| 单词 | 很可能 |
| 释义 | 〔probably〕Most likely; presumably.很可能地；大概〔lingo〕A look at the entry in the Indo-European roots entry fordöghū- will show that the wordstongue, language, and lingo are related, all going back to the Indo-European rootdöghū-, "tongue.” The relationship betweenlanguage and lingo is not particularly surprising given their related meanings and common root, but one might be curious as to the routes by which these two words came into English.Language, as did so many of our important borrowings from Latin, passed through French into English during the Middle Ages, the forms involved being Latinlingua, "language,” its descendant, Old French langue, and its derivative, langage. Lingo, on the other hand, entered English after the end of the Middle Ages when Europe had opened itself to the larger world. We have probably borrowedlingo from lingoa, a Portuguese descendant of Latin lingua. The Portuguese were great traders before the English were,and it is not unlikely that the sense "foreign language" was strengthened as the Portuguese traveled around the world.Interestingly enough,the first recorded instance oflingo in English is in the New World (1660) in a reference to the "Dutch lingo.” The development in sense to "unintelligible language" and "specialized language" is an obvious one.当我们看到印欧语系词根条目dnghu- 时， 我们就可以看出tongue，language 和 lingo 之间的联系， 它们都拥有共同的印欧语系词根dnghu- “舌头”。 当我们知道language 和 lingo 拥有共同的词根并且在意思上有关联时，我们就不会惊异于他们之间的联系， 但我们可能会对这两个词是通过何种方式进入英语的感到很好奇。和许多重要的从拉丁语借来的词一样，language 是在中世纪时通过法语传入英语的， 变换的形式为拉丁语的lingua “语言”、它的变体，古法语中的 langue 和它的派生词 langage。 另一方面，Lingo是在欧洲向一个更广阔的世界开放自己的时候即在中世纪结束后期进入英语的。 我们可能从拉丁文lingua 的葡萄牙语变体 lingoa 借入了 lingo 。 葡萄牙人是英国人之前的大商人，当他们在周游世界的同时，很可能那种“外语”的意义得到了加强。很有趣的是，最先出现在英语中的lingo 新大陆（1660年）一书中用来指“荷兰语”。 所以变成“难懂的话”和“行话”的意思的发展过程是很明显的〔throwaway〕Something designed or likely to be discarded after use, as a free handbill distributed on the street.临时利用件：如在街上免费散发的传单等使用后很可能要丢弃或按计划应当丢弃的东西〔economy〕Managing an economy has at least an etymological justification.The wordeconomy can probably be traced back to the Greek word oikonomos, "one who manages a household,” derived fromoikos, "house,” and nemein, "to manage.” Fromoikonomos was derived oikonomia, which had not only the sense "management of a houseold or family" but also senses such as "thrift,” "direction,” "administration,” "arrangement,” and "public revenue of a state.”The first recorded sense of our wordeconomy, found in a work possibly composed in 1440, is "the management of economic affairs,” in this case, of a monastery. Economy is later recorded in other senses shared byoikonomia in Greek, including "thrift" and "administration.”What is probably our most frequently used current sense, "the economic system of a country or an area,” seems not to have developed until the 19th or 20th century.管理经济可以从词源上得到确认。economy 一词的来源很可能追溯到希腊文中的 oikonomos 即“管家”， 这又是从oikos 意为“房子”，以及 nemein 意为“管理”两词演化而来。 从oikonomos 派生出的 oikonomia 意思不仅有“家庭管理”， 而且有“节约”、“指示”、“行政”、“安排”及“国家岁入”等含义。Economy 这个词的意思最早记载在约1440年出版的一篇作品上，意思是僧院的“经济事件管理”。 