| 单词 | 明显 |
| 释义 | 〔palpable〕"There was a palpable sense of expectation in the court"(Nelson DeMille)See Synonyms at perceptible “在法庭上有一种明显的期待感”(纳尔逊·德米耶) 参见 perceptible〔disposition〕 Personality is the sum of distinctive traits that give a person individuality: Pensonality 是使某人表现出独特个性的明显特点的总和： 〔lifestyle〕As such, the word has won the occasionally grudging acceptance of the Usage Panel.Fifty-three percent of the Panelists accepts the word in the sentenceBohemian attitudes toward conventional society have been outstripped and outdated by the lifestyles of millions of young people, and fully 70 percent accepts the word in the sentenceSalaries in the Bay Area may be higher, but it may cost employees as much as 30 percent more to maintain their lifestyles, where the economic context makes more apparent the need for a word that denotes categories based on consumption practices.基于这些，这个词获得了用法委员会偶尔略显勉强的承认。53%的专家小组成员接受这个词在句子千百万年轻人的生活方式超越了对于传统社会的放荡不羁的态度，并使之过时 中的用法， 70%的专家小组成员接受其在句子旧金山湾地区的薪水可能高一些，但员工们需要多于30%的薪水来维持其生活 中的使用。 在这里，简练的语境明显地需要一个基于消费习惯的表示分类的词〔turn〕To attack suddenly and violently with no apparent motive:突然袭击：没有明显动机地突然和猛烈地袭击：〔impact〕Each generation of critics seems to select one particular usage to stand as the emblem of what they view as linguistic crassness.Thirty years ago it was the use ofcontact as a verb, but opposition to that form has more or less disappeared,and attention now focuses on the verbal use ofimpact meaning "have an effect, affect.” Eighty-four percent of the Usage Panel disapproves of the constructionto impact on, as in the phrasesocial pathologies, common to the inner city, that impact heavily on such a community; and fully 95 percent disapproves of the use ofimpact as a transitive verb in the sentence Companies have used disposable techniques that have a potential for impacting our health. But even these figures do not reflect the degree of distaste with which critics view the usage:in their comments some Panelists labeled the usage as "bureaucratic,” "pretentious,” "vile,” and "a vulgarism.” ·It may be that the particular pretentiousness associated with the verbal use ofimpact is caused by its derivation from an already questionable metaphoric use of the noun impact, as in phrases such asthe political impact of the decision or the impact of the program on the community, in which no more is usually meant than might have been expressed by effects or consequences. But thoughimpact may have begun life a generation ago as an inflated substitute for "affect significantly,” it has by now become so common in corporate and institutional contexts that younger speakers appear to regard it as wholly standard and straightforward usage.Within a few years, accordingly,the usage is likely to be no more objectionable thancontact is now, since it will no longer betray any particular pretentiousness on the part of those who use it.See Usage Note at contact 每一代的批评家好象都挑了一个特别的用法作为他们认为的语言上的愚蠢行为的象征。三十年以前是contact 作为动词的用法， 但是对这种形式的反对或多或少已经消失了，注意力现在集中到了impact 意思为“有不好的影响、影响”的动词用法上。 用法专题小组成员中百分之八十四不同意to impact on 的结构， 如在短语对内城区来说很普通的社会病理学，对这样一个社区产生了很大影响的 当中； 百分之九十五的成员完全不同意impact 在句子 公司已经使用了可能会对我们的健康产生不良影响的易处理技术 中当作及物动词来使用。 但是即使是这些数字也没有反映出批评家们对这种用法厌恶的程度：在他们的评论当中有些成员把这种用法说成是“官僚主义的”、“装腔作势的”，“可耻的”，还说这是“粗鄙的语言。”也许和impact 的动词用法有关联的虚饰成份是由于它是从名词 impact 的一个早有争议的比喻用法衍变而来造成的。 如在短语这个决定在政治上的影响 或者 这个计划对公众的影响 中它的意思并没有比用 effects 或者 consequences 表达出来的意思要多。 尽管impact 作为“明显地影响”的夸大了的替代可能在一代人之前开始产生， 但是现在的年轻一代使用者看上去把它当成了完全标准的、直接的用法，这在共同的和惯例的文章中已经很普遍了。