| 单词 | 商人 |
| 释义 | 〔impostor〕"What a humbug that woman is!” (Thackeray).Amountebank is a flamboyant, unscrupulous dealer or promoter: “那个女人是怎样一个骗子啊!” （萨克雷）。mountebank 是一个傲慢的、无耻的商人或者推销商： 〔merchant〕One whose occupation is the wholesale purchase and retail sale of goods for profit.商人：通过成批购买并零售货物而获取利润的从业者〔resell〕To sell (a product or service) to the public or to an end user, especially as an authorized dealer.转售：贩卖（产品或服务）给大众或直接用户，尤指以授权商人的身份〔Vaisya〕The third of the four Hindu classes, comprising farmers, herders, artisans, merchants, and businessmen.吠舍：印度四个种姓等级中的第三等级，由农夫、畜牧者、手工艺者、商人和生意人组成〔reliable〕a responsible used-car dealer;负责任的旧汽车商人；〔Lawrence〕American merchant and politician who was a central figure in the development of the textile industry in New England and the incorporation of Lawrence, Massachusetts (1853).劳伦斯，艾博特：(1792-1855) 美国商人和政治家，他是新英格兰纺织工业和马萨诸塞州劳伦斯公司（1853年）发展历程中的核心人物〔passbook〕A book in which a merchant records credit sales.顾客赊帐簿：商人登记顾客购买的商品的本子〔Phoenicia〕An ancient maritime country of southwest Asia consisting of city-states along the eastern Mediterranean Sea in present-day Syria and Lebanon. Its people became the foremost navigators and traders of the Mediterranean by 1250b.c. and established numerous colonies, including Carthage in northern Africa. The Phoenicians traveled to the edges of the known world at the time and introduced their alphabet, based on symbols for sounds rather than cuneiform or hieroglyphic representations, to the Greeks and other early peoples. Phoenicia's culture was gradually absorbed by Persian and later Hellenistic civilizations. 腓尼基：亚洲西南部的一个古代海边国家，由地中海东部沿岸的城邦组成，位于今叙利亚和黎巴嫩境内。直到公元前 1250年，腓尼基人一直是地中海地区最闻名的航海家和商人，并建立了许多殖民地，包括北非的迦太基。腓尼基人到过当时所知的世界边缘，他们把基于声音符号而不是楔形或象形文字的字母表，介绍给希腊人和其他早期民族。腓尼基文化逐步地被波斯文化和后来的古希腊文化所吸收 〔Brookings〕American businessman and philanthropist who founded (1927) the Brookings Institution, an organization that conducts social science research projects for businesses and the government.布鲁金斯，罗伯特·萨默斯：(1850-1932) 美国商人和慈善家。1927年建立布鲁金斯学会，是为商业和政府部门进行社会科学研究项目的机构〔Brattle〕American merchant known primarily for his strong denunciation of the Salem witch trials (1692) and his opposition to the rigid Puritanism of Cotton and Increase Mather.布拉托，托马斯：(1658-1713) 美国商人，因谴责塞勒姆的巫术试验和反对科顿和英克里斯·马太（1692年）的严酷的清教主义而闻名〔merchant〕Of or relating to merchants, merchandise, or commercial trade:商人（业）的：商人的、商品的或商业贸易的；或与之有关的：〔pant〕It would seem unlikely that the name of a 4th-century Roman Catholic saint should be the ultimate source of a word for a modern article of clothing commonly worn by both men and women.Pants, however, can be traced back to Pantaleon, the patron saint of Venice. He became so closely associated with the inhabitants of that citythat the Venetians became popularly known asPantaloni. Consequently, among the commedia dell'arte's stock characters the representative Venetian (a stereotypically wealthy but miserly merchant) was calledPantalone. His name in French,Pantalon, was borrowed into English (first recorded around 1590). During the middle of the 17th centurythe French came to identify him with one particular style of trousers,and this same style became known aspantaloons in