| 单词 | 性别 |
| 释义 | 〔feminine〕Female, likemale, categorizes by gender or sex; the term is not limited in application to human beings: Female 同male 一样，由性别或性而归为一类的； 这一词语并不限定只使用于人类： 〔gendered〕Having or making gender-based distinctions:依照性别而分类的：拥有或者使以性别为基础来分类的：〔pseudohermaphrodite〕One that possesses the internal reproductive organs of one sex while exhibiting some of the external physical characteristics of the opposite sex.假两性体：内部有一个性别的生殖器官，而显出另一性别的外部身体特征的东西〔chauvinism〕Prejudiced belief in the superiority of one's own gender, group, or kind:偏见：对自己所属的性别、团体或种类带有优越性的偏见：〔male〕A member of the sex that begets young by fertilizing ova.雄性：能使卵子受精而生产下一代的性别中的一种〔desexualize〕To take away the sexual quality of.除去性别特征（性能力）〔feminist〕The termfeminist may be applied to a person of either sex, according to 86 percent of the Usage Panel. 用法专题使用小组86%的成员认为词条feminist ，可用来指任一性别的人 〔female〕Characteristic of or appropriate to this sex; feminine.See Synonyms at feminine 女性的，女人特有的：这种性别特有的或适于这种性别的；表示妇女特性的 参见 feminine〔gender〕Traditionally,gender has been used primarily to refer to the grammatical categories of "masculine,” "feminine,” and "neuter"; but in recent years the word has become well established in its use to refer to sex-based categories,as in phrases such asgender gap and the politics of gender. This usage is supported by the practice of many anthropologists,who reservesex for reference to biological categories, while usinggender to refer to social or cultural categories. According to this rule,one would sayThe effectiveness of the medication appears to depend on the sex (not gender ) of the patient, butIn peasant societies, gender (not sex ) roles are likely to be more clearly defined. This distinction is useful in principle,but it is by no means widely observed,and considerable variation in usage occurs at all levels.传统地，gender 已被主要用来指“阳性”、“阴性”和“中性”的语法类别， 自近年来，这个单词已被人们普遍接受为指基于性别区分的类别，例如在词组性别差异 和 性别政治 中， 这种用法被许多人类学家所支持，他们把sex 局限为生物类别， 而用gender 来指社会和文化方面的类别。 根据这种规则，我们应该说医疗的有效性似乎取决于 （而不是 gender ） 病人的性别， 但是在农业国家中，性别的 （不是 sex ） 角色易于有更清楚的定义。 这种区分在原则上是有用的，但无法被人们广泛注意，而且大量变体出现于在不同水平的用法中〔male〕Consisting of members of this sex.男性组成的：由这种性别的成员组成的〔gender〕Sexual identity, especially in relation to society or culture.性别：性别同一性，尤指与社会与文化有关〔sex〕The property or quality by which organisms are classified as female or male on the basis of their reproductive organs and functions.性别：基于生殖器官和功能而将生物体分为雌或雄的性质或特点〔lady〕Used attributively together with the name of an occupational role,as inlady doctor, the word is widely regarded as condescendingbecause of its implication that the usual person in that role is a man.When the gender of the referent is relevant,the preferred term iswoman. 当它用在职业角色的名称前时，如女医生 ， 被普遍认为是带有性别特征的，因为它暗示了这个职业角色的扮演者通常应是男性。为了使所提到的性别表示更恰当，人们更喜欢用woman 这个词 〔it〕Used to refer to that one previously mentioned. Used of a nonhuman entity; an animate being whose sex is unspecified, unknown, or irrelevant; a group of objects or individuals; or an abstraction:表示物体：用于指已经提到的事物。