Economy 在此之后记载下来的意思与希腊语的oikonomia 有相似之处， 包括“节约”和“行政”，直到19世纪或20世纪，今天最常用的意思才开始出现，即“国家或地区的经济体系”〔lucre〕When William Tyndale translatedaiskhron kerdos, "shameful gain" (Titus 1:11), as filthy lucre in his edition of the Bible, he was tarring the wordlucre for the rest of its existence. But we cannot lay the pejorative sense oflucre completely at Tyndale's door. He was merely a link,albeit a strong one,in a process that had begun long before with respect to the ancestor of our word,the Latin wordlucrum, "material gain, profit.” This process was probably controlled by the inevitable conjunction of profit, especially monetary profit, with evils such as greed.In Latinlucrum also meant "avarice,” and in Middle Englishlucre, besides meaning "monetary gain, profit,” meant "illicit gain.”Furthermore, many of the contexts in which the neutral sense of the word appeared were not that neutral,as in "It is a wofull thyng . . . ffor lucre of goode . . . A man to fals his othe [it is a sad thing for a man to betray his oath for monetary gain].”Tyndale thus merely helped the process along when he gave us the phrasefilthy lucre. 当威廉·廷代尔在他的《圣经》版本里把aiskhon kerdos （“可耻的收获”）翻译成 filthy lucre 时， 他就把lucre 这个词当作贬义了， 这个词以后也就这样解释了。但是我们不能把lucre 这个词的贬义全部归于廷代尔名下。 他只是整个过程的一个环节，尽管是个有力的环节，这个过程早在我们这个词的祖先，拉丁字lucrum （意为“物质获得，利润”）就开始了。 这个过程很可能与带有类似贪婪这样的罪恶利润，尤其是钱财利润不可避免地联系在一起。在拉丁文里，lucrum 也有“贪婪”的意思。 在中世纪英语中，lucre 除了有“钱财收入，利润”的意思之外， 还意味着“不正当的所得”。更进一步说，即使这个词意思是中性的，但上下文却不是那么的中性，比如“一个人为了钱财背弃自己的誓言。”廷代尔在给我们短语filthy lucre 时，仅仅有助于把这个过程延续下来 〔card〕Likely or certain to happen:很可能或一定会发生的：〔sek〕Perhaps suffixed zero-grade form*sk w-e-tlo- , narration. scold , skald , from Middle English scolde , an abusive person, and Old Norse skāld , poet, "satirist" (to which the probable Scandinavian source of Middle English scolde is perhaps akin), from North Germanic *skathla . 可能为添加后缀的零级形式*sk w-e-tlo- , 叙述文. scold , skald , 源自 中古英语 scolde , 谩骂者, 和 古斯堪的纳维亚语 skāld , 诗人, “讽刺家” （很可能 斯堪的纳维亚语 与 中古英语 scolde 的语源相同）, 源自 北日耳曼语 *skathla . 〔whin〕[probably of Scandinavian origin] [很可能源于斯堪的纳维亚] 〔black〕Use of the capitalized form has the advantage of acknowledging the parallel with other ethnic groups and nationalities,such asItalian and Sioux. It can be argued thatblack is different from these other terms because it was derived from an adjective rather than from a proper name.However, a precedent exists for the capitalization of adjectives used to denote specific groups,as in theReds and the Whites (of the Russian Civil War) or the Greens (the European political party). The capitalization ofBlack does raise ancillary problems for the treatment of the term white. Orthographic evenhandedness would seem to require the use of the uppercase formWhite, but this form might be taken to imply that whites constitute a single ethnic group,an issue that is certainly debatable.On the other hand, the use of the lowercase formwhite in the same context as the uppercase form Black will obviously raise questions as to how and why the writer has distinguished between the two groups.There is no entirely happy solution to this problem.In all likelihood, uncertainty as to the mode of styling ofwhite has dissuaded many publications from adopting the capitalized form Black. See Usage Note at color 大写字母的好处在于对于其他种族和民族平等关系的承认，如意大利人 和 苏人。 