English. Pantaloons was later applied to another style of trousers that came into fashion toward the end of the 18th century, tight-fitting garments that had begun to replace knee breeches.After thatpantaloons was used to refer to trousers in general. The last step in the development of the wordpants met with some resistance. This abbreviation ofpantaloon was considered vulgar and, as Oliver Wendell Holmes put it,"a word not made for gentlemen, but ‘gents.’”First found in the writings of Edgar Allan Poe in 1840,pants has replaced the "gentleman's word" in English and has lost all obvious connection to Saint Pantaleon.看起来一位公元4世纪的罗马天主教徒的名字似乎不可能是这个做为男人和女人平常都穿的布做的现代物品的根本词源。Pants 但可以追溯到奥塔莱昂，威尼斯的庇护神。 他变得与这座城市里的居民联系得这样紧密，以至于威尼斯人也通俗的被称为Pantaloni 。 结果，在即兴喜剧的角色中那个有代表性的威尼斯人（一个愚富而吝啬的商人）被称作Pantalone。 他的法语名字Panlalon 被借用到英语中（初次记录大约在1590年）。 在17世纪中期，法国人开始把它与一种特殊类型的裤子等同起来，同一种类型的裤子在英语中是pantaloons 。 Pantaloons 后来被用作另一种类型的裤子并在18世纪末日渐流行， 紧身衣服已经开始取代齐膝马裤。在那以后，pantaloons 被用来泛指裤子。 在pants 一词发展的最后遇到了一些阻力。 Pantaloon 的缩写被认为是粗俗的， 并且正如奥立弗·温德尔·霍姆斯所说，“并不是为绅士而造的词，而是为‘家伙们所造’”。最早在1840年发现于艾德加·爱伦·坡的作品中，pants 在英语中已经替代了那个“绅士的语言”， 而且显然已失去了和圣奥塔莱昂的一切联系〔emporium〕from emporos [traveler, merchant] 源自 emporos [旅客，商人] 〔reedy〕"reedy businessmen in severe three-piece business suits"(Jimmy Breslin)“穿着朴素的三件套工作西装的瘦长商人”(吉米·布雷斯林)〔Straus〕German-born American merchant who with his brotherIsidor (1845-1912) owned Macy's department store in New York City and funded numerous philanthropic organizations. 施特劳斯，内森：(1848-1931) 德裔美国商人，与其兄弟伊斯都 (1845年-1912年）拥有纽约市的麦思百货商店，并创立了相当数量的慈善机构 〔Fall〕American politician who as U.S. secretary of the interior (1921-1923) unlawfully transferred ownership of government land to private businessmen in the Teapot Dome scandal.福尔，阿尔贝特·巴昆：(1861-1944) 美国政治家，作为内务秘书（1921-1923年）在蒂波特山丑闻中曾将政府属地非法卖给私有商人〔Wanamaker〕American merchant whose men's clothing business grew into one of the first department stores. He also served as U.S. postmaster general (1889-1893).沃纳梅克，约翰：(1838-1922) 美国商人，其男装经营扩展成最早的百货商店之一。他曾任美国邮政局长(1889-1893年）〔stock〕The total merchandise kept on hand by a merchant, commercial establishment, warehouse, or manufacturer.存货：一个商人、商业团体、货仓或制造商存于手头的全部货物〔stick〕The dealer stuck me with shoddy merchandise.那个商人用假货骗我〔mercantile〕Of or relating to merchants or trade.商业的：商人的或商业的或与之有关的〔merchandise〕from marcheant, marchand [merchant] * see merchant 源自 marcheant, marchand [商人] * 参见 merchant〔Kiel〕A city of northern Germany onKiel Bay, an arm of the Baltic Sea. Chartered in 1242, Kiel joined the Hanseatic League in 1284, passed to Denmark in 1773, and was annexed by Prussia in 1866. German sailors mutinied here in 1918, setting off a socialist revolution. Population, 245,751. 基尔：德国北部城市，位于基尔湾 （波罗的海的一个水湾）。基尔于1242年被特许建立，1284年加入自由日尔曼城市商人联盟，1773年转入丹麦，1866年曾被普鲁士占有。1918年德国水手在这里叛乱，发动社会主义革命。人口245,751 〔Pepperrell〕American merchant and colonial official. After his defeat of French forces at Louisbourg on Cape Breton Island (1745) he was the first American to be made a baronet by the British Crown (1746).佩珀里尔，威廉：(1696-1759) 美国商人和殖民官员。1745年在布雷顿角岛的路易斯堡击败法军之后，他于1746年成为被英国国王封为准男爵的第一个美国人〔Field〕American merchant and financier who planned and oversaw the laying of the transatlantic telegraph cable (completed 1866).