| 单词 | 巧妙 |
| 释义 | 〔satire〕A literary work in which human vice or folly is attacked through irony, derision, or wit.讽刺诗：文学作品，其中以讽刺、嘲笑或巧妙主题鞭鞑人们的恶习或愚蠢〔sophist〕A professional philosopher and teacher, especially one belonging to a group of fifth-centuryb.c. Greek philosophers who specialized in dialectic, argumentation, and rhetoric and who were often known for their elaborate and specious arguments. 智者派，诡辩派：职业哲学家或教师，尤其指属于公元前 5世纪的一群专攻辩证法、辩论术以及修辞法的希腊哲学家，他们常以其精彩巧妙和似是而非的辩论而闻名 〔daedal〕Ingenious and complex in design or function; intricate.灵巧的：在设计和功能方面巧妙而复杂的；精巧的〔artful〕Exhibiting art or skill:巧妙的：展示艺术或技巧的：〔happy〕Being especially well-adapted; felicitous:恰当的：非常恰当的；巧妙的：〔suave〕Politic implies artful management, prudence, or expedience: Politic 含有巧妙经营、精明、小心之意： 〔engineer〕One who skillfully or shrewdly manages an enterprise.策划者：巧妙或狡猾地管理企业的人〔dexterous〕Adroit implies ease and natural skill, especially in dealing with challenging situations: Adroit 暗示自在，自然巧妙尤指处理引起争议的局面： 〔artful〕"The furniture is an artful blend of antiques and reproductions"(Michael W. Robbins)“这件家具是古代风格和仿制品的巧妙结合”(迈克尔W.罗宾斯)〔clever〕Exhibiting quick-wittedness:机智的，巧妙的：表现快速机智的：〔hacker〕or perhaps from hack [practical joke, clever scheme] from dialectal hack [to embarrass, confuse, play a trick on] 或可能源自 hack [恶作剧，巧妙的花招] 源自 方言 hack [使尴尬，迷糊，捉弄某人] 〔wriggle〕To worm one's way into or out of a situation; insinuate or extricate oneself by sly or subtle means.摆脱，逃脱：使自己慢慢地进入或摆脱某种状况；用狡诈的或巧妙的方法巧妙取得或解脱〔ruse〕A crafty stratagem; a subterfuge.See Synonyms at artifice 诡计，计策：巧妙的计策；花招 参见 artifice〔superman〕Overman and Beyondman hardly seem likely names for a superhero, but perhapsOverman might be "leaping tall buildings at a single bound" had the German word Übermensch been translated differently than it was. However, Nietzsche's term for the ideal superior man was translated into English assuperman, first recorded in a work by George Bernard Shaw published in 1903. Such a term comes to us through a process called loan translation, or calque formation,whereby the semantic components of a word or phrase in one language are literally translated into their equivalents in another language,GermanÜbermensch, made up of über, "super-,” and Mensch, "man,” thus becoming superman. Becauseüber- can also be translated "beyond" and "over,” we also findoverman and beyondman as calques for the word Übermensch, but they did not take root.Shaw, in a letter written before 1917, noted that"some of our most felicitous writers . . . had been using such desperate and unspeakable forms as Beyondman, when the glib Superman was staring them in the face all the time.”Hence, when it came to naming a new comic strip hero,Superman was the logical choice, a name first recorded in 1938. Overman 和 Beyondman 看上去几乎不象超级英雄的名称， 但是，如果将德语中 Übermensch 这个单词译作不同于原有的译法时，那么，也许 Overman 可能是“纵身一跃就能跃过高楼大厦”。 然而，尼采给予理想超人的名称译成英语为Superman ， 这个词最早见于乔治·萧伯纳的出版于1903年的一部作品中。这个词是通过借译而来的，或者说是通过仿造而来的，在以上这样的过程中，一个词或词组的语义成分被直译成另一语言中的与之相对应的成分。德语单词 Übermensch 是由 uber （即英语中"super-”之意）和 Mensch （即英语中"man"之意）组成的，这样的话，此词在英语中就成了 Superman 。 因为 über 也可译为"beyond"和"over"， 所以我们发现 躡ermensch 也被借译为 overman 和 beyondman 。 但是，这两个词并没有在英语中确立下来。萧伯纳在写于1917年之前的一封信中说道：“一些措辞最巧妙的英语作家，竟一直使用象Beyondman这种令人绝望而又无法形容的词，却对一直面对面盯着他们的‘Superman’视而不见”。