| 单词 | 更早 |
| 释义 | 〔ennui〕Were they alive today, users of Classical Latin might be surprised to find that centuries later a phrase of theirs would still survive,although in the form of a single word.The phrasemihi in odiō est (literally translated as "to me in a condition of dislike or hatred is"), meaning "I hate or dislike,” gave rise to the Vulgar Latin verb.inodiāre, "to make odious,” the source of Modern Frenchennuyer, "to annoy, bore.” In the Old French period a noun meaning "worry, boredom,” came from the verbennuier. This noun in its Modern French formennui was borrowed into English in the sense "boredom,” the English word being first recorded in 1732.People may have needed a word for boredom in the polite, cultivated world of the 18th century,but at an earlier period, around 1275,we had already borrowed the French verbennuier, the source of our word annoy. One of the earliest instances ofannoy in English is, in fact, used in the sense "to bore an audience.” 要是古拉丁文的使用者们今天还活着的话，他们很可能会吃惊地发现数世纪之后他们所用的一个短语依然在使用中，尽管采用了单个词的形式。短语mihi in odioest （按字面可翻译成“在不喜欢或憎恨情形下对我而言的是”）， 意思是“我恨或讨厌”生成了俗拉丁语动词inodiare， “使可憎”， 其又为现代法语ennuyer “使苦恼，使烦恼”的词源。 在古法语时期，一个意思是“焦虑、厌倦”的名词来源于动词ennuier 。 该名词的现代法语形式ennui 被引入英语中，意指“厌倦”， 该英语词于1732年被首次记载，在18世纪的讲究礼节、有修养的社会里人们很可能需要一个词来表达厌倦之意，但在更早的时期，大约在1275年，我们已经借入法语动词ennuier， 作为我们的单词 annoy 的来源。 annoy 在英语中最早的例子之一是它实际上是在“使观众厌倦”的意义上使用的 〔former〕Occurring earlier in time.较早发生的：在时间意义上更早发生的〔haywire〕It may seem oddthat the wordhaywire should have come to describe something or someone that is not functioning properly. Haywire originally was in fact simply a compound of the words hay and wire, denoting wire used to bale things such as hay or straw.The term is first recorded as a noun in a debate that occurred in the Canadian House of Commons (1917);hence it is a Canadianism, or since it soon thereafter appeared in a United States publication, a North Americanism.We find an earlier (1905) attributive use,however, in the phrasehay wire outfit, a term used contemptuously for poorly equipped loggers. What lies behind this term is the practice of making repairs with haywire.Haywire is found in other contexts with the general sense "makeshift, inefficient,” from which comes the extended senses "not functioning properly" and "crazy.”看起来或许很奇怪，haywire 一词竟可以用来形容某物或某人不能正常运转。 事实上，haywire 是由 hay 和 wire 两个词组成的一个简单复合词， 指用来捆绑诸如干草或麦秆的铁丝，这个词在1917年加拿大众议院的一次辩论中第一次以一个名词的形式被记录下来，因此这是一个加拿大俗语或者说是北美俗词，因此这词很快就出现在美国出版物中。我们可以找到一个更早的（1905年）形容性用法，词组hay wire outfit, 是对装备不足的伐木工人的鄙称。 这个词的内涵是指准备用铁丝捆干草的工作。在其它语境中，haywire 被用来表示“临时的，效率低的”这种笼统的意思， 由此扩展出“不能正常工作的”以及“疯狂的”这些意义〔prude〕Being a prude has never been widely considered a good thing,but if we dig further into the history of the wordprude, we will find that it had a noble past.The change for the worse took place in French.Frenchprude first had a good sense, "wise woman,” but apparentlya woman could be too wise or, in the eyes of some,too observant of decorum and propriety,and soprude took on the sense in French that was brought into English along with the word, first recorded in 1704.The French word first meant "wise woman"becauseprude was a shortened form of prude femme (earlier in Old Frenchprode femme ), a word that was modeled on earlierpreudomme, "a man of experience and integrity.” The second part of this word is, of course,homme, "man.” Old Frenchprod, meaning "wise, prudent,” is from Vulgar Latin prōdis with the same sense. Prōdis in turn comes from Late Latin prōde, "advantageous,” derived from the verbprodesse, "to be good.” We can see that the history ofprude is filled with usefulness, profit, wisdom, and integrity, but in spite of all this,things did not turn out that well.人们从来没有普遍地认为做一个拘守礼仪的人是一件好事，但是如果我们深挖prude 这个词的历史， 我们会发现这个词有一个体面的过去。这个词变成贬义是在法语中发生的。法语词prude 开始时是褒义的，意为“明智或聪明的女人，” 但是很显然，女人可能会过于聪明或者在某些人的眼里，对仪表和行为的得体过分注重，这样法语词prude 就有了这个和词一起被引入英语的意思， 并最早记载于1704年。