| 单词 | 心理学 |
| 释义 | 〔APA〕American Psychological Association.美国心理学协会〔Linton〕American anthropologist who synthesized elements of anthropology and psychology in an attempt to determine the ways in which cultures are formed. His works includeThe Study of Man (1936) and The Tree of Culture (1955). 林顿，拉尔夫：(1893-1953) 美国人类学家，他综合了人类学和心理学的因素试图研究文化形成的过程。他的作品有《人类研究》 （1936年）和 《文化谱系》 （1955年） 〔Wundt〕German physiologist and founder of experimental psychology. HisPrinciples of Physiological Psychology (1873-1874) is considered a classic text. 冯特，威廉：(1832-1920) 德国生理学家和实验心理学的奠基人。他所著的《生理心理原理》 （1873-1874年）被认为是经典之作 〔conscience〕The part of the superego in psychoanalysis that judges the ethical nature of one's actions and thoughts and then transmits such determinations to the ego for consideration.超我之心：心理学上用来判断某人行为和思想的道德标准的超我部分，之后将判断结果传送给自我进行考虑〔psychological〕Of or relating to psychology:心理学的或与心理学有关的：〔psychoimmunology〕The branch of medicine that studies the effects of psychological and social factors on the functioning of the immune system.精神免疫学：医学的分支，研究心理学因素与社会因素对免疫系统作用的影响〔Fechner〕German psychologist and physicist who studied the relationship between strength of stimulus and intensity of sensation, thereby founding psychophysics.费克纳，古斯塔夫·狄奥多里克：(1801-1887) 德国心理学家及物理学家，他对刺激力量与感情强烈程度之间的关系进行研究，进而创立了物理心理学〔pop〕pop culture; pop psychology.通俗文化；通俗心理学〔animus〕In Jungian psychology, the masculine inner personality as present in women.男性倾向：在荣格心理学中妇女所具有的男性内在个性〔psychometrics〕The branch of psychology that deals with the design, administration, and interpretation of quantitative tests for the measurement of psychological variables such as intelligence, aptitude, and personality traits. Also called psychometry 心理测量学：心理学的一支，研究对精神变量比如智力，能力和性格特征等进行测量的数据化测试设计，管理和解释 也作 psychometry〔psychophysics〕The branch of psychology that deals with the relationships between physical stimuli and sensory response.精神物理学：心理学的一支，研究物理刺激和感官反应之间的关系〔psychologist〕A person trained and educated to perform psychological research, testing, and therapy.心理学家：经过训练和教育，进行心理学研究、测试和诊断的人〔behaviorism〕A school of psychology that confines itself to the study of observable and quantifiable aspects of behavior and excludes subjective phenomena, such as emotions or motives.行为科学主义：心理学的一个流派，着重研究行为中可以观察到的、可以量化的方面，排除主观现象，如感情或动机〔anima〕In Jungian psychology:心灵：在荣格心理学中：〔structuralism〕A method of analyzing phenomena, as in anthropology, linguistics, psychology, or literature, chiefly characterized by contrasting the elemental structures of the phenomena in a system of binary opposition.构造主义：分析现象的一种方法，如在文化人类学，语言学，心理学或文学中，主要特点是通过在一个二元对立的系统中对现象的基本构造进行对比〔Weber〕German physiologist and psychologist who studied sensory response and is considered a founder of experimental psychology.韦伯，厄恩斯特·亨利希：(1795-1878) 德国生理学家和心理学家。他研究了触觉反应，被认为是实验心理学的创始人之一〔Gestaltist〕An adherent or a practitioner of the principles of Gestalt psychology.完形心理学家：拥护或实践格式塔心理学原理的人〔neuropsychology〕The branch of psychology that deals with the relationship between the nervous system, especially the brain, and cerebral or mental functions such as language, memory, and perception.神经心理学：心理学的分支，研究神经系统特别是脑神经系统与诸如语言、记忆、知觉等脑功能或心理功能之间相互关系的科学〔aggress〕Aggress has occasionally been unjustly maligned as an upstart back-formation, that is, as having been created by people who incorrectly thought thataggression was formed from the verb aggress. As used in the field of psychologyaggress may be a back-formation from aggression, butaggress has been in general use since the 16th century and in fact antedates aggression. Aggress 有时被错误地认为是新的逆构词， 也就是说是由那些错误地认为aggression 是从动词 aggress 变来的人创造的。 在心理学领域的用法中，aggress 可能由 aggression 逆构而成， 但是aggress 从16世纪起就已经通用，事实上早于 aggression 的使用 〔psychobiology〕The school of psychiatry that interprets personality, behavior, and mental illness in terms of adaptive responses to biological, social, cultural, and environmental factors.生物心理学派：一个精神治疗学派，该学派以人对生物，社会，文化和环境因素的适应性反应来解释性格，行为和精神病症〔Adlerian〕Of, relating to, or being a psychological school based on the belief that behavior arises in subconscious efforts to compensate for inferiority or deficiency and that neurosis results from overcompensation.阿德勒学派的：属于、关于或是基于认为，行为产生于弥补低等或缺陷的潜意识努力以及神经官能病产生于过多补偿的心理学派的〔psychologize〕To explain (behavior) in psychological terms.从心理学角度解释（行为）〔zonk〕"zonk their patients with tranquilizers"(Psychology Today)“用镇静剂使病人失去知觉”(今日心理学)〔metapsychology〕Philosophical inquiry supplementing the empirical science of psychology. Metapsychology deals with aspects of the mind that cannot be evaluated on the basis of objective or empirical evidence.