菲尔德，赛勒斯·韦斯特：(1819-1892) 美国商人及金融家，他设计并监督了横贯大西洋的电缆铺设工程（于1866年完成）〔shylock〕Shylock The ruthless usurer in Shakespeare's playThe Merchant of Venice. Shylock 夏洛克：莎士比亚戏剧威尼斯商人 中残酷无情的高利贷者 〔Cornell〕American businessman and philanthropist who helped develop and unify telegraph systems in the United States and founded Cornell University (1868) with Andrew D. White.康奈尔，以斯拉：(1807-1874) 美国商人，慈善家，帮助发展并统一了美国的电报系统，并与安德鲁·Ｄ·怀特一起建立了康奈尔大学（1868年）〔commit〕The owner consigned the paintings to a dealer for sale.Entrust and confide stress trust and confidence in another: 所有者将画委托商人出售。Entrust和 confide 强调对别人信任和相信： 〔Faneuil〕American merchant who built Faneuil Hall in Boston (1742) and donated it to the city. The building was a meeting place for patriots during the Revolutionary period.法纳尔，彼得：(1700-1743) 美国商人，在波士顿建造了法纳尔大厅(1742年）并捐给该城。这座建筑物是革命年代爱国者们聚会的地方〔colemanite〕After William Tell Coleman (1824-1893), American merchant in California 源自威廉·特尔 科尔曼 (1824-1893年），加利福尼亚的美国商人 〔dachshund〕Dachs [badger] from Middle High German dahs from Old High German * see teks- Dachs [小贩，商人] 源自 中古高地德语 dahs 源自 古高地德语 * 参见 teks- 〔tycoon〕A wealthy and powerful businessperson or industrialist; a magnate.巨头：富有的、强有力的商人或工业家；大亨〔Tonti〕French explorer, trader, and colonizer of the Mississippi River valley.通泰，亨利·德：(1650-1704) 法国探险家，商人，密西西比河谷的殖民者〔Field〕American merchant who organized Marshall Field and Company, the largest wholesale and retail dry goods establishment of the late 1800's.菲尔德，马歇尔：(1834-1906) 美国商人，创建了马歇尔商店和公司，该公司是19世纪末最大的干货批发及零售企业〔Conti〕Italian merchant and traveler who left vivid accounts of his 30-year exploration of southern Asia.笛昆蒂，尼克尔德：(15世纪) 意大利商人及旅行家，他写有关于自己在南亚30年探险生活的生动记述〔man〕Traditionally,man and words derived from it have been used generically to designate any or all of the human race irrespective of sex.In Old Englishthis was the principal sense ofman, which meant "a human being" regardless of sex;the wordswer and wyf (or w÷pman and wifman ) were used to refer to "a male human being" and "a female human being" respectively. But in Middle Englishman displaced wer as the term for "a male human being,”whilewyfman (which evolved into present-day woman ) was retained for "a female human being.” The result of these changes was an assymetrical arrangement that many criticize as sexist.Many writers have revised some of their practices accordingly.But the precise implications of the usage vary according to the context and the particular use ofman or its derivatives. · Man sometimes appears to have the sense of "person" or "people" when it is used as a count noun, as inA man is known by the company he keeps and Men have long yearned to unlock the secrets of the atom, and in phrases likethe common man and the man in the street. Here the generic interpretation arises indirectly:if a man is known by the company he keeps,then so, by implication, is a woman.For this reasonthe generic interpretation of these uses ofman is not possible where the applicability of the predicate varies according to the sex of the individual. Thus it would be inappropriate to say thatMen are the only animals that can conceive at any time, since the sentence literally asserts that