| 单词 | 天堂 |
| 释义 | 〔swear〕He swore by all the angels and saints of heaven.我以天堂中所有的天使和圣人的名义起誓〔Lubitsch〕German filmmaker whose sophisticated comedies includeTrouble in Paradise (1932) and Ninotchka (1939). 刘别谦，厄恩斯特：(1892-1947) 德国电影制作人，他的精深喜剧包括《天堂烦恼》 （1932年）和 《风流寡妇》 （1939年） 〔Key〕American lawyer and poet who wrote "Defense of Fort M'Henry" after witnessing the British attack on Fort McHenry at Baltimore on September 13-14, 1814. The poem was set to the music of an 18th-century tune called "To Anacreon in Heaven,” renamed "The Star-Spangled Banner,” and in 1931 was adopted by Congress as the national anthem.凯，弗朗西斯·斯科特：(1779-1843) 美国律师、诗人，目睹英国1814年9月13日至14日攻击巴尔的摩的麦克亨利堡之后写了“麦克亨利堡之辩”。这首诗被配上18世纪的一个曲子“致天堂里的亚奈科里翁”，重新命名为“星条旗”，1931年被美国国会定为国歌〔paradise〕An intermediate resting place for righteous souls awaiting the Resurrection.天堂，天国：正直灵魂等待复活的中间休息场所〔Urania〕from ouranos [heaven] 源自 ouranos [天堂] 〔hagridden〕"a man hagridden by the future—haunted by visions of an imminent heaven or hell upon earth"(C.S. Lewis)“一个为将来所困扰的人——为天堂或地狱即将降临世界的幻觉困扰”(C.S.刘易斯)〔celestial〕Of or relating to heaven; divine:天国的：天堂的或与天堂有关的；神圣的：〔houri〕One of the beautiful virgins of the Koranic paradise.天堂美女：《古兰经》的天堂中美丽的处女〔Clift〕American actor known for his performances inRed River (1948), From Here to Eternity (1953), and Judgment at Nuremberg (1961). 克里福特，蒙哥马利：(1920-1966) 美国演员，因其在《红河》 （1948年）， 《人间到天堂》 （1953年）和 《纽伦堡大审》 （1961年）中的演出而闻名 〔janitor〕A holiday for janitors ought to take place in January,for both words are linked.In Latiniānus was the word for "archway, gateway, or covered passage" and also for the god of gates, doorways, and beginnings in general.As many schoolchildren know,our month January—a month of beginnings—is named for the god.Latiniānitor, the source of our word janitor and ultimately also fromiānus, meant "doorkeeper or gatekeeper.”Probably becauseiānitor was common in Latin records and documents, it was adopted into English,first being recorded in the sense "doorkeeper" around 1567 in a Scots text.In an early quotation Saint Peter is called "the Janitor of heaven.”The term can still mean "doorkeeper,”but in Scots usagejanitor also referred to a minor school official. Apparently this position at times involved maintenance duties and doorkeeping,and the maintenance duties took over the more exalted tasks,giving us the position of janitor as we know it today.看门人的假日应该放在一月，因为以下两个词都同一月有联系。拉丁文中的ianus 表示的是“拱门、道路或走廊”， 也是通常所说的门神、门口和开始。正如许多小学生知道的那样，我们的一月——最初的一个月——是以神的名字命名的。拉丁文ianitor 是单词 janitor 的来源， 追根溯源它也来自ianus， 意思是“看门人或管门人”。也许因为ianitor 这个词在拉丁文记录和文件中很普遍， 它才被英语所采用，最早被记录为“看门人”之意时大约在1567年的一篇苏格兰文章中。圣彼得在早期的引文中被称为“天堂守护神”。这个词仍然是“看门人”的意思，但在苏格兰用法中janitor 也指代低层的学校公务员。 显然这个职位时不时地也包含着维护的责任和守门的义务，这种维护的责任吸取了更为崇高的任务，于是就有了正如我们今天所知道的看门人这个职务〔paradise〕The abode of righteous souls after death; heaven.