| 单词 | 否定 |
| 释义 | 〔but〕That . . . not. Used after a negative or question:表否定。用在否定词或疑问词之后：〔displease〕Latin dis- [dis-] 拉丁语 dis- [表示“不，否定”之意] 〔defect〕dē- [de-] dē- [表示“否定”] 〔Biko〕South African political activist who led an anti-apartheid movement that urged all South African Blacks to disassociate themselves from white and multiracial culture. He was killed in prison by South African police.比科，史蒂芬·班图：领导反种族隔离制运动的南非政治活动家，他敦促所有南非黑人否定白人文化和多民族文化。在监禁期间他被南非警方杀害〔negation〕The act or process of negating.否定：否认的行为或程序〔sublate〕To negate, deny, or contradict.否定，否认或否认…真实性〔hobnob〕The fact that hobnobbing with our social betters may at times be a hit-or-miss propositionhas an etymological justification.The verbhobnob originally meant "to drink together" and occurred as a varying phrase,hob or nob, hob-a-nob, or hob and nob, the first of which is recorded in 1763.This phrasal form reflects the origins of the verb in similar phrasesthat were used when two people were toasting each other.The probable reason that the phrases were so used is thathob is a variant of hab, asnob is of nab, and that these in turn are probably forms of have and its negative. In Middle English, for example, one finds the formshabbe, "to have,” and nabbe, "not to have.” Hab or nab, or simply hab nab, thus meant "get or lose, hit or miss,” and the varianthob-nob also meant "hit or miss.” Used in the drinking phrase,hob or nob would have probably meant "give or take,” and from a drinking situationhob nob spread to other forms of chumminess. 与社会地位比我们高的人亲切交谈有时候是一种随随便便的行为，这种事实是有语源学上的根据的。动词hobnob 的初义为“一起喝酒”， 并有许多变体，如hob or nob ， hob-a-nob 或 hob and nob ， 其中第一个首见于1763年的记录中。这种词组构成反应了类似词组中的动词来源，他们都用于两个人互相敬酒的情况。这种词组如此使用的原因可能因为hob 是 hab 的变体， 而nob 是 nab 的变体，而且这两者又可能是 have 和其否定式的变体。 例如人们在中古英语中可发现habbe “有”和 nabbe “没有”的形式。 Hab or nab 或简作 hab nab， 就指“得到或失去，成功或不成功”， 其变体hob-nob 也有同样的意思“成功或不成功”。 在与饮酒有关的词汇中，hob or nob 可能指“自饮或敬酒，” 并从饮酒情况下使用的hob nob 扩展到其他亲密的场合 〔cannot〕The negative form of can 1 can的否定形式1〔estoppel〕A bar preventing one from making an allegation or a denial that contradicts what one has previously stated as the truth.禁止反言，禁止翻供：陪审团禁止某人为他以前已经陈述的事实进行否定或辩解〔deposit〕dē- [de-] dē- [前缀，表“否定，相反”] 〔litotes〕A figure of speech consisting of an understatement in which an affirmative is expressed by negating its opposite, as inThis is no small problem. 间接肯定法：用有节制的陈述所构成一种修辞手法，即通过否定其反面来表达肯定的意思，例如在这并不是一个小问题 中 〔degree〕Latin dē- [de-] 拉丁语 dē- [表示“否定”] 〔overbear〕To prevail over, as if by superior weight or force; dominate.压服，否定：仿佛以较大的重量或力量获胜；支配，统治〔dissimulate〕dis- [dis-] dis- [表示“否定，相反”等意] 〔sublate〕sub- [sub-] sub- [前缀，表“否定”] 〔detain〕dē- [de-] dē- [前缀，表否定] 〔suggest〕The effusive praise the professor heaped on one of the students seemed to imply indifference toward or disapproval of the rest.教授堆在一个学生头上的热情的赞扬似乎让人感到他对其他学生的冷淡和否定。〔dissuade〕dis- [dis-] dis- [表示“否定，相反”等意] 〔deter〕dē- [de-] dē- [前缀，表否定] 〔contrapositive〕A proposition derived by negating and permuting the terms of another, equivalent proposition; for example,All not-Y is not-X is the contrapositive of All X is Y. 质位变换命题：由否定和置换另一等价命题的项而得到的命题；例如，“所有的非Y是非X" 是 “所有的X是Y" 的质位变换命题 〔dissemble〕des- [dis-] des- [表示“不，否定”等意] 〔self〕"For some of us, the self's natural doubts are given in mesmerizing amplification by way of critics' negative assessments of our writing"(Joyce Carol Oates)“对我们中的有些人来说，自我意识的天生疑问已通过评论家们对我们作品的否定评价而在令人迷惑的引申中显露出来”(乔伊丝·卡罗尔·奥茨)〔Laputan〕Absurdly impractical or visionary, especially to the neglect of more useful activity.