| 单词 | 彻底 |
| 释义 | 〔ransack〕To search or examine thoroughly.彻底搜查：彻底仔细地搜寻或检查〔permute〕per- [per-] per- [前缀，表示“通过，彻底，高…”等意] 〔total〕survived the crash but totaled the car.逃过了碰撞，但汽车彻底报废了〔Colette〕French novelist known for her observations of women and nature. She wrote theClaudine series, as well as Chéri (1920) and Gigi (1945). 科莱特，（西顿尼亚·加布里埃列·克劳丁）：(1873-1954) 法国小说家以其对女性和自然的观察力著名，著有《克劳帝妮》 系列和 《彻底》 （1920年）和 《吉吉》 （1945年） 〔unarticulated〕Not carefully or thoroughly thought out.没想好的：没有仔细或彻底想好的〔hooker〕In hisPersonal Memoirs Ulysses S. Grant described Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker as "a dangerous man . . . not subordinate to his superiors.” Hooker had his faults, of course.He may indeed have been insubordinate;undoubtedly he was an erratic leader.But there is one thing of which he is often accused that "Fighting Joe" Hooker certainly did not do:he did not give his name to prostitutes.According to a popular story,the men under Hooker's command during the Civil War were a particularly wild bunch.When his troops were on leave,we are told, they spent much of their time in brothels.For this reason, as the story goes,prostitutes came to be known ashookers. It is not difficult to understand how such a theory might have originated.The major general's name differs from the wordhooker only in the capital letter that begins it. And it is true that Hooker's men were at times ill-disciplined (although it seems that liquor, not women, was the main source of their difficulties with the provost marshal).However attractive this theory may be,it cannot be true.The wordhooker, with the sense "prostitute,” is in fact older than the Civil War. It appeared in the second edition (although not in the first) of John Russell Bartlett'sDictionary of Americanisms, published in 1859.Bartlett definedhooker as "a strumpet, a sailor's trull.” He also said that the word was derived from Corlear's Hook,a district in New York City,but this was only a guess.There is no evidence that the term originated in New York.Norman Ellsworth Eliason has traced this use ofhooker back to 1845 in North Carolina. He reported the usage inTarheel Talk; an Historical Study of the English Language in North Carolina to 1860, published in 1956. The fact that we have no earlier written evidence does not mean thathooker was never used to mean "prostitute" before 1845. The history ofhooker is, quite simply, murky; we do not know when or where it was first used,but we can be very certain that it did not begin with Joseph Hooker.Also, we have no firm evidence that it came from Corlear's Hook.Scholarly evidence or lack thereof notwithstanding,the late Bruce Catton, the Civil War historian, did not go so far as to exonerate completely the Union general.Although "the term ‘hooker’ did not originate during the Civil War,”wrote Catton, "it certainly became popular then.During these war years, Washington developed a large [red-light district] somewhere south of Constitution Avenue.This became known as Hooker's Division in tribute to the proclivities of General Joseph Hookerand the name has stuck ever since.”If the termhooker was derived neither from Joseph Hooker nor from Corlear's Hook, what is its derivation?It is most likely that thishooker is, etymologically, simply "one who hooks.” The term portrays a prostitute as a person who hooks, or snares, clients.尤利西斯·S·格兰特在他的个人回忆录 中把陆军少将约瑟夫·胡克描写成“一个危险人物…从不服从于他的顶头上司”。 胡克当然有他的缺点。他也许曾是一个难以屈服的人；但他无疑是一个怪癖的军官。但是“好战的乔”，胡克却因为一件他肯定没有干过的事情而屡遭指责；他从不对妓女透露他的姓名。根据一个流行故事，内战中胡克的手下有一伙特别狂野的人们。当他的队伍即将离开时，据说他们总在妓院里消磨时日。故事还说正因为如此，妓女开始被叫做hookers。 我们不难理解这样一个故事的起源的推测。这个将军的名字和hooker 只差开头的一个大写字母。 而且胡克的手下在当时确实纪律涣散（尽管看来是酒而非女人才导致了他们与宪兵司令之间的矛盾）。不管这个故事多么诱人，它不可能是真实的。事实上hooker 一词作为“妓女”的意思比内战的历史还要早。 它出现于约翰·罗素·巴特利特编纂的美国俗语词典 的第二版（尽管第一版中没有）， 出版于1859年。