有人可以争辩说black 与其他词不同， 因为他是由一个形容词而不是专有名词派生而成的。但是，大写形容词意指一组人已有前例，如Reds 和 Whites （俄国内战中）或 Greens （欧洲政党）。 大写的Black 确实引起了该如何对待 White 一词的有关问题。 正字法的公正要求使用White 的大写形式White， 但这种形式可能被认为暗示白人组成了单独的种族，这是会引起争论的问题。另一方面，在有black 大写形式White出现的相同语境中使用 White 的小写形式white， 显然会引起如何及为什么作者要对这两组人区别对待的问题。这一问题尚无令人满意的解决办法。White 书写方式的不确定性很可能已经使许多出版物不再采用大写形式的 Black 参见 color〔liable〕In a depression banks are liable to fail.在经济萧条期间，银行很可能倒闭〔prospect〕A candidate deemed likely to succeed.有希望的人：被认为很可能要成功的候选人〔enormity〕the world really become aware of the enormity of Pol Pot's oppression. Fifty-nine percent of the Usage Panel rejects the use ofenormity in the more general sense in the sentenceAt that point the engineers sat down to design an entirely new viaduct, apparently undaunted by the enormity of their task. This distinction betweenenormity and enormousness has not always existed historically, but nowadays many observe it.Writers who ignore it in phrases such asthe enormity of the President's election victory or the enormity of her inheritance may find their words an unintended source of amusement.整个世界也才注意到波尔布特高压政策的穷凶极恶。 用法使用小组的59％成员都反对在如下句子里将enormity 该词用于更广泛的意义， 如在句子当坐下来开始设计一座全新的高架桥时，很明显地工程师们对他们所面临的艰巨工作无所畏惧 中。 这种enomity 和 enormousness 间的差异并不总是在历史上存在， 但现在很多人都观察到了这一点。那些在例如总统竞选的巨大胜利 或 她的巨额遗产 这些短语中忽略了该差异的作者们， 很可能会发现他们的词语无意中变成逗乐趣事的来源〔Sumerian〕A member of an ancient people, probably of non-Semitic origin, who established a nation of city-states in Sumer in the fourth millenniumb.c. that is one of the earliest known historic civilizations. 苏美尔人：一个古代民族的成员，很可能是非闪米特的起源在公元前 四千年期间在苏美尔建立了一个城邦国家，这是已知最早的具有重大历史意义的文明之一 〔oscillate〕The rather dry wordoscillate may become a bit less dry as we learn its story. It is possible that it goes back to the Latin wordōscillum, a diminutive ofōs, "mouth,” meaning "small mouth.” In a passage in theGeorgics, Virgil applies the word to a small mask of Bacchus hung from trees to move back and forth in the breeze.From this wordōscillum may have come another word ōscillum, meaning "something, such as a swing, that moves up and down or back and forth.”And thisōscillum was the source of the verb ōscillāre, "to ride in a swing,” and the noun (from the verb) ōscillātio, "the action of swinging or oscillating.” The words have given us, respectively, our verboscillate, first recorded in 1726, and our noun oscillation, first recorded in 1658. The next time one sees something oscillating,one might think of that small mask of Bacchus swinging from a pine tree in the Roman countryside.当我们了解了与oscillate 有关的传说时，这个较为枯燥的词就会变得不那么干巴巴的了。 此词可被追溯到一个拉丁词oscillum， 可简写成os， “嘴”，意为“小嘴”。 在农事诗集 的一节中， 维吉尔用这个词指挂在树上在微风中来回摆动的酒神巴克斯的小假面具。从oscillum 一词可以得出另一词 oscillum， 指“前后或上下摆动的某物，如秋千。”而这里的oscillum 便是意为“在秋千上摆动”的动词 oscillare 和意为“摆动或摇动的动作”的名词（从动词来） oscillatio 的词源。 从这些单词中分别得出了我们今天所用的动词oscillation （首次记录于1726年）和名词 oscillation （首次记录于1658年）。 以后若看见物体在摆动，就很可能会想起古罗马乡间一棵松树上摇来晃去的巴克斯的小假面具了〔daresay〕To think very likely or almost certain; suppose. Used in the first person singular present tense:料想：认为很可能或几乎肯定；猜想。用于现在时第一人称单数：〔Rhodesia〕A region of south-central Africa south of Zaire and comprising modern-day Zambia and Zimbabwe. Probably inhabited since ancient times, it was formerly administered by the British South Africa Company.