相应地在几年内，这种用法很有可能不比今天的contact 更引起反对， 因为对于那些使用它的人来说这不会再显得有点矫揉造作了 参见 contact〔coney〕A grouper(Epinephelus fulvus) of the tropical Atlantic, having dark brown or sharply bicolored skin and a few blue and black spots. 石斑鱼：一种热带大西洋的石斑鱼（褐色石斑鱼） ，具有暗棕色或明显双色并带有蓝黑点的外表 〔enclave〕A distinctly bounded area enclosed within a larger unit:少数民族聚集地：一个被较大单位围住的明显划出界限的区域：〔toad〕Any of numerous tailless amphibians chiefly of the family Bufonidae, related to and resembling the frogs but characteristically more terrestrial and having a broader body and rougher, drier skin.蟾蜍：各种无尾，主要是蟾蜍科两栖动物中的任何一种，与蛙类有亲缘关系，外表相近，但蟾蜍明显地更有陆地性，身体更宽更粗糙，皮肤更干燥〔understeer〕To turn less sharply than the operator would expect. Used of vehicles, especially automobiles.转向不足：没有达到操作者希望的明显转动。用于车辆，特别是汽车〔clear〕a clear case of cheating.一桩明显的诈骗案〔corpus〕A distinct bodily mass or organ having a specific function.器官：具有某一功能的明显的身体部位或器官〔importance〕Significance andimport refer to the quality of something, often not obvious, that gives it special meaning or value: Significance 和import 指的是赋予其特殊意义或价值的事物的性质，通常不明显： 〔visible〕Obvious to the eye:明显的，显然的：对眼睛明显的：〔cute〕Obviously contrived to charm; precious:矫揉造作的：明显地设法吸引的；做作的：〔blatant〕 Certain contexts may admit either word depending on what is meant:a violation of international law might be eitherblatant or flagrant. But writers who refer tothe blatant torturing of animals or the flagrant liberal bias of the media have implied something other than what they presumably intended. In the first case, the writer is probably more troubled by the enormity of the mistreatment of animals than by the failure to conceal it,so thatflagrant would have been the better choice. In the second case, by contrast, the writer probably wants to draw attention to a moral failing in the media's unapologetic refusal to hide its bias,rather than to the iniquity of the bias itself,an implication that would have been conveyed more successfully byblatant. Blatant should not be used to mean simply "obvious,”as inthe blatant danger of such an approach. 某些语境下两个词都可以用，但意思不同：对国际法律的违反既可能是blatant（公然的） 也可能是 flagrant（无耻的）。 但是提到the blatant torturing of animals（肆无忌惮地虐待动物） 或者 the flagrant liberal bias of the media（媒体公然的、不严谨的偏见） 的作者已经暗示了他们本来意图以外的意思。 在第一种情况下，作者可能对大量虐待动物的行为所困扰而不是为隐藏这种行为的失败而困扰，因此flagrant 应该是更好的选择。 相反地，在第二种情况下，作者可能是要着重指出新闻媒介对其偏见一概否认的这种道德上弱点，而不是针对偏见本身的不公正性，这种含义若由blatant来表达的话会更加正确。 Blatant 不应仅仅表示“明显的”，就象在the blatant danger of such an approach（这种方法明显的危险性）中。 〔race〕A local geographic or global human population distinguished as a more or less distinct group by genetically transmitted physical characteristics.人种：局部的地区性人口或全球性人口，根据由基因遗传的体质而区分为几种特性明显或不很明显的群体〔deuce〕An outstanding example, especially of something difficult or bad:不幸，倒霉：明显的例子，尤指困难或坏事情：〔ludicrous〕Laughable or hilarious because of obvious absurdity or incongruity.See Synonyms at foolish 可笑的：由于明显的荒谬或不协调而使发笑或可笑的 参见 foolish〔plain〕Obvious to the mind; evident:明白的，明显的：观点清楚的；明了的：〔noticeable〕Conspicuous applies to what is immediately apparent and noteworthy: Conspicuous 形容立即明显或值得注意的事物： 〔move〕a technology that is clearly on the move.明显有进展的技术〔run〕To be markedly superior to.明显比…好，胜过〔embargo〕Could an embargo on alcoholic beverages be related to a bar other than in the obvious way?The wordsembargo and bar are related, albeit distantly. Embargo comes to us from Spanish,where it was derived from the verbembargar, "to arrest, impede.” This verb came from the Vulgar Latin word.imbarricāre, made up of the Latin prefixin-, "in, into,” and the assumed Vulgar Latin form .barricāre, derived from Vulgar Latin .barrīca, "barrier.” .Barrīca, in turn, was derived from Vulgar Latin.barra, "bar, barrier,” the ultimate source of our wordbar. Imbarricāre meant essentially "to impede with a barrier.”Our wordbar is first recorded in English with the sense "barrier,” eventually developing the sense "a counter for serving drinks.”