the ability to conceive applies to male human beings.This usage presumes that males can be taken as representatives of the species.In almost all cases,however, the wordsperson and people can be substituted for man and men, often with a gain in clarity. · By contrast,man functions more as a generic when it is used without an article in the singular to refer to the human race, as in sentences likeThe capacity for language is unique to man or in phrases like man's inhumanity to man. But this use ofman is also ambiguous, since it can refer exclusively to male members of the human race.In most contexts wordssuch ashumanity or humankind will convey the generic sense of this use of man. · On the whole,the Usage Panel accepts the generic use ofman, the women members significantly less than the men. The sentenceIf early man suffered from a lack of information, modern man is tyrannized by an excess of it was acceptable to 81 percent of the Panel (including 58 percent of the women and 92 percent of the men).The Panel also accepted compound words derived from genericman. The sentenceThe Great Wall is the only man-made structure visible from space was acceptable to 86 percent (including 76 percent of the women and 91 percent of the men).The sentence"The history of language is the history of mankind" (James Bradstreet Greenough and George Lyman Kittredge) was acceptable to 76 percent (including 63 percent of the women and 82 percent of the men). Such compounds were acceptable even when the context required that they be applied chiefly to women.Thus, 66 percent of the Panel (including 57 percent of the women and 71 percent of the men) accepts the wordmanpower in the sentence Countries that do not permit women to participate in the work force are at a disadvantage in competing with those that do avail themselves of that extra source of manpower. · A related set of problems is raised by the use ofman in forming the names of occupational and social rolessuch asbusinessman, chairman, spokesman, layman, and freshman, as well as in analogous formationssuch asunsportsmanlike and showmanship. Some condemn this use categorically;however, these words remained acceptable to a majority of the Usage Panel when they were used to refer to a role or class in the abstractbut were rejected when they were used to refer to a woman.Thus the general use ofchairman was acceptable to 67 percent of the Panel (including 52 percent of the women and 76 percent of the men) in the sentence The chairman will be appointed by the Faculty Senate. But only 48 percent (including 43 percent of the women and 50 percent of the men) accepted the use of the word inEmily Owen, chairman of the Mayor's Task Force, issued a statement assuring residents that their views would be solicited, where it is applied to a woman. · Several strategies have been suggested for replacing the categorical use of compounds formed withman. Parallel terms likebusinesswoman, spokeswoman and chairwoman are increasingly used to refer to women. Also in use are common-gender terms coined withperson, such asbusinessperson, spokesperson, and chairperson. For occupational titles ending inman, new standards