这个法语词开始时的意思之所以是“聪明的女人”，因为prude 是 prudefemme 的缩写形式 （更早的时候在古法语中为prodefemme )， 这个词模仿更早的一个词preudomme “一个富有经验而又正直的男人”而来。 这个词的第二部分当然是意为“男人”的homme。 意思是“聪明，谨慎”的古法语prod 由一个相同意思的俗拉丁词 prodis 而来。 Prodis 从后期拉丁语 prode 演变而来，意为“有利的”， 该词又从意思为“从善”的动词prudesse 衍生而来。 我们现在明白prude 的历史充满了有利、利益、智慧或忠诚的意思， 但尽管如此，事情并没有变得那么好〔ferninst〕Ferninst, meaning "opposite, next to, against,” has been attributed to Irish English, brought over during the peak years of Irish immigration to the United States in the mid-19th century. However, other, earlier citations with various spellings date further back: "I walked with them to a room nearly fornent the old state-house" (Davy Crockett). These variant forms are traceable to the American colonial period, when the source of ferninst was probably Scotland or other parts of the British Isles. The term is now dying out; Craig M. Carver, in his book American Regional Dialects, reports that "only nine [ DARE ] informants, all well over sixty-five years of age, used this term.” A derived noun ferninster, meaning "someone who is deliberately contrary,” is also used: "The trouble with the Republican leaders in Congress . . . is that they are just ferninsters" (William Allen White). Ferninst 的意思是“在…对面、附近或旁边，”该词曾被认为属于爱尔兰英语，是19世纪中期爱尔兰人迁移到美国的高峰期带来的。然而，其它或更早的不同拼写的引证可追溯到更远： “我和他们走到几乎正对着那个旧客舱的一个屋子里” （戴维克·罗克特）。这些不同的形式可追溯到美国殖民时期， ferninst 的起源可能是苏格兰或英国小岛的其他部分。这个词条现在消失了；克瑞格·M·卡文，在他的书 美国地区方言 中记述了“仅九个[ 美国方言 资料提供者，年纪都已过了六十五岁，用这个词条”。派生的名词 ferninster， 意思是“故意相反的人，”也用于： 共和党领导在议会中的麻烦…是因为他们只是些自相矛盾的人 （威廉·艾伦·怀特） 〔Kiowa〕A Native American people formerly inhabiting the southern Great Plains, with a present-day population in southwest Oklahoma. The Kiowa migrated onto the plains in the late 17th century from an earlier territory in western Montana.基奥瓦族：早期居住于大平原南部，现今居住在俄克拉荷马州西南部的北美印第安民族。17世纪晚期基奥瓦人从蒙大纳州西部的更早的领地移居到大平原〔overdue〕Being something that should have occurred earlier.See Synonyms at tardy 早该有的：应该更早一些发生的 参见 tardy〔dinner〕Eating foods such as pizza and ice cream for breakfastmay be justified by the fact that in Middle Englishdinner meant "breakfast,” as did the Old French worddisner, or diner, which was the source of our word. The Old French word came from the Vulgar Latin word.disiūnāre, meaning "to break one's fast;that is, to eat one's first meal,” a notion also contained in our wordbreakfast. The Vulgar Latin word was derived from an earlier word,.disiēiūnāre, the Latin elements of which aredis-, denoting reversal, and iēiūnium, "fast.” Middle Englishdiner not only meant "breakfast" but, echoing usage of the Old French worddiner, more commonly meant "the first big meal of the day, usually eaten between 9a.m. and noon.” Customs change, however,and over the yearswe have let the chief meal become the last meal of the day,by which timewe have broken our fast more than once.早餐吃些如比萨饼及冰淇淋的食物，既可以被中古英语dinner 表示早餐的事实所证实， 也可被该词的词源——古法语词disner 或 diner 证实。 该法语单词出自于通俗拉丁语单词disiunare ， 其意思是“打破禁食后吃的第一餐饭”，同时也含有breakfast 的概念。 通俗拉丁字出自于更早的字disieiunare ， 其拉丁文构成部分是dis- 表示反面和 ieiunium “禁食”。 中古英语diner 不仅指“早饭”， 还模仿了古法语diner 的用法， 一般指“一天中的第一次大餐，常常在上午 9点到中午之间吃”。 然而习惯改变了，许多年以来，我们常常把一天中的最后一顿饭当作主餐，从那时起，我们已不止一次地打破了禁食〔lonely〕Henry Bradley, one of the four editors of theOxford English Dictionary, said "It is a truth often overlooked, but not unimportant, that every addition to the resources of a language must in the first instance have been due to an act (though not necessarily to a voluntary or conscious act) of some one person.”In many casesthis one person may have been an author,since the first recorded instance of a word is often found in an author's work.Of course, as Bradley warns,this is the firstrecorded instance; it is possible that a given author picked up the word or sense somewhere elseor that these reside undiscovered in an earlier work.In any caseit might be a minor relief of our condition the next time we