| 单词 | 坚定 |
| 释义 | 〔proud〕"We hardly know an instance of the strength and weakness of human nature so striking and so grotesque as the character of this haughty, vigilant, resolute, sagacious blue-stocking [Frederick the Great] ” (Macaulay).“我们几乎找不到一个人性的力量和弱点象这个高傲、机警、坚定、智慧的女学者的性格那样如此醒目和怪异的例子 ” （麦考莱）。〔softheaded〕Lacking judgment, realism, or firmness.无主意的：缺乏判断力、现实性或坚定的意志的〔Medill〕American newspaperman who was a founder of the Republican Party (1854), staunchly supported Abraham Lincoln's presidential campaign and administration, and was editor and publisher of theChicago Tribune (1874-1899). 梅迪尔，约瑟夫：(1823-1899) 美国新闻记者，为共和党的创始人(1854年），是林肯总统竞选及其政府的坚定支持者，同时也是《芝加哥论坛报》 的编辑及出版者(1874-1899年） 〔perseverance〕Steady persistence in adhering to a course of action, a belief, or a purpose; steadfastness.百折不挠，坚定不移：对行动、信仰或目标的坚持；坚定〔shake〕a crisis that shook my deepest beliefs.此危机使我坚定的信念也为之动摇〔hopefully〕And though this use ofhopefully may have been a vogue word when it first gained currency 30 years ago, it has long since lost any taint of jargon or pretentiousness for the general reader.The well-attested acceptance of the usage reflects an implicit popular recognition of its usefulness;there is no precise substitute.Someone who saysHopefully, the treaty will be ratified makes a hopeful prediction about the fate of the treaty,whereas someone who saysI hope (or We hope or It is hoped ) the treaty will be ratified expresses a bald statement about what is desired. Only the latter could be continued with a clause such asbut it isn't likely. · It might have been expected, then, that the initial flurry of objections tohopefully would have subsided once the usage became well established. Instead, increased currency of the usage appears only to have made the critics more adamant.In the 1969 Usage Panel survey the usage was acceptable to 44 percent of the Panel;in the most recent survey it was acceptable to only 27 percent.(By contrast, 60 percent accepted the analogous use ofmercifully in the sentence Mercifully, the game ended before the opponents could add another touchdown to the lopsided score. ) Yet the Panel has not shown any signs of becoming generally more conservative:in the very same survey panelists were disposed to accept once-vilified usagessuch as the employment ofcontact and host as verbs. · It seems that this use ofhopefully has been made a litmus test, which distinguishes writers who take an active interest in questions of grammar or usage from the great mass of people who keep their own linguistic counsel.No one can be blamed who useshopefully in blithe ignorance of the critics' disdain for it, since the rule could not be derived from any general concern for clarity or precision.But writers who are aware of the critical controversy face a more delicate decision.Some will simply flout the rule,seeing no reason that they should be deprived of a useful construction.Others may choose to avoid the usage,whether they are motivated by discretion or civility. ·Like other sentence adverbs such asbluntly and happily, hopefully may occasionally be ambiguous. In the sentenceHopefully, the company has launched a new venture, the word hopefully might be construed as describing the point of view of either the speaker or the subject. Such ambiguities can be resolved either by repositioning the adverb (as inThe company has launched the new venture hopefully ) or by choosing a paraphrase ( One may hope that the company has launched the new venture ). 尽管hopefully 的这一用法在30年前首次通用的时候曾是个时兴词， 但对于广大读者来说它早已失去了俚语或矫饰的色彩。屡经证实的对这一用法的接受反映了对其实用性的普遍默认；而且并不存在其他精确的代用词。有人如果说但愿条约能被批准 ， 便是对条约的命运作了充满希望的预测，反之如果有人说我希望 （或 我们希望 或 希望 ) 条约将会被批准 则表达了对其期望之物的大胆声明。 