of official usage have been established by the U.S. Department of Labor and other government agencies.In official contexts termssuch asfirefighter and police officer are now generally used in place of fireman and policeman. · A majority of the Panelists rejected the verbman when it was used to refer to an activity performed by women. The sentenceMembers of the League of Women Voters will be manning the registration desk was unacceptable to 56 percent of the Panel (including 61 percent of the women and 54 percent of the men). See Usage Note at -ess ,people 传统上，man 以及它的衍生字一般是用来指任何人或整个人类， 不考虑性别。在古英语中，这就是man 这个字主要的意思， 即“人” 而不分性别；单词wer 和 wyf （或 woepman 和 wifman )则分别用以指“男人”和“女人”。 但在中古英语时man 取代了 wer 这个词， 也具有“男人”的意义了；而wyfman （这个字发展演变成了今天的 woman 这个字）作为“女人”这个意思被保留了下来。 这些变化的结果是，作为性别歧视者所批评的匀称排列。为此，许多作家相应地修订了他们部分的创作活动。但是这用法的准确含义取决于它的上下文以及man 的具体用途或它的衍生字。 当man 这个字被当作一个可数名词来用时，它有时似乎具有“一个人”或“人们”的意思， 如在被他所在的那个公司熟悉了解的人 和 很久以来，人们都期盼着解开原子的秘密 ， 以及如下短语中普通的人 和 街上的人 。 这里，一般的理解源于间接地推理：如果一个男人是被他所在的公司了解的话，其言下之意是，一个女人也是被他所在的公司熟悉了解的。正是这个原因，使得man 当此一般理解之义用时，其谓语随着个人性别的改变而变化是不可能的。 所以，说人是唯一能在任何时候思考的动物 是不适当的， 因为这句话字面之义是指男人的思考能力。这种用法是假定男人可以作为人类的代表。几乎毫无例外的是，词person 和 people 可以用 man 和 men 来取代，且后两字意思更清楚。 相反，当man 以单数不带冠词出现用以指人类时，它更是指一类、一属， 如在象句子只有人才有语言能力 或象短语 人类对人类的不人道 中。 但man 若以这种形式出现，其意思也会模糊不清， 因为其可只指人类中的男性成员。在大多数的行文中，例如humanity 或 humankind 这样的字也传达了 man 这种用法的一般意义。 总的说来，在用法专题使用小组成员中接受man 这种一般用法的女性比男性明显少得多。 下面这句话如果说古代人受信息不足之苦的话，那么现代人则是受信息过量之虐待了 在小组中有81的成员可接受 （其中女性成员中的接受率为58，男性中则为92)。专题小组会还接受作为一般意义的man 构成的复合词。 长城是太空中的唯一可见的人造物 这句话有86的成员接受 （其中女性成员的接受率为76，而男性中为91)。“语言史就是一部人类史” （詹姆士·布拉斯瑞特·格里诺和乔治·莱曼·基特里奇）这句话的接受率为76（基中在女性成员中有63接受，而男性中为82)。 即使是上下行文所需的字主要指的是女人，这种复合词仍然被接受。因此小组中的66（其中女性委员的57，男性的71)接受了manpower 这个词在下句的用法： 那些不允许女人加入生产力大军的国家和那些允许女人加入生产力大军的国家相比，在处理剩余劳动力这一点上明显处于竞争的劣势 。 由于man 的使用所引起的一系列相关问题产生了， 在构成职业或社会角色类别的名称，如商人、主席、发言人、外行 和 渔夫 ， 以及将这个字用于类似的构词法中，如违反运动精神的 和 善于表演的才能 。 有些人谴责这种类别的用法；然而，当它们抽象地指某种角色或阶层时，这些词仍能得到用法专题使用小组大多数人的接受；但当它们用由于指女性时，这些词就被拒绝了。因此在句子主席由职工委员会指定 中 主席 的这种一般用法就得到了67小组成员的接受（其中在女性成员中为52，而男性中为76)。 但是，在句子艾米莉·欧文，市长任务小组的主席，发表了一个声明，向市长保证将考虑他们的观点 中这个字的用法，由于是指女性，只有48的成员接受（其中在女性成员中的接受率为43，而男性中为50)。 对于如何替换用man 构成的类别复合词，几种构思被提了出来。 与之相对的复合词如女商人、女发言人 和 女主席 越来越多地被用来指女性。 另外，用person 构成的中性词也创造了出来， 如商人、发言人 和 主席 。 对于用man 结尾的职业名称， 美国政府劳工部和其它政府机构已建立起了新的官方运用标准。在官方行文，现在一般用如firefighter 和 police officer 代替 fireman 和 policeman 。 大多数的小组成员反对将动词man 用于指那些女性从事的活动。 句子登记处将配备女性选民联盟的成员 在用法专题使用小组中的反对率是56（其中在女性成员中的反对率是61，而男性中为54) 参见 -ess,people〔Sears〕American merchant who founded (1886) the mail-order business that became Sears, Roebuck and Company.西尔斯，理查德·沃伦：(1863-1914) 美国商人，他于1886年建立邮购公司，后来成为西尔斯·罗布克公司〔Tappan〕American merchant and abolitionist. With his brotherLewis (1788-1873) he founded the American Anti-Slavery Society (1833). 塔潘，阿瑟：(1786-1865) 美国商人和废奴主义者。他与其兄弟刘易斯 (1788-1873年）一起创建了美国反奴协会(1833年） 〔dealer〕One that is engaged in buying and selling:商人：从事买卖的人：〔Filene〕American merchant who built William Filene and Sons, a successful dry goods store, and promoted the American credit union movement.法林，爱德华·阿尔贝特：(1860-1937) 美国商人，他创建了一个成功的织物类商店──威廉姆法林和索斯公司，并掀起美国信贷工会运动〔banyan〕Short for banyan tree [merchants' tree] banyan tree的简写 [商人树] |
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