| 单词 | 情况 |
| 释义 | 〔sniff〕The reporters came sniffing around for more details.记者们到处探听，企图找到更详细的情况〔superstition〕An irrational belief that an object, an action, or a circumstance not logically related to a course of events influences its outcome.迷信：认为与某一系列事件没有逻辑关系的一物体、一行为或一情况，会影响此系列事件结果的荒谬信念〔irony〕Incongruity between what might be expected and what actually occurs:讽刺意味：可能被期望的与实际发生的情况间的不一致：〔bearing〕Those issues have no bearing on our situation.那些问题与我们的情况无关〔vanity〕The quality or condition of being vain.自负，自大：自负的特点或情况〔sweat〕The police sweated the information out of the suspect.警察逼迫嫌疑犯提供了情况〔doll〕To dress oneself smartly and often ostentatiously, especially for a special occasion.穿戴整齐：尤指为某特殊情况而打扮得漂漂亮亮、花枝招展〔precarious〕Subject to chance or unknown conditions:不确定的，视情况而定的：倾向于不确定的或未知的状况：〔unambiguous〕"As a horror, apartheid . . . is absolutely unambiguous. There are . . . no shades of interpretation or circumstances to weigh that might make coming to a moral judgment more difficult"(Mario Vargas Llosa)“作为一种恐怖，种族隔离…是绝对确定无疑的，没有…任何值得考虑的解释或情况可以对其道德审判提出非难”(马里奥·巴尔加斯·略萨)〔eburnation〕Degeneration of bone into a hard, ivorylike mass, as that which occurs at the articular surfaces of bones in osteoarthritis.骨质象牙化：骨质变质为坚硬的象牙状的块体，类似于患骨节炎时骨关节表面出现的情况〔symbolist〕One who interprets or represents conditions or truths by the use of symbols or symbolism.象征主义者：使用象征或象征主义来阐释或代表情况或真理的人〔abreact〕To release (repressed emotions) by acting out, as in words, behavior, or the imagination, the situation causing the conflict.发泄：用言语、行为或想象等方式将造成冲突的情况表现出来用以释放（被压抑的情感）〔syndrome〕A complex of symptoms indicating the existence of an undesirable condition or quality.症候群：表明不良情况或品质的存在的一组复杂症状〔every〕Every is representative of a large class of English words and expressions that are singular in formbut felt to be plural in sense.The class includes, for example, noun phrases introduced byevery, any, and certain uses of some. These expressions invariably take a singular verb;we say Every car has (not have ) been tested. Anyone is (not are ) liable to fall ill. But when a sentence contains a pronoun whose antecedent is introduced byevery, grammar and sense pull in different directions.The grammar of these expressions requires a singular pronoun, as in Every car must have its brakes tested, but people persist in using the plural pronoun,as in Every car must have their brakes tested. Although the latter pattern is common in the speech of all groups,it is still widely regarded as grammatically incorrect in writing. ·The effort to adhere to the grammatical rule leads to various complications, however.The first is grammatical.When a pronoun refers to a phrase containingevery or any that falls within a different independent clause, the pronoun cannot be singular.Thus it is simply not English to sayEvery man left; he took his raincoat with him. Nor can one sayNo one could be seen, could he? Writers unwilling to use plural forms in these examples must find another way of expressing their meaning,either by rephrasing the sentence so as to get the pronoun into the same clause (as inEvery man left, taking his raincoat with him ) or by substituting another word forevery or any (as in All the men left; they took their raincoats with them. ) · The second complication is political.When a phrase introduced byevery or any refers to a group containing both men and women, what shall be the gender of the singular pronoun?This matter is discussed in the Usage Note athe. See Usage Note at all ,any ,each ,either ,he 1neither ,none Every 是一大类英语单词和短语的代表， 它们在形式上是单数的，但在意义上感觉起来却是复数。例如，这一类词中所包括的由every，any 和某些用法中的 some 所引导的名词短语。 这些短语毫无例外的跟单数动词，我们说每辆车都已 （不是 have ） 被测试过。 