用于指无生命物体；性别不详、不知或不相关的有生命物体；事物和群体；抽象物质：〔genderize〕To make gender-based distinctions within or among:依照性别而分类：将性别为基础来分类：〔san〕Used as a courtesy title in Japanese-speaking areas as a suffix to the given name, surname, or title of the person being addressed, regardless of age or gender:表示先生、夫人、女士：用在说日语地区的礼貌性头衔，作为后缀加在人的名、姓或官衔后，无论年龄或性别：〔gay〕The wordgay is now standard in its use to refer to the American homosexual community and its members;in this use it is generally lowercased.Gay is distinguished from homosexual in emphasizing the cultural and social aspects of homosexuality.Many writers reservegay for male homosexuals, but the word is also used to refer to homosexuals of both sexes;when the intended meaning is not clear in the context,the phrasegay and lesbian should be used. Like the other names of social groups that are derived from adjectives (e.g.,Black ), gay may be regarded as offensive when used as a noun to refer to particular individuals, as inThere were two gays on the panel; here a phrase such asgay people should be used instead. But there is no objection to the use of the noun in the pluralto refer to the general gay community,as inGays have united in opposition to the policy. See Usage Note at homosexual 单词gay 其用法已被普遍接受， 指的是美国的同性恋团体及其成员；在这种用法中，它一般小写。Gay 区别于 homosexual， 前者强调同性恋者的文化和社会方面。许多作家把gay 限定于男性同性恋者， 但这个单词也可用于指两种性别的同性恋者，当上下文的言外之意不太明确时，词组同性恋男性和同性恋女性 可以被使用。 就象其他从形容词派生来的社会群体名词一样（如，黑人 ）， gay 如果当作为一个名词使用，指一些特殊的个体时，可能会被认为带有攻击性， 如在There were two gays on the panel； 在此处应该用词组gay people 来代替。 但是并没有人反对其名词的复数形式，指一般的同性恋团体，如句子同性恋者们已经团结起来对抗政策 参见 homosexual〔gender〕from Old French [kind, gender] 源自 古法语 [种类，性别] 〔Greer〕Australian feminist best known for her bookThe Female Eunuch (1970), a study of female conditioning and sexual stereotypes. 吉儿，吉尔曼：澳大利亚女权主义者，以其著作《女性宦官》 （1970年）闻名，研究女性条件以及性别典型模式 〔transsexual〕One whose primary sexual identification is with the opposite sex.有异性转化欲者：其主要性别特征是与其相对性别的人〔male〕Characteristic of or appropriate to this sex; masculine.男性的：具有上述性别之特点的或适合于这种性别的〔genderlect〕A variety of speech or conversational style used by a particular gender.性别对话：为某一特定性别所使用的各种不同的演讲或者对话方式〔sex〕To determine the sex of (an organism, especially a hatching chicken).辨识性别：决定（一个生物体，尤其是正在孵化中的小鸡）的性别〔trend〕"The gender gap was trending down"(James J. Kilpatrick)“性别之间愈来愈没有距离”(詹姆斯J.科尔帕里克)〔necrophilia〕Erotic attraction to or sexual contact with corpses.奸尸：被尸体性别的吸引或同尸体发生性关系〔man〕Traditionally,man and words derived from it have been used generically to designate any or all of the human race irrespective of sex.In Old Englishthis was the principal sense ofman, which meant "a human being" regardless of sex;the wordswer and wyf (or w÷pman and wifman ) were used to refer to "a male human being" and "a female human being" respectively. But in Middle Englishman displaced wer as the term for "a male human being,”whilewyfman (which evolved into present-day woman ) was retained for "a female human being.” The result of these changes was an assymetrical arrangement that many criticize as sexist.Many writers have revised some of their practices accordingly.But the precise implications of the usage vary according to the context and the particular use ofman or its derivatives. · Man sometimes appears to have the sense of "person" or "people" when it is used as a count noun, as inA man is known by the company he keeps and Men have long yearned to unlock the secrets of the atom, and in phrases likethe common man and the man in the street. Here the generic interpretation arises indirectly:if a man is known by the company he keeps,then so, by implication, is a woman.For this reasonthe generic interpretation of these uses ofman is not possible where the applicability of the predicate varies