罗得西亚：南非中南一地区，位于扎伊尔以南，包括现在的赞比亚及津巴布韦。它很可能自古代就被居住，从前被英国南非公司所管理〔shyster〕The origin ofshyster was not known for certain until recently. According to one etymology,shyster comes from the surname of one Scheuster, a disreputable and almost certainly nonexistent mid-19th-century attorney.In his bookHuman Words, a collection of words formed from the names of people, Robert Hendrickson says that Dr. Henry Bosley Woolf and others "list the New York advocate as a possible source.”But the actual etymology, according to Gerald L. Cohen, a student of the word,is less flattering.According to this etymology,the word is derived from the German termscheisser, meaning literally "one who defecates,”from the verbscheissen, "to defecate,” with the English suffix-ster, "one who does,” substituted for the German suffix -er, meaning the same thing. Sheisser, which is chiefly a pejorative term, is the German equivalent of our English termsbastard and son of a bitch. Sheisser is generally thought to have been borrowed directly into English as the word shicer, which, among other things, is an Australian English term for an unproductive mine or claim,a sense that is also recorded for the wordshyster. shyster 一词的来源直到最近才能较确切地弄清楚。 根据词源，shyster 来自一个叫 Scheuster 的人的姓， 他是一位声名狼籍而且很可能并不存在的19世纪中期的律师。罗伯特·亨德里克森在他的人类词汇 （一本由人名组成的词汇集）一书中说， 亨利·博斯利·任尔夫博士和其他的人“将纽约的鼓吹者列为一种可能的出处”。但是据加兰德·L·科恩——一位研究词汇的学生看来，这个词的真正词源更令人不快。根据这种词源，这个词来自德语Scheisser， 字面意义为“大便的人”，是从动词scheissen “排泄”而来， 用一英语词缀-ster （做…的人）代替了表相同意义的德语词缀 -er 。 Sheisser 主要用作贬蔑语， 在德语中相当于我们英语中bastard 及 son of a bitch。 Sheisser一般被认为是直接借入英语作为 Schicer 一词， 在澳式英语中指不再产出的矿山或没有结果的要求，这一意义也被记录在Shyster 这个词中 〔probability〕a great probability of rain this evening.今晚很可能下雨〔turbot〕[probably of Scandinavian origin] ; akin to Old Swedish törnbut [很可能源于斯堪的纳维亚语] ；类似于 古瑞典语 törnbut 〔calculated〕Likely; apt.很可能的；易于的〔easily〕In all likelihood; well:很可能的；非常可能：〔immaterial〕The wordimmaterial, meaning "of no importance or relevance,” has made its way in the world in spite of the opposition of no less a figure than Samuel Johnson. Johnson stated that "this sense has crept into the conversation and writings of barbarians; but ought to be utterly rejected.”More than two centuries laterit is difficult for us to recover Johnson's strength of feeling,and this tale might in fact serve as a warning to those who believe that the usages they abominate will not survive and become standard.Although Johnson was a man of immense learning,he did not have the lexicographical resources available today.If Johnson had had access to theOxford Latin Dictionary and the Middle English Dictionary, among other works, he would have seen that frommāter, meaning "a mother,” "a plant as the source of things such as cuttings or fruit,” and "a source,”was derived the wordmāteria, meaning "wood as a building material,” "any substance of which a physical object is made,” "the subject matter of a speech or book,” and "the condition whereby an action is effected.”The adjectivemāteriālis derived from māteria only meant "of or concerned with subject matter" in