feel lonely to know that the first recorded instance of the wordlonely occurs in the works of Shakespeare. The passage appears inCoriolanus (1607-1608) in a speech by Coriolanus to his mother Volumnia:"My mother, you wot [know] well/My hazards still have been your solace, and/Believe't not lightly—though I go alone,/Like to alonely dragon, that his fen/Makes fear'd and talk'd of more than seen—your son/Will or exceed the common or be caught/With cautelous [crafty] baits and practice.” Lonely here, of course, has the sense "solitary.” The dragon does not feel dejected,or if he does,he does not seem to know how to reach out to others effectively.牛津英语词典 的四位编纂者之一亨利·布莱德雷说： “人们经常忽视这样一个现实，但它并非不重要，那就是对某种语言词汇的每一次添加都首先是由于某一个人的行为（尽管不一定是自愿的或有意识的行为）”。许多时候，这一个人可能是个作者，因为一个词有记载的首次使用往往出自一位作者的作品。当然，正如布莱德雷所提醒人们的，这是首次有记载的 的例子； 某个作者可能是从别处学到这个词或这个意思，或是这个词或意思在更早的作品中已经出现，只是未被人们发现。不管怎样，当我们知道lonely 这个词的有记载的首次使用出现在莎士比亚的作品中时，这些都不大能减轻我们的沮丧心情。 在卡里奥拉纳斯 （1607-1608年）中， 卡里奥拉纳斯对他母亲弗罗姆尼娅讲的一段话中有这样的文字：“我的母亲，你清楚地知道／我的冒险一直是你的安慰，而且／不要轻信——尽管我要只身前往，／就象去面对一条孤单的 龙，他的沼泽／令人谈而色变，尽管并未亲见——你的儿子／决意或是胜过凡人或是被狡猾的圈套和手段擒捉”。 Lonely 在这里的意思当然是“孤单的”。 龙不会感到沮丧，即便它感到沮丧，他也不太可能知道如何让别人体会到它的感情〔taxi〕"Taxi" is much easier to yell into the traffic thantaximeter cabriolet, the form from which taxi has ultimately been shortened. Taximeter comes from the French word taximètre, ultimately derived from Medieval Latintaxāre, "to tax,” and the French combining form -metre. Taximètre originally meant, as did its English companion, "a device for measuring distance traveled,” but this device was soon adapted to measure waiting time and compute and indicate the fare as well.Taximeter, first recorded in English in 1898 (an earlier form, taxameter, borrowed through French from German, was recorded in 1894), joined forces withcab, a shortening (1827) of cabriolet, "a two-wheeled, one-horse carriage.” This word, first found in English in 1766,came from Frenchcabriolet, of the same meaning, which in turn was derived fromcabriole, "caper,” because the vehicle moves along with a springing motion.Cab, the shortened form, was applied to other vehicles as well, including eventually public conveyances.Fitted with a taximeter, such a vehicle,first horse-drawn and then motorized,was known as ataxameter cab (1899), a taximeter cab (1907), and a taxicab (1907), among other names, includingtaxi (1907), a shortening of eithertaximeter or taxicab. Interestingly enough,the fullest form possible,taximeter cabriolet, is not recorded until 1959."Taxi"比taximeter cabriolet （最终缩写成 taxi 的形式）更容易在交通中叫出。 Taximeter 来源于法语 taximètre ， 它最早来自中世纪拉丁文taxare （“征税”）和法语复合形式 -metre。 Taximètre（与它的英语同伴一样，最初意为“测量行驶距离的设备”）， 这一设备很快适合于测量等待时间并计算和显示车费。Taximeter 在英语中首次记载于1898年（更早的形式 taxameter 是从德语通过法语借来的，记载于1894年）， 同cabriolet （“一种双轮双马马车”）的缩写形式(1827年） cab 结合。 这一单词最早于1766年在英语中发现，来源于具有同一种意思的法语cabriolet ， 它依次来源于cabride （“跳跃”）， 因为这种车辆移动时有跳跃的运动；缩写形式cab 还可以适用于其它的车辆， 包括最终的公共运输工具；被安装了自动计费器的车辆，开始是马拉的，后来装上马达，被称作taxameter cab (1899年）、 taximeter cab (1907年）和 taxicab (1901年）。 在其它的名称中包括taxi (1907年）， 它是taximeter 或 taxicab 的缩写形式。 非常有趣的是，可能是最全的形式的taximeter cabriolet ， 直到1959年才有记载〔downward〕From a prior source or earlier time:往下：从一先前的来源或更早的时间来的：〔Proterozoic〕Greek proteros [earlier, former] * see per 1希腊语 proteros [更早的，以前的] * 参见 per 1〔convince〕In an earlier survey, a majority of the Usage Panel held that this distinction should be maintained,but the use ofconvince with an infinitive has become increasingly common even among reputable writers, and it is unlikely that this stricture can be maintained for much longer.在更早的一次调查中，用法专题使用小组成员的大多数人认为这一区别应当保持，但是甚至在知名作家中convince 和不定式连用的用法也已变得日渐普遍起来， 这一限制不可能会保持很久〔Upanishad〕Any of a group of philosophical treatises contributing to the theology of ancient Hinduism, elaborating on the earlier Vedas.奥义书：形成古代印度教之神学理论的一组哲学论文中的任一篇，皆是对更早的吠陀的阐发 |
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