according to the sex of the individual. Thus it would be inappropriate to say thatMen are the only animals that can conceive at any time, since the sentence literally asserts that the ability to conceive applies to male human beings.This usage presumes that males can be taken as representatives of the species.In almost all cases,however, the wordsperson and people can be substituted for man and men, often with a gain in clarity. · By contrast,man functions more as a generic when it is used without an article in the singular to refer to the human race, as in sentences likeThe capacity for language is unique to man or in phrases like man's inhumanity to man. But this use ofman is also ambiguous, since it can refer exclusively to male members of the human race.In most contexts wordssuch ashumanity or humankind will convey the generic sense of this use of man. · On the whole,the Usage Panel accepts the generic use ofman, the women members significantly less than the men. The sentenceIf early man suffered from a lack of information, modern man is tyrannized by an excess of it was acceptable to 81 percent of the Panel (including 58 percent of the women and 92 percent of the men).The Panel also accepted compound words derived from genericman. The sentenceThe Great Wall is the only man-made structure visible from space was acceptable to 86 percent (including 76 percent of the women and 91 percent of the men).The sentence"The history of language is the history of mankind" (James Bradstreet Greenough and George Lyman Kittredge) was acceptable to 76 percent (including 63 percent of the women and 82 percent of the men). Such compounds were acceptable even when the context required that they be applied chiefly to women.Thus, 66 percent of the Panel (including 57 percent of the women and 71 percent of the men) accepts the wordmanpower in the sentence Countries that do not permit women to participate in the work force are at a disadvantage in competing with those that do avail themselves of that extra source of manpower. · A related set of problems is raised by the use ofman in forming the names of occupational and social rolessuch asbusinessman, chairman, spokesman, layman, and freshman, as well as in analogous formationssuch asunsportsmanlike and showmanship. Some condemn this use categorically;however, these words remained acceptable to a majority of the Usage Panel when they were used to refer to a role or class in the abstractbut were rejected when they were used to refer to a woman.Thus the general use ofchairman was acceptable to 67 percent of the Panel (including 52 percent of the women and 76 percent of the men) in the sentence The chairman will be appointed by the Faculty Senate. But only 48 percent (including 43 percent of the women and 50 percent of the men) accepted the use of the word inEmily Owen, chairman of the Mayor's Task Force, issued a statement assuring residents that their views would be solicited, where it is applied to a woman. · Several strategies have been suggested for replacing the categorical use of compounds formed withman. Parallel terms likebusinesswoman, spokeswoman and chairwoman are increasingly used to refer to women. Also in use are common-gender terms coined withperson, such asbusinessperson, spokesperson, and chairperson. For occupational titles ending inman, new