异想天开的：极端不切实际的或异想天开的，特别是指否定更有用的行为的〔retraction〕The act of recanting or disavowing a previously held statement or belief.撤回，收回：放弃或否定早先持有的声明或信仰的行为〔negative〕Expressing, containing, or consisting of a negation, refusal, or denial:否定的，否认的：表示、含有或由否定、拒绝、否认组成的：〔detail〕de- [de-] de- [前缀，表“否定，相反”] 〔abnegate〕negāre [to deny] * see ne negāre [否定] * 参见 ne 〔noway〕Used to express emphatic negation.表示着重的否定〔hear〕To consider, permit, or consent to something. Used only in the negative:考虑、允许或同意某事。仅用于否定：〔laugh〕laughed the speaker off the stage; laughed the proposal down.用笑声把演讲者赶下台；用笑声否定了这项提议〔can〕since it requires the pupil to distinguish explicitly between what is possible and what is allowed,a difference not always apparent to younger children.And even in later life,observance of the distinction is often advisable in the interests of clarity.Thus, the sentenceStudents can take no more than three courses allows the possibility that a student who is unusually capable may take more, whereasStudents may take no more than three courses does not. · The use ofcan to express permission is better tolerated in negative questions, as inCan't I have the car tonight? probably because the alternative contractionmayn't is felt to be awkward. 由于这要求学生清楚地区分可能的和得到许可的两者之间的差异，而这对小孩子们常常是不太明显的。并且在其今后的生活中，为明确起见，体会这种差异常常是很可取的。因此，句子学生们可以选修不超过三门的课程 给能力超常的学生学更多的课程提供了可能性， 然而学生们只能选修不超过三门的课程 则不能提供这种可能性。 can 的用法更可用于否定疑问句中表示许可， 如 我今晚不能使用这车吗？ ， 或许是由于可替代的缩写mayn't 感觉起来有些笨拙的缘故 〔repudiation〕The act of repudiating or the state of being repudiated.否定：否定的行为或被否定的状态〔repulse〕To rebuff or reject with rudeness, coldness, or denial.回绝，拒绝：断然拒绝；粗鲁、冷漠地拒绝；否定〔depend〕dē- [de-] dē- [前缀，表“否定，相反”] 〔opposite〕Contradictory implies denial or inconsistency: Contradictory 表示一种否定和不一致： 〔hardly〕The use ofhardly with a negative is avoided in Standard English. Some critics have been puzzled that adverbs such ashardly, rarely, and scarcely should be treated as negatives in the traditional strictures against double negation, which tars sentences likeI couldn't hardly see him with the same brush as I didn't get none. After all, they argue, the sentenceMary hardly laughed entails that Mary did laugh, not that she didn't,and therefore does not express a negative proposition.Buthardly and scarcely occur with other negative expressions in a number of ways. For one thing, they combine with items such asany and at all, which are characteristically associated with negative contexts: we sayI hardly saw him at all or I never saw him at all but notI occasionally saw him at all; we sayI hardly had any time or I didn't have any time but notI had any time, and so on. Like other negative adverbs,hardly triggers inversion of the subject and auxiliary when it begins a sentence. Thus we sayHardly had I arrived when she left, on the pattern of Never have I read such a book or At no time has he condemned the movement. Such inversion is not used with other adverbs:we would not sayOccasionally has he addressed this question or To a slight degree have they changed their position. The fact is that adverbs such ashardly are semantically negative in that they qualify a state or an event relative to the limiting case of nonoccurrence.Thus the meaning ofhardly is, roughly, "almost not at all"; the meaning ofrarely is "practically never"; and so forth. These adverbs are felt to have a negative component in their meaning,and it should not be surprising that grammarians have reacted to combinations ofhardly with negatives in the same way that they have reacted to combinations of pairs of negatives such as not and none. See Usage Note at double negative ,rarely ,scarcely Hardly 和一个否定词在一起的用法在标准英语中应尽量避免， 一些批评学家一直怀疑象hardly，rarely 和 scarcely 这样的副词在传统的双重否定的句中应被视为否定词， 这样的词使句子象I couldn't hardly see him 和 I didn't get none 一样被弄糟了， 他们争论说，毕竟句子Mary hardly laughed 的意思是玛丽的确笑了， 而不是她没笑，所以不表示否定的建议。