善人灵魂安息的乐园：正直的灵魂死后所住的地方；天堂〔parvis〕from Late Latin paradīsus [garden, paradise] * see paradise 源自 后期拉丁语 paradīsus [花园，天堂] * 参见 paradise〔limbo〕Our use of the wordlimbo to refer to states of oblivion, confinement, or transition is derived from the theological sense ofLimbo as a place where souls remain that cannot enter heaven, for example, unbaptized infants.Limbo in Roman Catholic theology is located on the border of Hell, which explains the name chosen for it.The Latin wordlimbus, having meanings such as "an ornamental border to a fringe" and "a band or girdle,” was chosen by Christian theologians of the Middle Ages to denote this border region.English borrowed the wordlimbus directly, but the formlimbo that caught on in English, first recorded in a work composed around 1378,is from the ablative form oflimbus, the form that would be used in expressions such asin limbō, "in Limbo.” 我们用limbo 这个词指被忘却、监禁或过渡的状态， 此用法源于Limbo 的神学含义， 指那些不能升入天堂的灵魂（如未受洗的儿童）所在地。Limbo 在罗马天主教的教义中指位于地狱的边境， 这也是为什么选这个词指地狱的边境的原因。拉丁词limbus 有诸如“流苏或穗状的装饰性花边“和”嵌条或腰带”的意思， 中世纪的基督教神学家选用这个词来指这种边界地区。英语直接借用了limbus 这个词， 但出现于英语中的limbo 这种形式， 首次记载于1378年左右完成的作品中，它源自limbus 的夺格形式， 这种用法是在短语in limbo 中出现的，意思是“在地狱的边界地区” 〔Lucifer〕The archangel cast from heaven for leading the revolt of the angels; Satan.撒旦：由于领导众天使造反而被从天堂打下的，撒旦〔agnostic〕An agnostic does not deny the existence of God and heaven, for example,but rather holds that one cannot know for certain if they exist or not.The termagnostic was fittingly coined by the 19th-century British scientist Thomas H. Huxley, who believed that only material phenomena were objects of exact knowledge.He made up the word from the prefixa-, meaning "without, not,” as in amoral, and the noun Gnostic. Gnostic is related to the Greek word gnōsis, "knowledge,” which was used by early Christian writers to mean "higher, esoteric knowledge of spiritual things";hence,Gnostic referred to those with such knowledge. In coining the termagnostic, Huxley was considering as "Gnostics" a group of his fellow intellectuals—"ists,” as he called them—who had eagerly embraced various doctrines or theories that explained the world to their satisfaction. Because he was a "man without a rag of a label to cover himself with,”Huxley coined the termagnostic for himself, its first published use being in 1870. 举例来说，不可知论者并不否认上帝和天堂的存在，但却认为无法确切知道他们的存在与否。术语agnostic 这个词是由19世纪的英国科学家托马斯·H·赫胥黎巧妙地创造出来的， 他认为只有物质现象才是确切意识的对象。他用意为“没有，无”的前缀a-， 如在 amoral 中和名词 Gnostic造词。 Gnostic与希腊词 gnosis 有关，指“意识”， 曾被早期的基督教作家用来表达“关于精神玄奥的、神秘的意识”。因此agnostic 就指那些有这类意识的人。 在创造agnostic 这个词时，赫胥黎把他的同伴知识分子──“学家”，认为是“可知论者”，就象他这样称呼他们一样── 他们急切地吸收各种信条或理论来随意地解释世界。因为赫胥黎“是个没有任何标签来掩饰自己的人”，他为自己创造了agnostic 这个词，1870年这个词首次用于出版物中 〔heaven〕Often Heaven The abode of God, the angels, and the souls of those who are granted salvation. 