巴特利特把hooker 定义为“一个妓女，水手的妓女”。 他还说这个词来源于科利尔的胡克，纽约市的一个地区，但这只是一个猜想。没有证据证明这一说法源于纽约。诺曼·爱尔斯华斯·艾利森把hooker 的用法追溯到1845年的北卡罗来纳州。 他在1956年出版的北卡罗来纳州闲话； 1860年前北卡罗来纳英语历史研究 中说明了这一用法。 缺乏早期书面证据这一事实并不意味着在1845年之前hooker 没有被用作“妓女”一义。 很简单，hooker 的历史隐晦难知； 我们不知道它在何时何地被首次使用，但我们可以肯定它并不始于约瑟夫·胡克。而且我们没有确凿证据证明它来源于科利尔的胡克。不管有无学术性的证据，已故的内战历史学家布鲁斯·卡通并没有做到为联邦将军彻底开脱的地步。尽管“‘hooker’这一词语并不是来源于内战，”卡通写道，“在那之后它肯定流行了起来。在战争年代，华盛顿在宪法大街南部某个地方发展了很大的［红灯区］。人们把这里称作胡克的辖区，作为对约瑟夫·胡克将军怪癖的献礼，这个名字从此便生根发芽”。如果hooker 这一词语既不是源于约瑟夫·胡克也不来自于科利尔的胡克， 那么它的词源究竟是什么呢?从词源学上来说hooker 很有可能仅仅是“引…上钩的人”。 这一词语把妓女描绘成一个勾引或引诱客人的人〔obscurity〕The quality or condition of being imperfectly known or difficult to understand:难于理解的：没有被彻底知晓或难于理解的性质或状态：〔wipe〕To blot out completely, as from the memory.去除：如从记忆中，彻底抹掉〔cuirass〕"A carefully primped irony, that cuirass of art in the early Eighties, is necessary—a distance so affected as to constitute a hopeless impediment to feeling"(Robert Hughes)"18世纪早期艺术的保护物——细心整饰的反语，是必需的——这一距离是如此的不自然以致于造成了对感觉的彻底失望的阻碍”(罗伯特·休斯)〔fail〕To cease functioning properly:彻底中止运转：〔erupt〕ē-, ex- [ex-] ē-, ex- [表示“不完全，彻底”] 〔busy〕Sedulous adds toassiduous the sense of persistent, thoroughgoing endeavor: Sedulous 增加了assiduous 的保持坚决、彻底努力的意思： 〔drown〕To drench thoroughly or cover with or as if with a liquid.浸没：彻底浸湿或用或类似用液体盖没〔preform〕An object that has been subjected to preliminary, usually incomplete shaping or molding before undergoing complete or final processing.预成型件：在进行彻底和最后加工之前已进行初步的，通常是不完整的塑造或铸造的事物〔box〕To make a complete revolution or reversal.彻底变更，彻底转变〔discharge〕To acquit completely:宣判…彻底无罪：〔ponder〕To weigh in the mind with thoroughness and care.思索，衡量：在头脑中彻底且仔细地加以权衡〔forsake〕forsook Hollywood and returned to the legitimate stage.彻底离开好莱坞回到话剧舞台〔rummage〕A thorough search among a number of things.翻找，仔细搜寻：在一堆东西里彻底寻找〔belong〕probably bi- [be-] 可能为 bi- [前缀，表示“完全，彻底”] 〔overwhelm〕To defeat completely and decisively:制服：彻底并决定性地击败：〔peruse〕Latin per- [per-] 拉丁语 per- [前缀，表示“极，完全，彻底”] 〔perpetual〕per- [per-] per- [前缀，表示“极，完全，彻底”等意] 〔thorough〕Exhaustively complete:全面的：彻底完全的：〔sexualize〕"the thesis that one can sexualize life completely without ever bumping into responsibility"(Stephen Koch)“一种人可以使生活彻底情欲化而不必负责的理论”(斯蒂芬·科克)〔clock〕"Immense linemen declared their intentions to clean the clocks of opposing players"(Russell Baker)“优秀的前锋队员们声称要努力彻底打败对手”(拉塞尔·巴克)〔meddle〕from Vulgar Latin *misculāre [to mix thoroughly] 源自 俗拉丁语 *misculāre [彻底混合] 〔confidence〕"The most vital quality a soldier can possess is self-confidence, utter, complete and bumptious" (George S. Patton). “一个士兵所拥有的最重要的品格是自信、果断、彻底和骄傲” （乔治·S·巴顿）。〔vet〕To subject to thorough examination or evaluation:审查：进行彻底检验或者测量：〔string〕Under one's complete control or influence.在某人的彻底控制或影响下〔scrub〕To wash the hands and arms thoroughly, as before performing or participating in surgery.在施行或参与手术之前把手和臂彻底洗净〔teetotaler〕One who abstains completely from alcoholic beverages.绝对戒酒者：彻底戒除酒精饮料的人〔defeat〕An entire division was routed during the first hours of the war.在战争的头几个小时中，整师就彻底溃败了。〔perform〕par- [intensive pref.] from Latin per- [per-] par- [强调语气的前缀] 源自 拉丁语 per- [前缀，表“完全，彻底”等意思] 〔Moniz〕Portuguese neurologist. He shared a 1949 Nobel Prize for the development of prefrontal lobotomy as a radical treament for severe psychoses.莫尼兹，安东尼奥·卡埃塔诺·德·阿布雷乌·弗雷勒·埃加斯：(1874-1955) 葡萄牙神经病学家。因发展前额叶切断手术从而彻底治疗严重精神病而获得1949年诺贝尔奖〔check〕A move in chess that directly attacks an opponent's king but does not constitute a checkmate.将军：下棋中直接进攻对方的“国王”但并没有彻底将死的一着〔full〕Having an appetite completely satisfied, especially for food or drink:吃饱喝足的：尤指彻底使食欲得到满足的，如食物或饮料：〔stomp〕stamp out a fire;彻底扑灭火焰；〔counter〕countered that she was too busy to be thorough.反驳说她太忙了所以做事不太彻底〔rummage〕To discover by searching thoroughly.搜出，查出：通过彻底翻找发现 |
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