只有后者可以接从句象但这不大可能 。 也许我们本可以期待当这一用法已变得根深蒂固之后， 对hopefully 的一片反对声可稍事平息。 然而，这一用法的流行似乎反而使批评家们更为坚定。在1969年用法调查使用小组的调查中44%的成员接受这一用法；在最近一次的调查中却只有27%的成员接受。（相比之下，60%的人接受mercifully 在句子 幸好，在对手能够给这一边倒的比分再加上一分之前，比赛就结束了 中的类似用法） 但是并没有任何迹象表明调查小组成员正在普遍变得更保守：在同一次调查中小组成员们倾向于接受被一度废除的某些用法，如把contact 和 host 用作动词看来。 似乎hopefully 的用法已经成了一块试金石， 它把对语法和用法怀有浓厚兴趣的作家和保留着他们自己的语言学顾问的广大民众区分开来。那些全然忽视批评家们的蔑视使用hopefully 的人不该受到指责， 因为规则并不来源于任何对清晰和精确的关注。但是意识到了批评界争议的作者们面对着一个更为微妙的决定。有些人干脆违反规则，他们认为没有理由要失去这么一个实用的结构。另外一些人则选择避免这一用法，无论其动机是出于谨慎还是出于礼貌。象许多其它句中副词如bluntly 和 happily一样，hopefully 经常出现歧义。 在下句 Hopefully, the company has launched a new venture 中， hopefully 一词可以解释为记述说话者的观点或者句中主语的观点。 这种歧义可以通过调换副词位置（如公司已经满怀希望地到办了一个新企业 )或选择另一种说法( 有人希望这个公司已经创办了一个新企业 )来消除 〔moral〕Based on strong likelihood or firm conviction, rather than on the actual evidence:内心确信的：基于很强的可能性或坚定的信服，而不是实在的证据的：〔decisive〕Characterized by decision and firmness; resolute.决断的：具有果断坚决的特征的；坚定的〔Sumner〕American politician. A U.S. senator from Massachusetts (1851-1874), he was a brilliant orator with an uncompromising opposition to slavery.萨姆纳，查尔斯：(1811-1874) 美国政治家，是来自于马萨诸塞州的一位美国参议员（1851-1874年），他是一位杰出的演说家，他坚定、毫不妥协地反对奴隶制〔faithful〕Adhering firmly and devotedly, as to a person, a cause, or an idea; loyal.忠心的：对人、观点或事物绝对坚定和效忠的；忠诚的〔firm〕Constant; steadfast:坚定的；不移的：〔strong〕Not easily upset; resistant to harmful or unpleasant influences:坚定的：不轻易难过的；对有伤害的或令人不快的影响进行抵制的：〔tendency〕"The tendency of our own day is . . . towards firm, solid, verifiable knowledge" (William H. Mallock).“我们今天的趋势是…朝向一种坚定、坚实且可证明的知识” （威廉·H·马洛克）。〔unbending〕Not yielding; inflexible:不屈服的；坚定的：〔conscience〕a person of unflagging conscience.正义感坚定的人〔constipated〕Stiff, stodgy, or recalcitrant:坚定的、保守的或顽强的：〔persuasion〕A strongly held opinion; a conviction.See Synonyms at opinion 坚定的信念；信念 参见 opinion〔face〕To attain mastery over or overcome by confronting in a resolute, determined manner:用目光压倒，降伏，威镇：通过坚定果断地面对而获得征服或克服：〔purposeful〕entered the room with a purposeful look.带着坚定的神色走进屋子〔fierce〕Strenuously active or resolute:强烈的：非常积极或坚定的：〔mensch〕A person having admirable characteristics, such as fortitude and firmness of purpose:受尊敬的人：具有受人尊敬之特点的人，如坚韧不拔和目标坚定：〔steady〕a steady hand on the tiller;操纵杆上坚定的手；〔big〕Loud and firm; resounding:大声的：大声而坚定的；响亮的：〔constancy〕Steadfastness, as in purpose or affection; faithfulness.坚定：（目标或感情上的）坚定不移；忠诚〔vigor〕Strong feeling; enthusiasm or intensity.魄力，气势：坚定的信念；热情或者强力〔put〕To take a firm stand.采取坚定的立场〔stalwart〕party stalwarts.党的坚定支持者〔trust〕Firm reliance on the integrity, ability, or character of a person or thing.信任：对某人或某事的正直、能力或性格的坚定依靠〔purposeful〕Having or manifesting purpose; determined:具有或表明目的的；坚定的：〔what〕Whenwhat is the subject of a clause, it may be construed as singular or plural, depending on the sense.It is singular when taken as the equivalent ofthat which or the thing which, as inI see what seems to be a dead tree; and it is plural when it is taken as the equivalent ofthose which or the things which, as inHe sometimes makes what seem to be gestures of aloofness. ? When awhat clause is itself the subject of a sentence, it may be construed as singular or plural,but the conditions governing this choice are somewhat more complicated.In general, awhat clause will be taken as a plural when the clause contains an explicit indication of its own plurality. There are two principal cases.First, the clause is plural ifwhat is the subject of the clause and the verb of the clause is itself plural: What seem to be two dead trees are blocking the road. What most surprise me are the inflammatory remarks at the end of his article. If the verb in thewhat clause does not anticipate the plural