对酒精饮料的禁运能不与酒吧产生明显的关系吗?Embargo 和 bar 这两个词是相关的， 尽管相差很远。 Embargo 源自西班牙语，它派生于动词embargar， 意为“拘禁，阻止”的意思。 这个动词来自俗拉丁语imbarricare ， 由拉丁前缀in- “在…里，进入”和俗拉丁语 barrica “栅栏”派生的俗拉丁语形式 barricare 组成。 Barrica 又派生自俗拉丁语barra “栅栏，障碍物”， 是bar这个单词的最终起源。 Imbarricare 的中心意思是“用障碍物阻挡。”我们的单词bar 第一次在英语中出现是“障碍物”的意思， 最后发展成“卖饮料的柜台”〔flow〕An apparent ease or effortlessness of performance:安逸，从容不迫：明显的轻松或毫不费力的进行：〔barbarism〕There is a significant difference in meaning betweenbarbarism and barbarity. Both denote some absence of civilization,but the wordcivilization itself has several different senses, one the opposite ofbarbarism, the other the opposite of barbarity. On the one handcivilization may refer to the scientific, artistic, and cultural attainments of advanced societies; and it is this sense that figures in the meaning ofbarbarism. The English wordbarbarism originally referred to incorrect use of language, but it is now used more generally to refer to ignorance or crudity in matters of taste, including verbal expression:The New Yorker would never tolerate such barbarisms. On the other hand,civilization may refer to the basic social order that allows people to resolve their differences peaceably, and it is this sense—that is, civilization as opposed to savagery—that figures in the meaning ofbarbarity, which refers to savage brutality or cruelty in actions,as inThe accounts of the emperor's barbarity shocked the world. 在barbarism 与 barbarity 之间意义有明显的区别。 虽然两者都包含不文明的意思，但civilization 一词本身有好几种意思， 一种与barbarism 相反，另一种与 barbarity 相反。 一方面civilization 可以指在发达社会中科学、艺术、文化方面取得的成就， 这层意义能在barbarism 中得到体现。 英语词barbarism 最先指语音不正确的使用， 现在却更多地用来指品味方面的无知与鄙俗，包括动词表示法，例如：这个 纽约人 从不会容忍这些低级趣味。 另一方面，civilization 还可以指允许人们和平地彼此同化的社会基本规则。 在这个意义上，“文明”作为“残暴”的反义词，在barbarity 中得以体现， 指残酷的暴行或行为方面的残忍，例如句子这个皇帝的暴行被报道之后震惊了全世界 〔vacuum〕A space in which the pressure is significantly lower than atmospheric pressure.真空般状态：压强明显比大气压强低得多的空间〔can〕Only 21 percent of the Usage Panel acceptscan in the latter sentence. Butcan has a long history of use by educated speakers to express permission, particularly in British English.What is more, the blurring of the line betweencan and may is socially and historically inevitable, since politeness often makes the use ofcan preferable in the "permission" sense. For example, the sentenceYou can borrow my car if you like is a more gracious offer than You may borrow my car; the first presumes the granting of permission,while the second makes a point of it.Still, it is understandable that insistence on the use ofmay should become a traditional schoolroom ritual, particularly in first-person requests such as 用法专题使用小组中只有21%的成员接纳can 用于后面一句中。 但can 被受过教育的说话者用于表示许可已有很长的历史， 尤其是在大不列颠英语中。而且，can 和 may 之间不明显的界限从社会和历史渊源上说也是不可避免的， 因为礼貌常使can 的使用比较适宜“允许”这个意义。 例如，句子如你想要的话，你可以借用我的车 是比 你可以借用我的车； 亲切得多的提议， 第一句假定表示许可，而第二句却限定于这一点。然而，主张may 的用法应成为课堂内的惯例也是可以理解的， 尤其是在第一人称中，如 〔comix〕"the countercultural . . . comix of the sixties and early seventies, with their explicit criticism of American society"(Lloyd Rose)"60年代和70年代初的反主流文化地下出版书籍，有他们明显批评美国社会的内容”(劳埃德·罗斯)〔mark〕A distinctive trait or property:特征：明显的特点或特征：〔banality〕Something that is trite, obvious, or predictable; a commonplace.