standards of official usage have been established by the U.S. Department of Labor and other government agencies.In official contexts termssuch asfirefighter and police officer are now generally used in place of fireman and policeman. · A majority of the Panelists rejected the verbman when it was used to refer to an activity performed by women. The sentenceMembers of the League of Women Voters will be manning the registration desk was unacceptable to 56 percent of the Panel (including 61 percent of the women and 54 percent of the men). See Usage Note at -ess ,people 传统上，man 以及它的衍生字一般是用来指任何人或整个人类， 不考虑性别。在古英语中，这就是man 这个字主要的意思， 即“人” 而不分性别；单词wer 和 wyf （或 woepman 和 wifman )则分别用以指“男人”和“女人”。 但在中古英语时man 取代了 wer 这个词， 也具有“男人”的意义了；而wyfman （这个字发展演变成了今天的 woman 这个字）作为“女人”这个意思被保留了下来。 这些变化的结果是，作为性别歧视者所批评的匀称排列。为此，许多作家相应地修订了他们部分的创作活动。但是这用法的准确含义取决于它的上下文以及man 的具体用途或它的衍生字。 当man 这个字被当作一个可数名词来用时，它有时似乎具有“一个人”或“人们”的意思， 如在被他所在的那个公司熟悉了解的人 和 很久以来，人们都期盼着解开原子的秘密 ， 以及如下短语中普通的人 和 街上的人 。 这里，一般的理解源于间接地推理：如果一个男人是被他所在的公司了解的话，其言下之意是，一个女人也是被他所在的公司熟悉了解的。正是这个原因，使得man 当此一般理解之义用时，其谓语随着个人性别的改变而变化是不可能的。 所以，说人是唯一能在任何时候思考的动物 是不适当的， 因为这句话字面之义是指男人的思考能力。这种用法是假定男人可以作为人类的代表。几乎毫无例外的是，词person 和 people 可以用 man 和 men 来取代，且后两字意思更清楚。 相反，当man 以单数不带冠词出现用以指人类时，它更是指一类、一属， 如在象句子只有人才有语言能力 或象短语 人类对人类的不人道 中。 但man 若以这种形式出现，其意思也会模糊不清， 因为其可只指人类中的男性成员。在大多数的行文中，例如humanity 或 humankind 这样的字也传达了 man 这种用法的一般意义。 总的说来，在用法专题使用小组成员中接受man 这种一般用法的女性比男性明显少得多。 下面这句话如果说古代人受信息不足之苦的话，那么现代人则是受信息过量之虐待了 在小组中有81的成员可接受 （其中女性成员中的接受率为58，男性中则为92)。专题小组会还接受作为一般意义的man 构成的复合词。 长城是太空中的唯一可见的人造物 这句话有86的成员接受 （其中女性成员的接受率为76，而男性中为91)。“语言史就是一部人类史” （詹姆士·布拉斯瑞特·格里诺和乔治·莱曼·基特里奇）这句话的接受率为76（基中在女性成员中有63接受，而男性中为82)。 即使是上下行文所需的字主要指的是女人，这种复合词仍然被接受。因此小组中的66（其中女性委员的57，男性的71)接受了manpower 这个词在下句的用法： 那些不允许女人加入生产力大军的国家和那些允许女人加入生产力大军的国家相比，在处理剩余劳动力这一点上明显处于竞争的劣势 。 由于man 的使用所引起的一系列相关问题产生了， 在构成职业或社会角色类别的名称，如商人、主席、发言人、外行 和 渔夫 ， 以及将这个字用于类似的构词法中，如违反运动精神的 和 善于表演的才能 。 有些人谴责这种类别的用法；然而，当它们抽象地指某种角色或阶层时，这些词仍能得到用法专题使用小组大多数人的接受；但当它们用由于指女性时，这些词就被拒绝了。因此在句子主席由职工委员会指定 中 主席 的这种一般用法就得到了67小组成员的接受（其中在女性成员中为52，而男性中为76)。 但是，在句子艾米莉·欧文，市长任务小组的主席，发表了一个声明，向市长保证将考虑他们的观点 中这个字的用法，由于是指女性，只有48的成员接受（其中在女性成员中的接受率为43，而男性中为50)。 对于如何替换用man 构成的类别复合词，几种构思被提了出来。 与之相对的复合词如女商人、女发言人 和 女主席 越来越多地被用来指女性。 另外，用person 构成的中性词也创造了出来， 如商人、发言人 和 主席 。 对于用man 结尾的职业名称， 美国政府劳工部和其它政府机构已建立起了新的官方运用标准。在官方行文，现在一般用如firefighter 和 police officer 代替 fireman 和 policeman 。 大多数的小组成员反对将动词man 用于指那些女性从事的活动。 句子登记处将配备女性选民联盟的成员 在用法专题使用小组中的反对率是56（其中在女性成员中的反对率是61，而男性中为54) 参见 -ess,people〔female〕Of, relating to, or denoting the sex that produces ova or bears young.女的，女性的：属于、有关或表示产卵或产仔性别的〔frotteur〕A person who engages in the sexual act of frottage.性别擦印画家：从事性别行为的性别艺术擦印画家〔degender〕To make gender-neutral, as by eliminating reference to gender or sex.无性别化：使性别中立，例如借着减少提及性别或性〔juvenile〕A young animal that has not reached sexual maturity.幼雏：还未达到性别成熟期的幼小动物〔Stevens〕American cytogeneticist whose studies on the chromosomes of the common mealworm led to the discovery of the chromosomal determination of sex.斯蒂文斯，内蒂雅·玛丽：(1861-1912) 美国细胞遗传学家，其普通大黄粉虫幼体染色体研究导致了性别染色体有决定性的发现〔heterosporous〕Producing two types of spores differing in size and sex.具异形孢子的：产生大小与性别不同的两种孢子的〔Jewess〕Like the feminine forms of other ethnic terms, such asNegress, the wordJewess has come to be widely regarded as offensive, since it seems to imply that the conjunction of Jewishness and female sex is sufficient to establish a distinct racial or social category.Where reference to gender is relevant,the phraseJewish woman can be used: 象其它种族名词的阴性形式一样，如Negess ， 单词Jewess 已被普遍地当作一种无礼的用法， 因为它看来似乎是犹太人和女性的结合就足以形成一个独特的种族和社会类别。