| 单词 | 变迁 |
| 释义 | 〔cline〕A gradual change in a character or feature across the distributional range of a species or population, usually correlated with an environmental or a geographic transition.渐变群，生态群：在特性或特征上穿越物种或人口的分布区域的逐渐变化，通常与环境或地理变迁相关〔send〕We will meet whatever vicissitudes fate may send.不管发生什么样的命运变迁，我们都会迎接挑战的〔diffuser〕A flow passage in a wind tunnel that decelerates a stream of gas or liquid from a high to a low velocity.扩散道：风洞中的气流变迁，将会调整度的气体或液体流降到低速〔worry〕"Don't worry" is a much milder injunction than it once would have been,for the wordworry has softened its sense greatly over the course of its history. Its Old English ancestor,wyrgan, meant "to strangle.” Its Middle English descendant,worien, kept this sense and developed the new sense "to grasp by the throat with the teeth and lacerate" or "to kill or injure by biting and shaking.” This is the way wolves or dogs might attack sheep, for example.In the 16th centuryworry began to be used in the sense "to harass, as by rough treatment or attack,” or "to assault verbally,” and in the 17th century the word took on the sense "to bother, distress, or persecute.”It was a small step from this sense to the main modern senses "to cause to feel anxious or distressed" and "to feel troubled or uneasy,” first recorded in the 19th century.与过去相比，“别担心”这句话的命令意味减少了许多，因为随着历史的变迁worry 这个词的“攻击性”意味大大削弱了。 其古英语中的前身wyrgan, 意为“扼杀”。 在中世纪英语中的worien 保留了这个意思并衍生出一个新意思“用牙齿咬住喉咙并且撕裂”或“咬住并来回甩动以杀死或伤害”。 例如，这是狼或狗袭击羊的方式。16世纪，worry 开始含有“以粗暴手段或袭击方式来骚扰”，“口头攻击”的意思， 到了17世纪这个词产生了“干扰、使焦虑和烦扰”的意思。19世纪，这个词义向前发展了一点，产生了适用于当代的主要意思“使感到焦虑或痛苦”和“感到烦恼或不安”〔deer〕In various Middle English textsone finds a fish, an ant, or a fox called ader, the Middle English ancestor of our worddeer. In its Old English formdēor, our word referred to any animal, including members of the deer family,and continued to do so in Middle English,although it took on the specific sense "a deer.”By the end of the Middle English period, around 1500,the general sense had all but disappeared. Deer is a commonly cited example of a semantic process called specialization,by which the range of meaning of a word is narrowed or restricted.When Shakespeare uses the expression "mice and rats, and such small deer" for Edgar's diet inKing Lear, probably written in 1605, we are not sure whetherdeer has the general or the specific sense. 在各种各样的中世纪英语文章中，人们可以发现鱼、蚂蚁或狐狸被称为der ， 这是单词deer 在中世纪英语中的雏形。 该词的古英语形式为deor， 指任何一种动物， 包括鹿科动物的成员，该用法一直延续到中世纪英语中。尽管当时该词接纳了“鹿”这一特定的意思，但到中世纪英语时期结束时，大约是1500年，该词的普通意思全部消失了。 Deer 常被引用作为语意变迁过程中的特殊化的例子，通过特殊化的过程，单词的语意范围缩小了，或受到了限制。当莎士比亚在大约1605年写李尔王 的时候，用"mice and rats，and such small deer"来表示爱德加的饮食时， 我们无法确定deer 是指普通意思还是指其特定的意思 〔flux〕Constant or frequent change; fluctuation:变迁：不断或经常的变化；波动：〔vicissitude〕Often vicissitudes One of the sudden or unexpected changes or shifts often encountered in one's life, activities, or surroundings.See Synonyms at difficulty 常作 vicissitudes 变迁，盛衰：在人的一生中、活动中或者周围环境中会碰到的忽然或者想不到的变化或变迁 参见 difficulty |
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