平庸之事：平庸陈腐的、明显的或可预见的事；平凡的事〔hit〕To be so repetitive or obvious as to become redundant or insulting:过分重复或明显变得多余或傲慢：〔whipcord〕A worsted fabric with a distinct diagonal rib.马裤尼：一种精纺毛料纤维，带有明显的斜纹凸起罗纹〔evident〕Easily seen or understood; obvious.See Synonyms at apparent 显然的，明白的：容易被看到或理解的；明显的 参见 apparent〔melatonin〕A hormone derived from serotonin and produced by the pineal gland that stimulates color change in the epidermis of amphibians and reptiles but whose function in mammals is not clear.降黑素：由松果体产生且来自血清素的一种激素，能刺激两栖动物和爬行动物表皮颜色的变化，但这种激素的作用对哺乳动物不明显〔outright〕Thoroughgoing; out-and-out:彻底的；明显的：〔soar〕To rise, fly, or glide high and with little apparent effort.高飞：几乎不用明显努力就升高、飞高或滑高〔palm〕Any of various chiefly tropical evergreen trees, shrubs, or woody vines of the family Palmae (or Arecaceae), characteristically having unbranched trunks with a crown of large pinnate or palmate leaves having conspicuous parallel venation.棕榈科植物：棕榈科（或槟榔科）的各种主要的热带常绿树、灌木或木质藤本植物，特点为有无分支的树干，其顶端集生羽状或掌状的树叶，并带有明显的平行叶脉〔out〕Into being or evident existence:出现：在开始存在或明显存在的状态中：〔unabashed〕Not concealed or disguised; obvious:不加掩饰的；明显的：〔unique〕Over the course of the centuryunique has become the paradigmatic example of the class of terms that do not allow comparison or modification by an adverb of degree such as very, somewhat, or quite. Thus, most grammarians believe that it is incorrect to say that something isvery unique or more unique than something else, though phrases such asnearly unique and almost unique are acceptable. In the most recent survey the sentenceHer designs are quite unique in today's fashion scene was unacceptable to 80 percent of the Usage Panel. · Critical objections to the comparison and degree modification of absolute terms date to the 18th centuryand have been applied to a wide group of adjectives includingequal, fatal, omnipotent, parallel, perfect, and unanimous. According to the standard argument, such words denote properties that a thing either does or does not have but cannot have to a qualifiable degree.Thus ifunique is properly used to mean "without equal or equivalent,” something either is unique or it isn't, and phrases such asvery unique and more unique can only betray a weakening of the sense to mean something like "unusual" or "distinctive.” It is true that comparison and modification ofunique are often associated with the style favored by copywriters, as in the advertisement announcing thatOmaha's most unique restaurant is now even more unique or in the claim that a new automobile is So unique, it's patented. But modification ofunique is also found in the work of reputable writers, where it may lack any connotations of hyperbole.A painting is described asthe most unique of Beckman's self-portraits, and a travel writer states thatChicago is no less unique an American city than New York or San Francisco. The relative acceptability of these usages reflects the semantic subtlety ofunique itself. If we were to useunique only according to the strictest criteria of logic, after all, we might freely apply the term to anything in the worldsince nothing is wholly equivalent to anything else.Clearly, then, when we say that a restaurant or painting is unique,we mean that it is worthy of inclusion in a class by itself according to certain implicit but generally accepted criteria.Thus a legitimately unique painting might be one that realizes an unparalleled aesthetic vision,but not one that is rendered only in pigments whose names