sense of the predicate in this way, a singular verb is generally used in the main clause as well,though the plural is sometimes found:What truly commands respect is (sometimes are ) a large navy and a resolute foreign policy. Second, thewhat clause is treated as plural when its predicate contains a plural noun phrase that unambiguously establishes the plurality of the clause as a whole, as inWhat traditional grammarians called "predicates" are called "verb phrases" by modern linguists. What the Romans established as military outposts were later to become important trading centers. In the absence of explicit plural marking of either of these types in a subjectwhat clause, the clause is usually treated as singular for the purposes of agreement, regardless of the sense:What she held in her lap was four kittens. What the apparent diamonds turned out to be was paste. In some cases, however, a clause withwhat as the subject may be treated as singular or plural, depending on a subtle distinction of sense. InWhat excite him most are money and power, the implication is that money and power are distinct elements; inWhat excites him most is money and power, the implication is that money and power are taken as constituting a single entity.See Usage Note at which 当what 作为从句中的主语时， 它既可被当作单数也可以为复数，这取决于词义。当被看作是that which 或 the thing which 时它就是单数， 如在I see what seems to be a dead tree（我看到个象棵死树的物体）” 这句话中； 当它被用作those which 或 the things which 的对应词时它是复数， 如在He sometimes makes what seem to be gestures of aloofness（他有时做一些似乎很超然的手势） 中。 当what 从句本身是句子的主语时， 它可被当作单数或复数，但决定这种选择的条件略为复杂些。总体上说，what 从句的含有对其数性明确指示时，它就可以将当作复数。 这有两种最主要的情况：首先，如果what 是从句的主语而该从句的谓语动词本身是复数，从句就是复数： What seem to be two dead trees are blocking the road.（象两棵死树的物体挡着路）； What mostsurprise me are the inflammatory remarks at the end of his article.（最令我吃惊的是他文章结尾处的煽动性言词） 。 如果what 从句的谓语动词并不预示谓语是复数， 主句中通常也用单数动词，尽管有时也可以发现有复数：What truly commands respect is（有时 are ) a large navy and a resolute foreign policy（真正博得尊敬的是强大的海军和坚定的外交政策） ； 其次what 从句在其谓语含有复数名词短语，并且其明显可建立整个从句的复数性时是被当作复数的， 如在What traditional grammarians called "predicates" are called "verb phrases" by modern linguists.（那些传统语法家所称为“谓语”的则被现代语言学家称作“动词短语”） What the Romans established as military outpostswere later to become important trading centers.（那些罗马人设为军事前哨基地的地方后来成为了重要的贸易中心）。 当what 从句主语缺乏这两类明确表示复数性的标记时， 从句通常为了一致性而不顾及词义地被当作单数：What she held in her lap was four kittens.（她抱在膝盖上的是四只小猫）。 What the apparent diamonds turned out to bewas paste.（那些看上去象真的钻石结果却是人造宝石） 。 然而，在一些情况下，以what 作主语的从句可被当单数或复数，取决于语义上微妙的差异。 在What excite him most are money and power（最让他兴奋的是金钱和权力）， 这句话中暗含着金钱和权力是不同的成分； 在What excites him most is money and power（最让他兴奋的是金钱和权力）， 这句话中暗含着金钱和权力是作为构成一个单一整体的成分 参见 which〔perseverance〕Each of these nouns means steadfast singleness of purpose, as in the pursuit of a goal, despite difficulties or obstacles.这些名词都表示当在追求目标过程中遇到了困难或障碍时意向坚定、专一的意思。〔infirm〕firmus [strong, firm] * see dher- firmus [强大的，坚定的] * 参见 dher- 〔faithful〕These adjectives mean adhering firmly and devotedly to someone or something, such as a person, cause, or duty, that elicits or demands one's fidelity.如下形容词都有对人、事，比如人、事业或责任等坚定和忠诚的意思。〔cement〕Firmly settled or determined; unalterable:坚定的，下定决心的；不可动摇的：〔stout〕Having or marked by boldness, bravery, or determination; firm and resolute.勇敢的：有气胆、勇敢、坚决的或以之为特征的；坚定的，坚决的〔sure〕Not hesitating or wavering; firm:坚定的：不犹豫的或不动摇的；坚定的：〔resolve〕To make a firm decision about.做决定：作出关于…的坚定决定〔determination〕Firmness of purpose; resolve:坚决：目的坚定；坚定：〔decry〕A staunch materialist, he decries economy.一个坚定的唯物主义者公开谴责经济。〔resolute〕Firm or determined; unwavering.坚定的，坚决的；不动摇的 |
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