Classical Latin, but its descendant in Late and Medieval Latin and its descendants in Old French (materiel ) and Middle English ( material ) developed other meanings, such as "consisting of matter.”One Middle English sense, "important, relevant,”that probably harks back to senses of Classical Latinmāteria such as "subject matter" continued in existence after Middle English times. So it was natural for the English wordimmaterial, first recorded in the 15th century, to come to mean "not important,” in spite of Johnson's wrath.尽管不只塞缪尔·约翰逊一个人反对意思为“不重要的，无关紧要的”，immaterial 这个词还是产生了。 约翰逊声明：“这个意思偷偷出现在野蛮民族的对话和写作中；但应该遭到完全抵制。”两个多世纪之后，我们很难重新找到约翰逊强烈的感受。这个故事实际上可以算是对那些认为他们厌恶的用法不可能生存和标准化的人的一种警告。尽管约翰逊是一个博学的人，但是他没有今天可以得到的词汇学的资料。如果约翰逊除了其他著作外能得到牛津拉丁语词典 和 中古英语词典 的话， 他就能从中认识到这一点：mater ， 意思为“母亲”，“作为诸如剪下的东西或水果来源的一株植物”和“来源”，是由materia ， 意思为“建筑用的木材”，“用于制造物体的任何材料”，“讲话或著作的主题”和“影响一个行动的条件”而衍变而来的。形容词materalis 是由在古典拉丁语中仅仅意味着“和主题有关的” materia 衍变而来的， 但它在中古拉丁语和后期拉丁语中的衍生词和古法语中的衍生词(materiel )以及中古英语中的衍生词( material )继续发展有了其他的意思， 如“由物质组成的”。中古英语的一个意思“重要的、有关的”，很可能追溯到古典拉丁语materia 的意思如“主题”在中古英语时期之后继续存在。 因此，最早在15世纪被记录下来的英语单词immaterial 至今仍有“不重要的”的意思是很自然的， 尽管约翰逊对此很愤怒〔tweed〕Calling the wordtweed an alteration of the form tweel obscures the fact that in this case, as in many others,human error has helped create a word.Tweed is indeed possibly the result of a misreading of tweel, an originally Scots form of twill. Tweed also could be a misreading of an abbreviated form oftweeled, a form of twilled. Association withTweed, the name of the river that is part of the border between England and Scotland, helped support the misreading,which was originally a trade name.The word is said to have first been used around 1831,but it is not recorded until 1847.Thus had it not been for the misreading,the tweedy look might have been the tweely look or the tweeledy look.把tweed 这个词当作 tweel 的一种变体形式掩盖了一个事实， 即和其它很多情况一样，这种情况使人类的错误创造了一个新词。Tweed 实际上很可能是 tweel 这一最早是 twill的苏格兰形式的误读造成的结果。 Tweed 也可能是派生词tweeled ，即 twilled 的另一种形式的误读。 与Tweed （特威德，英格兰和苏格兰边界上一条河的名字）相关联， 也促成了这种误读的形成。它最初是一个行业的名字。据说这个词最早应用于1831年，但直到1847年才有书面记录。因此，如果没有这种误读，衣着随便的样子就可能成了矫情的样子或斜纹毛呢装扮〔noise〕For those who find that too much noise makes them ill,it will come as no surprise that the wordnoise possibly can be traced back to the Latin word nausea, "seasickness, feeling of sickness.” Our wordsnausea and noise are doublets, that is, words borrowed in different forms from the same word.Nausea, first recorded probably before 1425, was borrowed directly from Latin.Noise, on the other hand, first recorded around the beginning of the 13th century, came to us through Old French,probably ultimately from Latin,which explains its change in form.The unrecorded change in sense probably took place in Vulgar Latin.Old Frenchnois, descended from Latin nausea, meant "sound, din, uproar, quarrel,” all senses that came into Middle English with the word.Noise, however, is an example of how words can change for the better, for a noise can be pleasantas well as unpleasant,as in the sentence "The only noise was the wind in the pines.”对那些发现太多的嘈杂声使他们很不舒服的人来说，无须惊奇词语noise 很可能可以追溯到拉丁语 nausea “晕船，不舒服的感觉”。 词语nausea 和 noise 是同源词， 也就是说这两个词是同一单词的不同形式。