常作 Heaven 天国，天堂：上帝，天使及那些得到拯救的灵魂的居所〔eccentricity〕"England is the paradise of individuality, eccentricity, heresy, anomalies, hobbies, and humors" (George Santayana). “英国是个人主义、怪诞、反常、邪教、异端、嗜癖和幽默的天堂” （乔泊·桑塔亚纳）。〔Eden〕A delightful place; a paradise.乐园：令人喜爱的地方；天堂〔muckrake〕[From the man with the muckrake, who cannot look up to heaven because he is so obsessed with the muck of worldly profit, in] Pilgrim's Progress by John Bunyan [来自于有丑闻的人不能够指望天堂因为他太看重于世俗名利，见于约翰·班扬的] 天路历程 by John Bunyan 〔atone〕"So heaven, atoned, shall dying Greece restore"(Alexander Pope)“所以天堂可以使人平静，垂死的希腊可以恢复”(亚历山大·波普)〔Blake〕British poet and artist whose paintings and poetic works, such asSongs of Innocence (1789) and The Marriage of Heaven and Hell (c. 1790), have a mystical, visionary quality. 布莱克，威廉：(1757-1827) 英国诗人和艺术家其作品如《天真之歌》 （1789年）和 《天堂与地狱的婚姻》 （1790年）极具神秘及想象色彩 〔Thompson〕British poet whose works, influenced by Keats and Shelley, include "The Hound of Heaven" (1893).汤姆逊，弗朗西斯：(1859-1907) 英国诗人，其作品受济慈和雪莱的影响，作品包括“天堂猎犬”(1893年）等〔still〕"But after tempest . . . /There came a day as still as heaven" (Tennyson).“但风雨过后…象天堂一样宁静的一天就会来临” （田纳生）。〔Mitra〕The Hindu god of friendship and alliances, usually invoked together with Varuna as an upholder of order, punisher of falsehood, supporter of heaven and earth, and bringer of rain.密多罗神：掌管友情及结盟的印度神祇，通常与伐楼拿神共同庇佑维护秩序、惩罚恶行、支撑天堂及世界，并带来降雨〔Zeus〕The principal god of the Greek pantheon, ruler of the heavens, and father of other gods and mortal heroes.宙斯：希腊神话中的主神，天堂的统治者，其他神和人间英雄的父亲〔anger〕"Heaven has no rage like love to hatred turned" (William Congreve). “天堂里没有使爱转化为恨的那种震怒”。 （威廉·康格莱夫）。 〔paradise〕Perhaps the supreme example of the semantic process known as melioration is the wordparadise. In tracing this word from its origins to its present status,we see an elevation, or melioration, of meaning that raises the word to new heights.The history begins with the Avestan (the eastern dialect of Old Iranian) wordpairi-daēza-, "enclosure,” made up ofpairi, "around,” and daēza-, "wall.” The Greek military leader and historian Xenophon, who served with Greek mercenaries in Persia,first used the Greek wordparadeisos adopted from the Avestan wordto refer to the Persian kings' and nobles' parks or pleasure grounds.This Greek word extended to mean "garden" or "orchard" was an obvious choice for translators of the Bible into Greekto use both for the Garden of Eden and the Abode of the Blessed, or heaven.The Greek word was adopted into Late Latin and was used much as we might expect in its biblical senses in ecclesiastical Latin (Late Latinparadīsus ). The Old English wordparadis taken from Latin is found, but our word probably really established itself in Middle English (first recorded before 1200),derived both from Latin and from Old French, which had adopted the word from Latin.paradise. 