为了表达与性别相关时，词组Jewish woman 可以这样用： 〔male〕 Male, likefemale, categorizes by sex; the term is not limited in application to human beings: Male， 象female 一样，指的是性别的分类； 这个词不仅仅限于用指人类的性别： 〔their〕"It is fatal for anyone who writes to think of their sex"(Virginia Woolf)See Usage Note at he 1“写作时考虑性别对任何人都是致命的”(弗吉尼亚·沃尔夫) 参见 he1〔male〕Of, relating to, or designating the sex that has organs to produce spermatozoa for fertilizing ova.雄的，公的：属于、表明是或与某种性别有关的，此性别具有能产生使成熟卵子受精的精子的器官〔blond〕It is usual in English to treatblond as if it required gender marking, as in French, spelling itblonde when referring to women and blond elsewhere. But this practice is in fact a relatively recent innovation,and some have suggested that it has sexist implicationsand that the formblond should be used for both sexes. There is certainly a measure of justice to the claim that the two forms are not used symmetrically.Since English does not normally mark adjectives according to the gender of the nouns they modify,it is natural to interpret the final-e as expressing some additional meaning, perhaps because it implies that hair color provides a primary category of classification for women but not men.This association of hair color and a particular perception of feminine identity is suggested in phrasessuch asdumb blonde and Is it true blondes have more fun? or in Susan Brownmiller's depiction of Hollywood's "pantheon of celebrated blondes who have fed the fantasies of men and fueled the aspirations of women.” The corresponding masculine formblond, by contrast, is not ordinarily used to refer to men in contexts in which hair color is not specifically at issue; there is something arch in a reference toLeslie Howard, Robert Redford, and other celebrated blonds. See Usage Note at brunette 在英语中，通常在使用blond 时似乎认为这个词需要性别标志。 正如在法语中，指女性时拼作blonde ，指其他时拼作 blond 。 但这实际上是较新的一种用法，一些人就曾认为这个词本身就带有性别的含义，而且blond 可同时用于两种性别。 两种形式并没有相应地使用的说法是有几分道理。因为英语中通常并不根据形容词修饰的名词的性而加以标明，很自然地就词尾的-e 看作附加的意思的表示， 这也许是由于它暗示头发的颜色是女性而不是男性提供了一个鉴别的首要类型。这种把头发颜色和女性鉴别的特殊方法联系在一起的作法，在如下的一些句子中有所体现，dump blonde（愚蠢的女人） 和 Is it true blondes have more fun?（金发女人真的更有情趣吗?） 或苏珊·布朗米勒的《好莱坞》中的描写的 "pantheon of celebrated blondes who have fed the fantasies of men and fueled the aspirations of women"（一些曾满足男人的幻想和勾起女人的野心的显赫女明星）。 不同的是相对应的男性的强调形式blond, 在行文中没有特别头发颜色的情况下通常并不专指男性； 如这句说法有调侃的意味的例句Leslie Howard, Robert Redford, and other celebrated blonds（莱斯利·霍华德，罗伯特·莱德佛拉和其他著名的金发明星中） 参见 brunette〔craniometry〕Measurement of the skull to determine its characteristics as related to sex, race, or body type.头盖测量法：测量头盖并确定其与性别、种族或身体形状有关的特征的方法〔Meyer〕American writer and a founder of Barnard College at Columbia University (1889). Her dramatic works includeThe Dominant Sex (1911) and Black Souls (1932). 迈耶，安妮·弗罗朗斯·内森：(1867-1951) 美国作家，哥伦比亚大学巴纳德学院(1889年）的创始人，她的戏剧作品包括《占优势的性别》 （1911年）和 《黑灵魂》 （1932年） 〔amniocentesis〕A procedure in which a small sample of amniotic fluid is drawn out of the uterus through a needle inserted in the abdomen. The fluid is then analyzed to detect genetic abnormalities in the fetus or to determine the sex of the fetus.羊膜穿刺术：用针刺入腹腔以便从子宫中抽取少量羊水样品的步骤。随后对羊水进行分析，检测胎儿是否遗传异常或用以确定胎儿性别 |
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