| 单词 | 教养 |
| 释义 | 〔culture〕A high degree of taste and refinement formed by aesthetic and intellectual training.修养，教养：通过美学和智力训练而形成的高品味和文雅〔correction〕corrections The treatment of offenders through a system of penal incarceration, rehabilitation, probation, and parole, or the administrative system by which these are effectuated. corrections 教养：对罪犯通过处罚禁闭，教养、缓刑以及假释或者行政制度这些有效管理方式〔inelegant〕Lacking refinement or polish; not elegant.粗俗的：缺乏优雅或教养的；不雅的〔penitentiary〕Resulting in or punishable by imprisonment in a penitentiary:感化的：导致受感化教养的或可用感化教养惩处的：〔gentry〕People of gentle birth, good breeding, or high social position.出身名门者：出身高贵的人，有良好的教养或高层社会地位的人〔teach〕Educate often implies formal instruction but especially stresses the development of innate capacities that leads to wide cultivation: Educate 经常暗指正式的教育但特别强调导致一般的教养的天生能力的发展： 〔penitentiary〕Relating to or used for punishment or reform of criminals or wrongdoers.惩治的：有关或用作惩处或教养罪犯或犯错误者的〔father〕A man who begets or raises or nurtures a child.父亲：生育、抚养或教养孩子的人〔inelegance〕Lack of refinement or polish.粗俗：缺乏优雅或教养〔naive〕"Those of highest worth and breeding are most simple in manner and attire" (Francis Parkman). “那些最有名望和教养的人在穿着举止上最为朴素自然” （弗朗西斯·帕克曼）。 〔rude〕Lacking the graces and refinement of civilized life; uncouth.粗暴的，粗野的：缺少文明生活的文雅和教养的；不雅的〔penitentiary〕a penitentiary offense.受感化教养惩处的犯罪〔civilization〕Cultural or intellectual refinement; good taste.教养，修养：文化或智慧的优雅；好品味〔breeding〕Training in the proper forms of social and personal conduct.See Synonyms at culture 教养：指社交和个人举止的礼仪表现的训练 参见 culture〔savage〕Lacking polish or manners; rude.无礼的：少教养的或无礼貌的；粗鲁的〔cultivate〕To nurture; foster.See Synonyms at nurture 教养；养育 参见 nurture〔cultivate〕To form and refine, as by education.改善，教养：使…养成和改善，如通过教育〔cultivation〕Refinement; culture.See Synonyms at culture 优雅；教养 参见 culture〔educable〕Capable of being educated or taught:可教育的：可受教育的或可教养的：〔vulgar〕Marked by a lack of good breeding; boorish.See Synonyms at common 粗俗的：缺乏好的教养的；粗鄙的 参见 common〔culture〕"The test of a man's or woman's breeding is how they behave in a quarrel" (George Bernard Shaw). “对某一男人或女人教养的考验是他们在争吵中如何表现” （乔治·萧伯纳）。〔patrician〕A person of refined upbringing, manners, and tastes.有教养的人：具有良好教养、礼貌和爱好的人〔gentleperson〕A person of good breeding; a lady or a gentleman.良好教养的人；女士或先生〔upbringing〕The rearing and training received during childhood.教养：小时候所接受的抚养和训练〔gentle〕Suited to one of good breeding; refined and polite.有教养的，有礼的：与良好教养相称的；优雅的，礼貌的〔vulgar〕Deficient in taste, delicacy, or refinement.不优雅的，粗鲁的：品味、格调或教养不高的〔hard〕"You write with ease to show your breeding,/But easy writing's curst hard reading" (Richard Brinsley Sheridan).“轻轻松松地写，从而表现你的教养,/但是轻松地写是困难地读的祸根” （理查·布林斯利·谢里登）。〔culture〕Development of the intellect through training or education.教养：通过训练或教育而实现的智力发展〔speak〕His manners spoke of good upbringing.他的谈吐显示了他良好的教养〔vulgar〕The wordvulgar brings to mind off-color jokes, but this was not always so.Ironically the wordvulgar is itself an example of pejoration, the process by which the semantic status of a word changes for the worse over a period of time.The ancestor ofvulgar, the Latin word vulgāris (from vulgus, "the common people"), meant "of or belonging to the common people, everyday,”as well as "belonging to or associated with the lower orders.”Vulgāris also meant "ordinary,” "common (of vocabulary, for example),” and "shared by all.” Its only sense of the sort we might expect was related to the notion of general sharing, that is, "sexually promiscuous.”Our word, first recorded in a work composed in 1391,entered English during the Middle English period,and in Middle English and later English we find not only the senses mentioned above but also related senses.What is common can be seen as debased,and in the 17th century we begin to find instances ofvulgar that made very explicit what was already implicit. Vulgar now meant "deficient in taste, delicacy, or refinement.” From such usevulgar has gone downhill, and at present "crudely indecent" is probably one of the first senses ofvulgar that occurs to many when the word is used. Vulgar 这个词使人想起下流的玩笑， 但这并不尽然。具有讽刺意味的是vulgar 这个词本身就是一个贬义词， 是一个词的语义经过一段时间变为贬义的过程。Vulgar 的语源，拉丁词 vulgaris （来自于 vulgrs， “普通人”）， 意思是平常人的、属于平常人的或日常的，”也意味着“属于低等阶级的，与低阶级有关的。”Vulgaris 也意味着“平常的”，“普通的（如词汇表的）”，和“大家共有的。” 我们可能会想到的这一类的唯一意思与“大家共有的”的意思是有关，即“滥交的。”这个词，首先记载于1391年编的一部书里，在中古英语期间进入英语，在中古英语和后期的英语中我们不仅发现它有上述的意思，也有其它相关的意思。普通的可以被看作是低下的，在17世纪我们开始发现vulgar 把含蓄的意思变得很明显的例子。 现在vulgar 指“品味、格调或教养不高的。” 以这个意思vulgar 开始走下坡路， 现在当人们使用vulgar 时，对许多人来讲“粗野下流的”可能是第一个意思 〔snob〕Snobs look down at their inferiors,but at one timesnobs looked up at their betters.The wordsnob, the ultimate origins of which are uncertain, is first found in 1781in the sense "shoemaker, cobbler,”a regional and informal usage.The word is recorded around 1796in a slang usage particular to Cambridge University, "a townsman as opposed to a gownsman.”Both senses may have fed into the sense first found in 1831, "a member of the ordinary or lower classes.”Along with this sense went another (1838), "a person without proper breeding or taste.”From these two senses arose the sense first recorded in 1848, "a person who looks up to his or her social betters and tries to copy or associate with them.”We can see how this sense could blend into the other familiar sense,"one who looks down on those considered inferior" (1911).势利小人们都瞧不起不如他们的人，但有一段时间，势利小人只是羡慕地位比他们高的人。Snob 这个词最远的起源还不清楚， 它第一次出现于1781年，意为“鞋匠，补鞋人”，这只是一种方言和非正式用法。1796年左右的记录显示，这个词有一个专用于剑桥大学的俚语意思，“与贵族相对应的普通市民”。这两个意思都进入了它第一次出现于1831年的“普通或低下阶层中的一员”这个意思。这个意思与另一个意思平行(1838年）：“没有良好教养和品味的人”。从这两个意思发展来了“羡慕地位高于他（她）的人并尽量与之进行联系的人”这个意思，第一次记录于1848年。然后，我们就能发现怎样又从这个意思中派生出了其它我们熟悉的意思，即“瞧不起被认为地位比自己低者的人”(1911年） |
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