点的种类 加拿大无尾刺豚鼠 ，依靠植物和水果为生，因其肉可食而被捕猎 〔seeder〕A machine or implement used to remove the seeds from fruit.去核机，去核器：用于除去水果果核的机器或工具〔pit〕The single, central kernel or stone of certain fruits, such as a peach or cherry.核：某些水果的单个中心核或果仁，如桃或樱桃〔bael〕The round to pear-shaped, yellowish, edible fruit of a chiefly Indian tree(Aegle marmelos), used in southern Asia as a food and as a medicine to treat dysentery. 印度枳，木桔：一种主要的印度树的圆形到梨形的淡黄色可食水果（木桔） ，在南亚地区用作食品和治疗痢疾的药物 〔conserve〕To preserve (fruits) with sugar.用糖来保存（水果）〔peelable〕peelable fruits and vegetables.能削去皮的水果和蔬菜〔carpel〕from Greek karpos [fruit] * see kerp- 源自 希腊语 karpos [水果] * 参见 kerp- 〔clingstone〕A clingstone fruit, especially a peach.粘核桃：果肉紧帖于核的水果，尤指桃〔peeler〕One that peels, especially a kitchen implement for peeling the rinds or skins from fruits or vegetables.刨刀，水果刀：一种用于削去水果或蔬菜表皮或皮的厨房用具〔turnover〕A small pastry made by covering one half of a piece of dough with fruit, preserves, or other filling and folding the other half over on top.馅饼：一种半圆形的小馅饼，做法是在半块面团上，放上水果、蜜饯或其它馅，而把另一半折压在上面〔epergne〕A large table centerpiece consisting of a frame with extended arms or branches supporting holders, as for flowers, fruit, or sweetmeats.分隔饰盘：餐桌中央用以放鲜花、水果、糕点的有许多分隔的饰盘〔granita〕A granular dessert ice with a sugar-syrup base, usually flavored with fruit purée, coffee, or wine.格兰尼塔冰品：以糖浆为底，通常以水果、咖啡或酒调味的粒状甜点冰品〔preserve〕To treat fruit or other foods so as to prevent decay.保存食物：加工水果或食品以防腐坏〔rathe〕Appearing or ripening early in the year, as flowers or fruit.早熟的：在一年内出现较早或成熟较早的，例如花朵或水果〔fritter〕A small cake made of batter, often containing fruit, vegetables, or fish, sautéed or deep-fried.油炸什锦面糊：用面糊做的点心，一般里面有水果、蔬菜、鱼，用少量油或在深油里炸 |
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