这样，当要命名一个新的连环漫画中的英雄时，Superman 一词就成了理所当然的选择，这个名称首次记录于1938年 〔fencing〕Skillful repartee, especially as a defense against having to give direct answers.雄辩：巧妙机敏的应答，尤指作为反对必须直接回答的辩护〔sly〕She won the case by her artful manipulation of the jury's emotions.通过巧妙的控制陪审团情绪，她成功地赢下了这个案子。〔artful〕Skillful in accomplishing a purpose, especially by the use of cunning or craft.See Synonyms at sly 狡猾的：能巧妙实现目的，尤指使用狡诈和诈骗（手段） 参见 sly〔ingenuity〕Imaginative and clever design or construction:巧妙，精巧：具有想象力的和机智的设计或构造：〔conceit〕An ingenious or witty turn of phrase or thought.别出心裁：对习语或思想作有创意或巧妙的转用〔contrivance〕Something contrived, as a mechanical device or a clever plan.发明物：发明或设计的东西，如机械装置或巧妙计划〔manipulate〕The central meaning shared by these verbs is "to influence, manage, use, or control to one's advantage by artful or indirect means": 这些动词有一个共同的中心意思：“通过巧妙的或间接的方式来影响、处理、利用或控制某人的优势”： 〔Brooks〕American Episcopal bishop noted for his intelligent and positive sermons. He wrote the Christmas hymn "O Little Town of Bethlehem" (1868).布鲁克斯，菲利普斯：(1835-1893) 美国基督教圣公会的大主教，以巧妙明确的布道著称，著作有圣诞赞美诗“啊!伯利恒小镇”(1868年）〔wordplay〕Witty or clever verbal exchange; repartee.俏皮话：机灵的或聪明的语言交换；巧妙的应答〔send〕"grandiloquently eccentric but witty verbiage . . . that would send up the nastiness of suburban London"(New York)“夸张古怪但巧妙的措词…是对伦敦市民的庸俗的拙劣的模仿”(纽约)〔Terence〕Greek-born Roman playwright. Taken to Rome as the young slave of a senator, he was educated and then freed by his master. His comedies, such asPhormio and Adelphi, feature subtle humor and refined dialogue. 泰伦斯：生于希腊的古罗马剧作家。他身为一位元老院议员的奴隶，被带到罗马并在那里接受教育，后被其主人释放。其喜剧如《福尔弥昂》 和 《阿德尔菲》 以其巧妙的幽默和精采的对话为特征 〔syllogism〕A subtle or specious piece of reasoning.诡辩，狡辩：巧妙的或貌似有理的推理〔unique〕Over the course of the centuryunique has become the paradigmatic example of the class of terms that do not allow comparison or modification by an adverb of degree such as very, somewhat, or quite. Thus, most grammarians believe that it is incorrect to say that something isvery unique or more unique than something else, though phrases such asnearly unique and almost unique are acceptable. In the most recent survey the sentenceHer designs are quite unique in today's fashion scene was unacceptable to 80 percent of the Usage Panel. · Critical objections to the comparison and degree modification of absolute terms date to the 18th centuryand have been applied to a wide group of adjectives includingequal, fatal, omnipotent, parallel, perfect, and unanimous. According to the standard argument, such words denote properties that a thing either does or does not have but cannot have to a qualifiable degree.Thus ifunique is properly used to mean "without equal or equivalent,” something either is unique or it isn't, and phrases such asvery unique and more unique can only betray a weakening of the sense to mean something like "unusual" or "distinctive.” It is true that comparison and modification ofunique are often associated with the style favored by copywriters, as in the advertisement announcing thatOmaha's most unique restaurant is now even more unique or in the claim that a new automobile is So unique, it's patented. But modification ofunique is also found in the work of reputable writers, where it may lack any connotations of hyperbole.A painting is described asthe