超心理学：补充心理学中经验科学研究的哲学研究，研究意识思想中那些不能基于客观或经验证据来评价的方面〔psychology〕The science that deals with mental processes and behavior.心理学：研究心理过程和行为的科学〔psychobabble〕Psychological jargon, especially that of psychotherapy:心理呓语：心理学的术语，尤指那些心理分析的术语：〔conscious〕In psychoanalysis, the component of waking awareness perceptible by a person at any given instant; consciousness.意识：心理学中，一个人在任何清醒时刻所具有的觉察力；意识〔Maslow〕American psychologist and a founder of humanistic psychology who developed a hierarchical model of human motivation, in which a higher need, ultimately that for self-actualization, is expressed only after lower needs are fulfilled.马斯洛，亚伯拉罕：(1908-1970) 美国心理学家，人文主义心理学的奠基人。他提出人类行为动机的等级模型，根据该模型，只有当基本的低级需求被满足后，高级需求──最终就是对自我实现的需求，才会表现出来〔psychohistory〕A psychological or psychoanalytic interpretation or study of historical events or persons:心理历史：对历史事件或历史人物所作的心理学或精神分析学的阐释或研究：〔set〕"The mental set of an audience is crucial to his performance"(Psychology Today)“观众的先入之见对他的表演来说是残酷的”(今日心理学)〔field〕considers psychology her bailiwick;认为心理学是她的专长；〔hedonics〕The branch of psychology that studies pleasant and unpleasant sensations and states of mind.快感学：心理学的一个分支，研究快乐和不快乐的感觉及大脑状态〔Hockett〕American linguist and anthropologist whose works includeA Manual of Psychology (1955). He is also a composer of opera and orchestral works. 哈其斯，查尔斯：美国语言学家和人类学家，其作品包括《心理学简介》 （1955年）。他也是歌剧及管弦乐的作曲家 〔Jungian〕Maintaining Jung's psychological theories, especially those that stress the contribution of racial and cultural inheritance to the psychology of an individual.信奉荣格精神分析法的：坚持荣格的心理学原理的，尤指那些强调种族和文化遗传对个人心理有促成作用的原理〔Skinner〕American psychologist. A leading behaviorist, Skinner influenced the fields of psychology and education with his theories of stimulus-response behavior. His books includeWalden Two (1961) and Beyond Freedom and Dignity (1971). 斯金纳，布（鲁斯）·腓（特烈）：(1904-1990) 美国心理学家。作为新行为主义代表人物，斯金纳以他关于刺激-反应行为的理论影响了心理学和教育领域。他的作品包括《华尔登第二》 （1961年）以及 《超越自由与尊严》 （1971年） 〔Rogers〕American psychologist. A founder of humanistic psychology, he developed client-centered therapy, in which the client directs the focus and pace of each session.罗杰斯，卡尔：(1902-1987) 美国心理学家，人本主义心理学的缔造者。他首创以患者为中心的心理疗法，治疗中患者指示每一次与医生会谈的重点和进度〔subspecialty〕A narrow field of study or work within a specialty, as pediatric dermatology or geriatric psychiatry.分专业：一专业中的狭窄的研究领域或工作领域，例如小儿皮肤病学或老年心理学〔methodology〕Methodology can properly refer to the theoretical analysis of the methods appropriate to a field of study or to the body of methods and principles particular to a branch of knowledge.In this sense,one may speak ofobjections to the methodology of a geographic survey (i.e., objections dealing with the appropriateness of the methods used) or of themethodology of modern cognitive psychology (i.e., the principles and practices that underlie research in the field). In recent years, however,methodology has been increasingly used as a pretentious substitute for method in scientific and technical contexts, as inThe oil company has not yet decided on a methodology for restoring the beaches. This usage may have been fostered in part by the tendency to use the adjectivemethodological to mean "pertaining to methods,” in as much as the regularly formed adjectivemethodical has been preempted to mean "orderly, systematic.” But the misuse ofmethodology obscures an important conceptual distinction between the tools of scientific investigation (properly methods ) and the principles that determine how such tools are deployed and interpreted—a distinction that the scientific and scholarly communities, if not the wider public,should be expected to maintain.Methodology 可指对一个学科的研究方法进行的理论分析， 也可指一个学科特有的一整套方法与步骤。在这种意义上，人们可以说对于一个地理调查所用方法提出的异议 （即，关于所用方法是否适当所提的异议）， 也可以说现代认知心理学的研究方法 （即，形成一门学科的研究基础的原则和方法）。 然而，近些年来，在科学、技术语境中，methodology 越来越多地被用做颇带炫耀夸张色彩的 method 的替换词， 如说石油公司尚未决定恢复海滩环境的方法。 这种用法可能部分地起因于用形容词methodological 来表示“与方法有关的”意思的倾向， 因为用常规方法构成的形容词methodical 已先行意味着“有序的，有系统的”。 但是methodology 的这种错误用法模糊了一个重要的概念区分，那就是科学研究的方法（正确的说法应是 methods )和决定这些方法如何运用和阐释的原则之间的区分——这个区分， 如果不为更多的大众所认识，至少应为科学和学者圈子所坚持〔psychotechnics〕The practical or technological application of psychology, as in analysis of social or economic problems.心理技术学：心理学在实际或技术上的运用，比如分析社会或经济问题等〔Hall〕American psychologist who established an experimental psychology laboratory at Johns Hopkins University (1882), founded child psychology, and profoundly influenced educational psychology.霍尔，格朗维尔·斯坦利：(1844-1924) 美国心理学家，1882年他在约翰斯·霍普金斯大学建立了一座实验性的心理实验室，创建儿童心理学，对教育心理学影响极大 |
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