但是hardly 和 scarcely 和其他的否定表示一起在许多方面出现， 举例说，他们和象any 和 at all 这样独特的和否定上下文联系的条目组合在一起， 我们说I hardly saw him at all 或 I never saw him at all , 但并不是I occasionally saw him at all； 我们说I hardly had any time 或 I didn't have any time 但不是I had any time 等。 象其它否定副词，hardly 在句子开头时引起主语和助动词的倒装， 于是我们说Hardly had I arrived when she left， 和 Never have I read such a book 或 At no time has he condemned the movement. 等同样的句型。 别的副词并不用这样的倒装：我们不能说Occasionally has he addressed this question 或 To a slight degree have they changed their position 。 事实是象hardly 这样的副词语义上是否定的， 他们限定修饰了与不发生有关的状态或事件。于是hardly 的意思大概是“几乎根本不”； rarely 的意思大概是“实际上没有”；等等。 这些副词在他们的意思里留有否定的成分，语法学家们对hardly 和否定词组合的反应和对一对否定词如 not 和 none组合的反应一样是不足为奇的 参见 double negative,rarely,scarcely〔cannot〕The idiomatic phrasecannot but has sometimes been criticized as a double negative, perhaps because it has been confused withcan but. Thebut of cannot but, however, means "except,” as it does in phrases such asno one but, while thebut of can but has the sense only, as it does in the sentenceWe had but a single bullet left. Bothcannot but and can but are established as standard expressions. · The constructioncannot help is used with a present participle to roughly the same effect as cannot but in a sentence such as We cannot help admiring his courage. But this construction is generally restricted to contextsin which a person is unable to affect an outcome that would normally be under his or her control.It would be more precise to sayWith all the public interest in the affair, the book cannot but attract the attention of reviewers (or . . . can but gain . . . )than to say the book cannot help attracting the attention of reviewers, which suggests that the book might have had a say in the matter. · The constructioncannot help but probably arose as a blend of cannot help and cannot but; it has the meaning of the first and the syntax of the second: 习语cannot but 有时候被判定为一种双重否定， 这也许是因为它已混淆于can but 。 然而cannot but 中的 but 表示“除了”， 就如用在象no one but 这样的短语中一样， 而can but 中的 but 意思却是 only（只有） ， 就如用在我们只剩下了一颗子弹 中那样。 cannot but 和 can but 都已被确定为标准的表达法。 cannot help 结构与现在分词同用的作用和 我们禁不住钦佩他的勇气 一句中的 cannot but 大致相同。 但这一结构通常只限于这种情况，即一个人在该情况下不能实现正常情况下处于他或她控制之下的结果。由于公众对该事件的浓厚兴趣，这本书理所当然地引起了评论家的注意 （或 …can but gain… ）的说法比暗示这本书在此事中想必有决定权的 这本书情不自禁地吸引了评论家的注意 说法要更为精确。 cannot help but 也许是来自 cannot help 和 cannet but 的混合； 它具有前者的意思和后者的句法结构： 〔nihilism〕Rejection of all distinctions in moral or religious value and a willingness to repudiate all previous theories of morality or religious belief.道德虚无主义：否认所有道德及宗教价值观的特点并意欲否定所有先前的有关道德及宗教信价的理论〔descend〕dē- [de-] dē- [前缀，表“否定或相反”] 〔affirmative〕The expressionsin the affirmative and in the negative, as inShe answered in the affirmative, are generally regarded as pompous. She answered yes would be more acceptable even at the most formal levels of style. 词组in the affirmative（肯定地） 及 in the negative（否定地） ， 如在She answered in the affirmative（她肯定地回答） 中， 通常被认为是夸大其辞的。She answered yes（她答是） 这一用法既使是在最正式的文体中也更易于接受 |
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