most unique of Beckman's self-portraits, and a travel writer states thatChicago is no less unique an American city than New York or San Francisco. The relative acceptability of these usages reflects the semantic subtlety ofunique itself. If we were to useunique only according to the strictest criteria of logic, after all, we might freely apply the term to anything in the worldsince nothing is wholly equivalent to anything else.Clearly, then, when we say that a restaurant or painting is unique,we mean that it is worthy of inclusion in a class by itself according to certain implicit but generally accepted criteria.Thus a legitimately unique painting might be one that realizes an unparalleled aesthetic vision,but not one that is rendered only in pigments whose names begin with the lettero; and a legitimately unique restaurant might be one that serves 18th-century French cuisine according to the original recipes,not one that has been installed in a converted sardine cannery.Given this understanding, it is not inherently impossible to think of uniqueness as a matter of degree,in the sense that one painting or restaurant may be more or less worthy of inclusion in a class by itself than some other. ·What is troubling about the copywriters' use ofunique is not that the word has become a synonym for unusual. Rather, it is the copywriters who are using the word in conformity with strict logic.Uniqueness is claimed for a restaurant in virtue of some trivial properties of its decor or menu,or for a resort hotel that simply happens to have a singularly picturesque view of the bay.Though it may be true that such properties render these thingslogically unique, they do not constitute legitimate grounds for putting the things into a class by themselves according to the criteria ordinarily invoked when things are sorted into classes.In fact, the abuse ofunique can be cloying even when no modification or comparison is involved; when we read an advertisement for a line of sportswear that featuresa unique selection of colors, we may suspect that the distinctive properties of the color selection are not so remarkable as the advertiser would have us believe. But it is not surprising that these uses ofunique should lend themselves to promiscuous modification and comparison; for once it is granted that uniqueness can be claimed for any product or service that is somehow distinctive from all its competitors,it is inevitable that an increase in uniqueness will be seen in every minor innovation.See Usage Note at equal ,infinite ,parallel ,perfect 在本世纪整个过程中unique 已成为不能由程度副词，例 very、somewhat 或 quite， 比较或修饰的一类术语的例证。 因此，多数语法学家认为说某事是very unique 或 more unique than 是不正确的， 虽然短语例如nearly unique 和 almost unique 是可接受的。 在最近的调查中，句子Her designs are quite unique in today's fashion scene （她的设计在现今流行样式的场面中是很独特的） 对用法专题使用小组的百分之八十成员是不可接受的。 对纯粹术语的比较和程度修饰的主要异议可追述到18世纪，并已广泛用到许多形容词中，包括equal, fatal, omnipotent, parallel, perfect 和 unanimous。 根据标准论据，这些单词表示一事有或没有但不能有可修饰的程度的性质。于是如果unique 适当地用于表示“没有相等或相当的”，则某事是唯一的或不是唯一的， 而短语像very unique 和 more unique 仅能表露出说明某事像“不寻常的”或“独特的”的意义的减弱。 的确，unique 的比较和修饰常与撰稿人喜欢的文体相联系， 如在广告中称Omaha's most unique restaurant is now even more unique（奥马哈城的最独特的餐馆现在甚至是更加独特） 或声称新汽车是 So unique, it's patented（如此独特，它取得了专利权）。 