Nausea 第一次记录也许在1425年以前， 它直接来自于拉丁语。另一方面，noise 大约在13世纪初第一次记录下来， 在古法语中使用，可能最终源自拉丁语，这解释了它的形式变化。这种意义上讲未被记录的变化可能在民间拉丁文中。古法语nois 从拉丁语 nausea “声音，嘈杂声，喧嚣，吵闹”转变过来， 所有意义都随此词进入中世纪英语。然而noise 是一个词语如何演变向更好的方面的例子， 因为一种声音可能是悦耳的，也可能是不悦耳的，如在句子"The only noise was the wind in the pines"中〔lug〕[probably of Scandinavian origin] [很可能源于斯堪的纳维亚语系] 〔doubtless〕as you doubtless already know.正如你很可能早已知道的那样〔lemon〕Although we know neither where the lemon was first grownnor when it first came to Europe,we do know from its name alone that it came to us from the Middle East,because we can trace its etymological path.One of the earliest if not the earliest occurrences of our word is found in a Middle English customs document of 1420-1421.The Middle English word, which was of the formlimon, goes back to Old Frenchlimon, showing that yet another delicacy passed into England through France.The Old French word probably came from Italianlimone, another step on the route that leads back to the Arabic wordlaymūn or līmūn, which comes from the Persian wordlīmūn. 虽然我们既不知道柠檬是在哪儿被最早种植的，也不知道它是什么时候传到欧洲的，但是我们却能单从它的名字确切地判断出它是从中东地区传到我们的，因为我们可以追溯出它的语源的发展道路。如果不是最早出现的话，最早的发现记录于1420年至1421年之间的一份中古英语海关文件中。这个中古英语单词的形式是limon ， 可以追溯到古代法语中的limon 一词， 它表明又一种美味佳肴由法国传入了英国。这个古代法语单词很可能来源于意大利单词limone ， 这就更朝前一步地回到了阿拉伯语中的laymun 或 limun ， 这一单词来源于波斯语limun 〔changeable〕Liable to change; capricious:易变的：很可能变化的；易变的：〔like〕Like as not she'll change her mind.很可能她会改主意〔Ardebil〕A town of northwest Iran near the U.S.S.R. border and the Caspian Sea. It was probably founded in the fifth centurya.d. Population, 222,000. 阿尔达比勒：伊朗西北部一城市，位于苏联边界及里海附近。它很可能建于公元 5世纪。人口222,000 〔hiatus〕"We are likely to be disconcerted by . . . hiatuses of thought"(Edmund Wilson)“我们很可能因思绪的中断而感到困窘”(埃德蒙·威尔逊)〔fairly〕I was fairly sure that I would go to the party.我很可能去参加晚会〔participle〕The "dangling participle" is quite common in speech,where it often passes unremarked;but its use in writing can lead to unintentional absurdities,as in He went to watch his horse take a turn around the track carrying a copy of the breeders' guide under his arm. Even when the construction occasions no ambiguity,it is likely to distract the reader,who will ordinarily be operating on the assumption that a participle or other modifying phrase will be associated with the noun phrase that is immediately adjacent to it.Thus the sentenceTurning the corner, the view was quite different would be better rewritten as The view was quite different when we turned the corner or Turning the corner, we saw a different view. · A number of expressions originally derived from active participles are now well established as prepositions of a kind,and these may be used freely to introduce phrases that are not associated with the immediately adjacent noun phrase.Such expressions includeconcerning, considering, failing, granting, judging by, and speaking of. Thus one may writeSpeaking of politics, the elections have been postponed or Considering the hour, it is surprising that he arrived at all. “不连结分词”在口语中十分常见，只是常常被忽略；但它在书面中却会无意地导致语义模糊，如：他胳膊下夹着一本饲养员指南书去看他的马转过跑道的拐弯处。 即使这种结构不会产生语义不清，它也很可能迷惑读者，他们通常会假定分词或其它的修饰性短语会跟其紧接的名词性短语相联系。