begin with the lettero; and a legitimately unique restaurant might be one that serves 18th-century French cuisine according to the original recipes,not one that has been installed in a converted sardine cannery.Given this understanding, it is not inherently impossible to think of uniqueness as a matter of degree,in the sense that one painting or restaurant may be more or less worthy of inclusion in a class by itself than some other. ·What is troubling about the copywriters' use ofunique is not that the word has become a synonym for unusual. Rather, it is the copywriters who are using the word in conformity with strict logic.Uniqueness is claimed for a restaurant in virtue of some trivial properties of its decor or menu,or for a resort hotel that simply happens to have a singularly picturesque view of the bay.Though it may be true that such properties render these thingslogically unique, they do not constitute legitimate grounds for putting the things into a class by themselves according to the criteria ordinarily invoked when things are sorted into classes.In fact, the abuse ofunique can be cloying even when no modification or comparison is involved; when we read an advertisement for a line of sportswear that featuresa unique selection of colors, we may suspect that the distinctive properties of the color selection are not so remarkable as the advertiser would have us believe. But it is not surprising that these uses ofunique should lend themselves to promiscuous modification and comparison; for once it is granted that uniqueness can be claimed for any product or service that is somehow distinctive from all its competitors,it is inevitable that an increase in uniqueness will be seen in every minor innovation.See Usage Note at equal ,infinite ,parallel ,perfect 在本世纪整个过程中unique 已成为不能由程度副词，例 very、somewhat 或 quite， 比较或修饰的一类术语的例证。 因此，多数语法学家认为说某事是very unique 或 more unique than 是不正确的， 虽然短语例如nearly unique 和 almost unique 是可接受的。 在最近的调查中，句子Her designs are quite unique in today's fashion scene （她的设计在现今流行样式的场面中是很独特的） 对用法专题使用小组的百分之八十成员是不可接受的。 对纯粹术语的比较和程度修饰的主要异议可追述到18世纪，并已广泛用到许多形容词中，包括equal, fatal, omnipotent, parallel, perfect 和 unanimous。 根据标准论据，这些单词表示一事有或没有但不能有可修饰的程度的性质。于是如果unique 适当地用于表示“没有相等或相当的”，则某事是唯一的或不是唯一的， 而短语像very unique 和 more unique 仅能表露出说明某事像“不寻常的”或“独特的”的意义的减弱。 的确，unique 的比较和修饰常与撰稿人喜欢的文体相联系， 如在广告中称Omaha's most unique restaurant is now even more unique（奥马哈城的最独特的餐馆现在甚至是更加独特） 或声称新汽车是 So unique, it's patented（如此独特，它取得了专利权）。 但是unique 的修饰也在著名作家的作品中发现， 那里可能缺乏夸张法的任何涵义。描述一张油画为the most unique of Beckman's self-portraits（最独特的贝克曼的自画像）， 一位旅游作家叙述Chicago is no less unique an American city than New York or San Francisco（芝加哥比纽约或旧金山是不逊独特的美国城市）。 这些用法的相对可接受性反映unique 自身语义的巧妙。 如果我们仅按照逻辑的严格标准使用unique ， 则我们终于会自由地把此术语使用于世界上的任何事，因为没有完全等同于另一事的事。于是，显然当我们说餐馆或油画是独特的时，我们意味着根据某种隐含的但可普遍接受的判据它是值得包含在一个等级内的。于是合理独特的油画可能是实现空前未有的审美型的，而不是仅给予名字以字母O开始的颜料； 合理独特的餐馆可能根据原来的食谱提供18世纪法国菜肴的餐馆，而不是配备转换的沙丁鱼罐头食品的餐馆。按这样了解，将独特性视为程度问题不是本来就不可能的，在这个意义上一张油画或一个餐馆或多或少可能是极好的有价值的内涵物而不是其他。关于撰稿人使用unique 的困惑不是此单词已成为 unusual 的同义词。 相反地，正是撰稿人使用此单词与严密的逻辑相一致。对餐馆声称独特性是由于它的布置或菜单的某些不重要的性质，或者对于人们常去的旅馆仅因为有海湾的独一无二地别致的景象。虽然这样的性质使得这些事logically 独特的可能是真实的， 但是当事情进行了分类，根据平常实行的判据把这些事情自身放到一类，他们不组成正常的基础。事实上unique 的滥用会使人发腻，即使在没有涉及修饰或比较的时候； 当我们读运动服装的unique selection of colors（颜色的独特选择） 的一行广告时， 我们会怀疑颜色选择的独特性质并非广告商希望我们所认为的那么明显。但不必惊讶于unique 的这些用法应当适用于杂乱的修饰和比较； 就这一次可以承认，独特性能用来指任何产品或服务，它们与所有的竞争者相比较有某种程度的特色，在每一小的创新中可以看到独特性的增加是必然会发生的 参见 equal,infinite,parallel,perfect |
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