每个人都（不是 are ） 会生病 。 但是当一个句子中包括一个由先行词every 引导的代词时， 从句法和意义上就要区分不同的情况了。象每一辆车必须测试它的制动器 这样的表达法在语法上要求使用一单数代词， 但人们总习惯于用复数代词，象Every car must have their brakes tested 这样。 虽然后面这种形式在各种团体的讲话中非常普遍，但它在写作中仍广泛地被认为是语法上的错误。无论如何，坚持语法规则的努力总会导致各种各样的复杂问题。首先是语法上的复杂性。当一个代词指代一个短语，而这个短语中包括every 或 any 属于另一个与此代词所在子句不同的独立子句中时， 这个代词不能用单数形式。因此很容易理解英国人为何不说每个人离开时，都拿着各自的雨衣 ， 也不说没有人会被看到，不是吗？ 。 不愿意在这些例子中用复数形式的书写者必须找到另外一种表达他们意思的方法，或者可以通过重新改变句子的说法以使代词与其指代的短语同属一个从句中（如Every man left， taking his raincoat with him ）， 或者通过以另一个词代替every 或 any 的方法（如 All the man left；they took their raincoats with them ）。 第二是政治上的复杂性。当一个被every 或 any 引导的短语指代的一个团体中既有男人又有女人时， 单数代词的词性怎么确定呢？这个问题在单词he的用法说明中将被讨论 参见 all,any,each,either,he1neither,none〔incognito〕The condition of having a disguised or concealed identity.隐姓埋名，匿名：隐匿姓名身份或隐姓埋名的情况〔check〕To inspect so as to determine accuracy, quality, or other condition; test:检查：为确定准确性、质量或别的情况而进行检查；测试：〔put〕To cause to be in a specified condition:使处于：使…处于某一特定情况下：〔qualification〕A condition or circumstance that must be met or complied with:资格：一定会遇到或必须遵从的先决条件或情况：〔lieutenant〕What is the connection between a lieutenant governor and a lieutenant in the army?In the etymology of the wordlieutenant, at least, the connection lies in their holding a place;that is, the wordlieutenant is from an Old French compound made up of lieu, "place,” and tenant, "holding,” the present participle of the verb tenir, "to hold.” The word in Old French and the borrowed Middle English wordlieutenant, first recorded near the end of the 14th century, referred to a person who acted for another as a deputy.This usage has survived,for example, in our termlieutenant governor, the deputy of the governor and the one who replaces the governor if need be. In military parlancelieutenant appears by itself as well as in compounds such asfirst lieutenant and second lieutenant, which muddy the water a bit,but the original notion of the word in military usage was that the officer it referred to ranked below the next one upand could replace him if need be.A lieutenant in the U.S. Army could thus step into the shoes of a captain.副州长和陆军中尉之间有什么联系?就lieutenant 这个单词的词源来说， 至少，联系在于他们都拥有一个位置；也就是说，lieutenant 这个词源于一个古法语复合词，这个词由 lieu （“场所”）和 tenant （“拥有”）及动词 tenir （“持有，拥有”）的现在分词组成。 古法语的这个词和借用的中古英语词lieutenant 的最早记录出现在14世纪末， 该词指的是代理别人做某事的人。这种用法至今仍使用，例如，我们的短语lieutenant governor（副州长） 州长的副职和必要时代替州长的人。 在军事用语中，lieutenant 单独出现， 也在复合词如first lieutenant 及 second lieutenants 中出现， 这把情况搞复杂了一些，但这个词在军事用语中的原始意义是它所指的军官低于上一级军官，在必要时可以取代他。因此，美国陆军中的一名中尉可以取代上尉〔average〕The incurrence of damage or loss of a ship or a cargo at sea.海损损失：因海损使船货受损的情况〔watch〕To observe the course of mentally; keep up on or informed about:对…关注：对思想过程保持关注；维持或掌握…的情况：〔associate〕One that habitually accompanies or is associated with another; an attendant circumstance.联想物，附随物：习惯性陪伴或与另一人有联系的人；伴随情况〔occultation〕An observational technique for determining the position or radiant structure of a celestial source so occulted:掩星法：一种观测技术，用来测定在星掩情况下一天体的方位或射线结构：〔knowing〕Suggestive of secret or private knowledge:会心的，心照不宣的：暗示秘密或私人情况的：〔personhood〕The state or condition of being a person, especially having those qualities that confer distinct individuality:做人，人格：成为一个人的状态或情况，尤指那些赋予特殊个性的人：〔yourself〕Your normal or healthy condition:你的正常或健康的情况：〔allowance〕an allowance for breakage; made allowances for rush-hour traffic in estimating travel time.考虑到破损情况；估计旅行所需时间时考虑到尖峰时间交通堵塞的情况〔responsible〕Accountable especially emphasizes the requirement to give an account of one's discharge of a responsibility entrusted to one: Accountable 尤强调对委托给某人的职责的执行情况作出交代： 〔stall〕A condition in which an aircraft or airfoil experiences an interruption of airflow resulting in loss of lift and a tendency to drop.