这样，最好把句子转弯后，景色大为不同 写成 我们一转弯就发现景色大为不同 或 转弯后我们看到景色大为不同。 · 一些最初由主动分词派生出来的表达方式现在已经作为某类介词而被固定下来，这些表达方式可以用来引入一些与紧接的名词短语没有联系的短语，这些表达方式包括concerning，considering，failing，granting，judging by 和 speaking of。 由此我们就可以这样写考虑到政治因素，将选举延期了 或 就时间来说，他在任何情况下到来都令人惊讶 〔chimpanzee〕A gregarious anthropoid ape(Pan troglodytes) of tropical Africa, having long dark hair and somewhat arboreal habits and exhibiting humanlike behavior and a high degree of intelligence. It is now considered vulnerable to extinction in the wild. 黑猩猩：产于非洲热带地区的一种长有长长的黑毛群居类人猿（黑猩猩） ，有一些栖于树上的生活习惯且表现出与人类相似的行为以及高等的智力，现在被认为在荒野里很可能灭绝 〔Tripoli〕A city of northwest Lebanon on the Mediterranean Sea north-northeast of Beirut. Probably founded after the seventh centuryb.c. , it was capital of a Phoenician federation and later flourished under the Seleucid and Roman empires. Tripoli was captured by the Arabs in a.d. 638 and taken by the Crusaders in 1109 after a long siege. Population, 198,000. 的黎波里：黎巴嫩西北部的一个城市，临地中海，位于贝鲁特东北偏北方。很可能建于公元前 7世纪以后，曾是腓尼基联邦的首府，后来在塞琉古王朝和罗马帝国的统治下繁荣一时。 公元 638年，的黎波里被阿拉拍人占领，1109年十字军骑士在对它进行了长时间的包围后终于攻占了它。人口198,000 〔ugly〕Likely to cause embarrassment or trouble:险恶的：很可能造成尴尬或麻烦的：〔probable〕War seemed probable in 1938. The home team, far ahead, is the probable winner.战争在1938年就很有可能爆发。主队得分遥遥领先，很可能成为胜利者〔quiz〕Although we do not know the origin of the wordquiz, just as we may not know the answers to all the questions on a quiz,we can say that its first recorded sense has to do with people,not tests.The term, first recorded in 1782,meant "an odd or eccentric person.”From the noun in this sense came a verbmeaning "to make sport or fun of" and "to regard mockingly.”In English dialects and probably in American Englishthe verbquiz acquired senses relating to interrogation and questioning. This presumably occurredbecausequiz was associated with question, inquisitive, or perhaps the English dialect verb quiset, "to question" (probably itself short for obsoleteinquisite, "to investigate"). From this new area of meaning came the noun and verb senses all too familiar to students.The second recorded instance of the noun sense occurs in the writings of no less an educator than William James,who in a December 26, 1867, letter proffers the hopethat "perhaps giving ‘quizzes’ in anatomy and physiology . . . may help along.”虽然我们不知道quiz 这个词的来源， 正象我们可能并不清楚测试中所有问题的答案一样，但我们可以肯定的是这个词最初被记录时的意义与人有关，而不是测试，这个词第一次被记录下来是在1782年，意思为“一个古怪或行为怪诞的人”。从这种意义的名词派生出一个动词，意思为“嘲笑或戏弄…”和“以嘲讽的态度对待”。在英语并且很可能是在美国英语中，quiz 这个动词形成了有关审问或提问的意思， 据猜测，这一现象的发生是因为quiz 使人联想起 question ， inquisitive 或者可能 quiset 这个英国方言中的动词， 意思为“提问”（很可能是inquisite 这个过时用语的缩写形式，意思为“调查”）。 从这个意思中派生出学生们再熟悉不 过的名词和动词意思。记录下这个名词意义的第二个例子恰好出现在教育家威廉·詹姆斯的笔下。在1867年12月26日写的一封信中，他提出一条希望：或许在解剖学和物理学方面进行测试…可能有些独特的帮助。”〔screech〕[perhaps of Scandinavian origin] ; akin to Old Norse skrækja [很可能源自斯堪的纳维亚语的] ；类似于 古斯堪的纳维亚语 skrækja 〔Oporto〕A city of northwest Portugal near the mouth of the Douro River north of Lisbon. Probably of pre-Roman origin, it was captured by the Moors in 716. Its wine trade was established in 1678. Population, 327,368.波尔图：葡萄牙西北部一城市，位于里斯本北部，杜罗河口附近。很可能是罗马的前身，716年被摩尔人占领。1678年建立起了它的葡萄酒贸易。人口327,368 |
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