但是unique 的修饰也在著名作家的作品中发现， 那里可能缺乏夸张法的任何涵义。描述一张油画为the most unique of Beckman's self-portraits（最独特的贝克曼的自画像）， 一位旅游作家叙述Chicago is no less unique an American city than New York or San Francisco（芝加哥比纽约或旧金山是不逊独特的美国城市）。 这些用法的相对可接受性反映unique 自身语义的巧妙。 如果我们仅按照逻辑的严格标准使用unique ， 则我们终于会自由地把此术语使用于世界上的任何事，因为没有完全等同于另一事的事。于是，显然当我们说餐馆或油画是独特的时，我们意味着根据某种隐含的但可普遍接受的判据它是值得包含在一个等级内的。于是合理独特的油画可能是实现空前未有的审美型的，而不是仅给予名字以字母O开始的颜料； 合理独特的餐馆可能根据原来的食谱提供18世纪法国菜肴的餐馆，而不是配备转换的沙丁鱼罐头食品的餐馆。按这样了解，将独特性视为程度问题不是本来就不可能的，在这个意义上一张油画或一个餐馆或多或少可能是极好的有价值的内涵物而不是其他。关于撰稿人使用unique 的困惑不是此单词已成为 unusual 的同义词。 相反地，正是撰稿人使用此单词与严密的逻辑相一致。对餐馆声称独特性是由于它的布置或菜单的某些不重要的性质，或者对于人们常去的旅馆仅因为有海湾的独一无二地别致的景象。虽然这样的性质使得这些事logically 独特的可能是真实的， 但是当事情进行了分类，根据平常实行的判据把这些事情自身放到一类，他们不组成正常的基础。事实上unique 的滥用会使人发腻，即使在没有涉及修饰或比较的时候； 当我们读运动服装的unique selection of colors（颜色的独特选择） 的一行广告时， 我们会怀疑颜色选择的独特性质并非广告商希望我们所认为的那么明显。但不必惊讶于unique 的这些用法应当适用于杂乱的修饰和比较； 就这一次可以承认，独特性能用来指任何产品或服务，它们与所有的竞争者相比较有某种程度的特色，在每一小的创新中可以看到独特性的增加是必然会发生的 参见 equal,infinite,parallel,perfect〔finesse〕To accomplish by the use of finesse.以技巧实现：利用巧妙的手段完成〔dexterous〕defused the hostility with a deft turn of phrase.用巧妙的措辞去除了敌意。〔locus〕"the cunning exploitation of loci of power; the insulation from normal American society"(Clifton Fadiman)“对权力核心的巧妙利用；与正常的美国社会相隔绝”(克利夫顿·法迪曼)〔ingenious〕an ingenious scheme.See Synonyms at clever 一个巧妙的计划 参见 clever〔psychology〕Subtle tactical action or argument used to manipulate or influence another:心计：用于操纵或影响别人的巧妙的手段高明的行动或论述：〔parry〕He skillfully parried the question with a clever reply.他用巧妙的回答极富技巧地回避了那个问题〔prevailing〕"The religion most prevalent in our northern colonies is a refinement on the principles of resistance: it is the dissidence of dissent" (Edmund Burke).“北方殖民地普遍的宗教是对拒绝原则的巧妙的改进：它是对持不同意见人的异议” （爱德蒙德·伯克）。〔part〕Brilliant strategy on the part of Confederate forces ensured their victory at Chancellorsville.盟军巧妙的战略确保了他们在钱瑟勒斯维尔的胜利〔conceit〕A fanciful poetic image, especially an elaborate or exaggerated comparison.巧妙构思：巧妙的诗一般的想象，尤指煞费心机的或过分做作的文章〔crank〕A clever turn of speech; a verbal conceit:妙语，奇想：话题的巧妙转换；花哨的语言：〔news〕If you take the first letters of the directions North, East, West, and South,it is true that you have the letters of the wordnews, but it is not true that you have the etymology ofnews, contrary to what has often been thought. The history of the word is much less clever than this and not at all unexpected.News is simply the plural of the noun new, which we use, for example, in the adage "Out with the old, in with the new.”The first recorded user of this plural to mean "tidings" may have been James I of Scotland;a work possibly written by him around 1437 contains the words "Awak . . . I bring The [thee] newis [news] glad.”It is pleasant to see that the first news was good.However, his descendant James I of England is the first person recorded (1616) to have said"No newis is better than evill newis,”or as we would put it, "No news is good news.”如果你取北、东、西、南四个单词各自的首字母，就得到单词news 的所有字母， 但是这并非news 的出处。 这个词的历史远比这巧妙且不是完全不可想象的。News 是名词 new 的复数形式， 举例来说，我们在谚语“旧的去了，新的来了”中使用了这个词。关于把这个词的复数作为“音讯”来用的最早记录是苏格兰的詹姆士一世，在他写的一本约1437年的书里有这样的话语“阿瓦克……，我给你带来好消息，”看到第一条是好消息是很让人高兴的。然而，他的后代英格兰的詹姆士一世却是记载(1616年）最先说出下面的话的人：“没有消息比坏消息好”或者如我们所说的“没有消息就是好消息”〔happy〕a happy turn of phrase.巧妙的措词变化 |
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