失速：飞机遭受空气流的停断造成飞机失速和下降趋势的情况〔melee〕the rush-hour melee.上下班高峰时间的混乱情况〔tow〕The act or an instance of towing.拖曳的行为或情况〔it〕Used to refer to a general condition or state of affairs:情况状态：用于指事情通常的情况或状态：〔pollster〕An understanding of the history of the-ster in pollster may perhaps raise more questions than it answers. In the first place apollster does not have to be a woman, despite the fact that the suffix-ster, originally-estre in Old English, was used to form feminine agent nouns.Hoppestere, for example, meant "female dancer.” But in Old English-estre was occasionally applied to men, although perhaps largely or completely in the case of translations of Latin masculine nouns denoting occupations that were held by women in Anglo-Saxon society.An example isbæcester, "baker,” glossing Latinpistor; it survives as the Modern English nameBaxter. In Middle Englishthe suffix was still largely feminine in the south of Englandbut masculine and feminine in the north,a tendency that became general in English starting with the 16th century.As an example of this tendencyseamster was remade into the feminineseamstress. In Modern English the suffix is usually derogatory.This use probably arose from the occurrence of the suffix with ambiguous verbs,such asgame, "to play at sports, to play at sex,” or with pejorative verbs,such asrime or rhyme. In some modern formations on neutral words-ster is not derogatory, as inyoungster (1589), but in most cases,as withpollster (1939), -ster has pejorative force. 对于pollster 中的 -ster 的历史的理解也许会引发比它能回答的问题更多的问题。 首先pollster 不一定非得是妇女， 尽管-ster 这一后缀， 源于古英语中的-estre ， 被用来构成阴性名词。比如hoppestere 一词意为“女舞蹈者。” 但在古英语中-estre 也偶尔可以用在男性身上， 虽然也许这种情况大多或者完全出现在表示盎格鲁-撒克逊社会中由妇女从事的职业的一些阳性拉丁文名词的翻译中。其中一个例子是boecester 意为“面包师”， 来自拉丁语的pistor； 这个词在现代英语名字Baxter 中保存了下来。 在中世纪英语中，该后缀在英格兰南部仍然主要地被用作阴性，但在英格兰北部却被同时用作阳性和阴性，而后一种趋势自16世纪以来逐渐在英语中变得普遍。反映这种趋势的一个例子是seamster ， 该词被改造成了阴性的seamstress。 在现代英语中这一后缀通常是含贬义的。这种用法可能是因为此后缀与一些有歧义的动词合用而产生的，比如game 可表示“进行体育活动，进行性游戏，” 或者是因为与轻蔑动词合用而产生的，比如rime 或 rhyme。 在某些现代英语中性名词中，-ster 不是贬损的， 如在youngster (1589年）中， 但在大多数情况下，如pollster (1939年）这个词中 -ster 仍是有贬义的 〔widowhood〕The condition or period of being a widow.孀居，守寡：作寡妇的情况或时间〔imbroglio〕A difficult or intricate situation; an entanglement.错综复杂的局面：一种困难的或复杂的情况；纠纷〔kicker〕A tricky or concealed condition; a pitfall:陷阱：隐藏的或棘手的情况；隐患：〔trait〕A genetically determined characteristic or condition:遗传特征：由基因决定的特征或情况：〔tonic〕Generic terms for carbonated soft drinks vary widely in the United States.Probably the two most common words competing for precedencearesoda, used in the northeast United States, andpop, used from the Midwest westward. In the South all soft drinks,regardless of the flavor or brand name,are referred to ascold drinks. Speakers in Boston and its environs have a term of their own:tonic. Such a variety of regional equivalents is unusual for a product for which advertising is so aggressive and universal;usually advertising has the effect of squeezing out regional variants.On the other hand, because there are so many types and flavors of soft drinks,perhaps no single generic word has ever emerged to challenge the regionalisms.在美国，含碳酸饮料的名称各地截然不同。其中有两个词正竞争着统治地位，一个是用于美国东北部的soda, ， 另一个是用于中西部以西的pop 。 在美国南部，所有的软饮料，不管味道或品牌如何，都统统叫作cold drinks 。 波士顿及其周围地区有其自己的名称：tonic 。 对于一种广告做得满天飞的产品来说，这种各地区名字不同的情况十分不寻常；因为广告通常有减弱方言的作用。另一方面，由于软饮料有如比多的种类和风格，所以可能还没有哪一个泛称能够取代这么多地方变体〔hatred〕Old English rǣden [condition] * see ar- 古英语 rǣden [情况，情形] * 参见 ar- 〔concurrent〕Happening at the same time as something else.See Synonyms at contemporary 同时发生的：和其他情况在相同时间发生的 参见 contemporary |
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