这个词也许能作为词义进化最典型的例子， 从它的起源到现在的地位，我们可以看到词义的进化或改进把这个词带到了一个新的高度。这个历史过程从意为“领地，圈地”的阿维斯陀语（古伊朗人西部方言）pairi-daeza-, 开始， 由意为“环形的”pairi, 和意为“墙”的 daeza-, 组成。 曾随希腊雇佣军到波斯服役的希腊军事将领和历史学家色诺芬，首先使用了希腊语词paradeisos, ， 该词采用了阿维斯陀词，指波斯国王和贵族们的花园或游乐场，这个希腊词衍生到表示“花园”或“果园”，显然是译者在把《圣经》翻译成希腊文时所做出的选择，以用来表明伊甸园和天国或天堂，有这两种含义的希腊词被引入后期的拉丁语中且当它们在教会拉丁文（后期拉丁语paradisus )中意为《圣经》方面的意义时被更广泛地使用， 古英语paradis 一词来自拉丁文， 但我们用的这个词可能在中古英语（首次记录在1200年前）中真正确立了起来，人们发现它源于拉丁文和从拉丁文中采纳了这个词的古法语〔Yggdrasil〕The great ash tree that holds together earth, heaven, and hell by its roots and branches in Norse mythology.乾坤树：北欧神话中以其根部和枝干聚拢土地、天堂和地狱的大桉树〔empyrean〕The abode of God and the angels; paradise.天堂：上帝与天使们的住所；乐土〔Ghiberti〕Florentine sculptor whose series of bronze panelsGates of Paradise (1425-1452) for the doors of the baptistery of Florence Cathedral are among the greatest works of early Renaissance art. 吉贝尔蒂，洛伦佐：(1378?-1455) 佛罗伦萨雕刻家，他的青钢嵌板《天堂之门》 （1425－1452年）是为佛罗伦萨大教堂的洗礼堂的大门所作。这系列作品是文艺复兴早期最伟大的艺术作品 〔empyrean〕The highest reaches of heaven, believed by the ancients to be a realm of pure fire or light.最高天：天堂的最高处，古人相信那里完全是火与光的圣地〔Avalon〕In Arthurian legend, an island paradise in the western seas to which King Arthur went at his death.阿渥伦：亚瑟王传奇中的天堂岛，在西海，亚瑟王终老于此〔anagoge〕A mystical interpretation of a word, passage, or text, especially scriptural exegesis that detects allusions to heaven or the afterlife.神秘解释：对可查出的关于天堂或死后典故的基督教经文的词、段落或文章的神秘解释〔empyrean〕Of or relating to the empyrean of ancient belief.天堂的：古人认为的天堂的或与其有关的〔rapture〕The transporting of a person from one place to another, especially to heaven.掳人，摄魂：把某人由一处运送到另一处，由指将灵魂引入天堂〔parvis〕alteration of pareis [paradise] pareis的变化 [天堂] 〔Ford〕British writer and editor whose most important novels,The Good Soldier (1915) and the tetralogy Parade's End (1924-1928), examine the bonds of conjugal and adulterous relationships. 福特，福特·马多克斯：(1873-1939) 英国作家及编辑，最重要的小说有《好兵》 （1915年）以及探讨了婚姻的细节及通奸关系的四部曲 《天堂的尽头》 （1924-1928年） 〔Bunyan〕English preacher and writer celebrated for hisPilgrim's Progress (two parts, 1678 and 1684), the allegorical tale of Christian's journey from the City of Destruction to the Celestial City. 班扬，约翰：(1628-1688) 英国传教士和作家，著有《天路历程》 （两部，1678和1684年）描述，基督徒们从毁灭城到天堂城路途的讽刺性寓言故事 〔judgment〕Judgment In traditional Christian eschatology, God's determination of which human beings shall be sent to heaven and which condemned to hell. Judgment 上帝的最后审判：在传统基督教末世论中，上对于哪些人该送上天堂、哪些人该罚下地狱的决定〔hagride〕"a man hagridden by the future—haunted by visions of an imminent heaven or hell upon earth"(C.S. Lewis)“为即将发生的未来的惊恐所折磨的人，例如在地球上方的天堂或地狱的景象等”(C.S.刘易斯) |
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