| 单词 | 反对 |
| 释义 | 〔posh〕"Oh yes, Mater, we had a posh time of it down there.”So inPunch for September 25, 1918, do we find the first recorded instance of that mysterious wordposh, meaning "smart and fashionable,”although in a 1903 book by P.G. Wodehouse,Tales of St. Austin's, there is a mention of a waistcoat that was "push.” The latter may be a different word,but in either case the dates of occurrence are importantbecause they are part of the objection to derivingposh from the initials of "Port Out, Starboard Home.” This was the cooler, and thus more expensive, side of ships traveling between England and India in the mid-19th century,and the acronymPOSH was supposedly stamped on the tickets of first-class passengers traveling on that side of ships owned by the Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company. No evidence is definitely known to exist for this theory, however.TheOxford English Dictionary Supplement may have found a possible source or sources for posh. Another wordposh was 19th- and early 20th-century British slang for "money,” specifically "a halfpenny, cash of small value.”This word is borrowed from the common Romany wordpåšh, "half,” which was used in combinations such aspåšhera, "halfpenny.” Posh, also meaning "a dandy,” is recorded in two dictionaries of slang published in 1890 and 1902,although this particularposh may be still another word. This word or these words, however, are much more likely to be the source ofposh than "Port Out, Starboard Home,” although the latter source certainly has caught the public's etymological fancy.“哦是的，妈妈，我们在那里过着豪华的生活。”因此在1918年9月25日的punch 上， 我们看到了那个神秘单词posh 的首次记录， 意为“豪华的，时髦的，”虽然早在1903年P·G·伍德豪斯的名为圣·奥斯汀传说 的作品中就提及了意为"push"的马夹这个词。 后者也可能是另外一个不同的词，但在任何一种情况下两者被使用的时间都很重要，因为它们都反对posh 这个词源于"Port Out，Starboard Home。” 这是意指19世纪中期往来于英格兰及印度的船只中较凉爽、因而票价也就较为昂贵的一侧，而POSH 这个首字缩拼词据说就印在半岛——东方蒸汽船航运公司所拥有的船只上较为凉爽的一侧头等舱的票上。 然而对于这一说法并没有确凿的证据来加以证明。牛津英语词典增补本 也许为 posh 找到了一个或多个可能的词源。 另一个词posh 则是19世纪和20世纪初英国人用来表示“钱”的俚语， 尤指“半便士，小面值钱币。”这个词源于吉卜赛常用词på歨 ，意为“一半”， 用在诸如意为“半便士”的复合词på歨era 中。 Posh 也有“花花公子”之意， 这一用法记录于1890年及1902年出版的两本俚语词典中，尽管这个特有的posh 也有可能是另一个词。 然而这个词及上文提到的那些词比"Port Out，Starboard Home"更有可能是posh 这个词的词源， 虽然后者早被人们确认为这个词的词源〔Philippic〕Any of the orations of Cicero against Antony in 44b.c. 《斥安尼篇》：公元前 44年，西塞罗反对安东尼的演说之一 〔Phillips〕American abolitionist who served as president of the American Antislavery Society from 1865 to 1870.菲利普斯，温德尔：(1811-1884) 美国废奴论者，从1865年到1870年，曾担任美国反对奴隶制社会的领袖〔Biddle〕English theologian and founder of English Unitarianism who was several times imprisoned for his rejection of Trinitarian doctrine.比德尔，约翰：(1615-1662) 英国神学家和英国唯一神教派创始人，因其反对三位一体说而数次被捕入狱〔Socinus〕Italian theologian who based his anti-Trinitarian teachings on the doctrine formulated by his uncleLaelius Socinus (1525-1562), originally Lelio Francesco Maria Sozzini. Their system of Socinianism greatly influenced the development of Unitarian theology. 索齐尼，福斯图斯：(1539-1604) 意大利神学家，他反对三位一体论，其教义以他的叔叔利力尔斯·索齐尼 (1525-1562年），原名莱利奥·弗朗西斯科·马利亚·索齐尼所构想的教义为基础。他们的索齐尼斯主义体系极大地影响了唯一神教派神学的发展 〔activism〕The theory, doctrine, or practice of assertive, often militant action, such as mass demonstrations or strikes, used as a means of opposing or supporting a controversial issue, entity, or person.激进主义，行动主义：武断冲动的理论、主义或实践。常指激进行动，如大规模的示威或罢工，以作为反对或支持有争议的事件、实体或人的手段〔Erastus〕Swiss Protestant theologian and philosopher who opposed Calvinism and the use of excommunication as a punishment.伊拉特斯，托马斯：(1524-1583) 瑞士新教神学家、哲学家，他反对加尔文主义和采用开除教籍的办法来惩罚人〔Shaftesbury〕English politician. Originally a Royalist, he later opposed Charles II in the English Civil War and is considered the founder of the Whig Party.沙夫茨伯里：英国政治家。开始是保皇派，后来在英国内战中反对查理二世，被认为是辉格党的创始人〔opposition〕The act of opposing or resisting.阻挠：反对或抵抗的行为〔Macmillan〕British politician who joined Churchill in the 1930's in condemning Great Britain's appeasement of Hitler. As prime minister (1957-1963) he sought British entry into the Common Market.麦克米兰，（莫里斯）哈罗德：(1894-1986) 英国政治家，在20世纪30年代支持丘吉尔反对英国对希特勒的绥靖政策。他任首相期间(1957-1963年）曾致力于使英国加入共同市场〔contrary〕Opposed, as in character or purpose:反对的，违反的：相反的，如在性质或目的上：〔averse〕Having a feeling of opposition, distaste, or aversion; strongly disinclined:反对的：带有一种反感、不喜欢或不欣赏的感觉的；强烈地避开的：〔jayhawker〕A Unionist guerrilla.游击队：反对爱尔兰独立者游击队〔frustrate〕Thwart suggests defeat by direct opposition: Thwart 表示被直接的反对力量击败： 〔impetus〕in- [against] * see in- 2in- [反对] * 参见 in-2〔contrary〕contrā [against] * see kom contrā [反对] * 参见 kom 〔jihad〕A Moslem holy war or spiritual struggle against infidels.圣战：穆斯林反对异教徒的圣战或神圣斗争〔Funston〕American soldier who volunteered to serve in Cuba's insurrection against Spain (1896-1898) and commanded in the Philippines (1898-1901), where he captured the rebel leader Emilio Aguinaldo.芬斯顿，弗雷德里克：(1865-1917) 美国军人，曾志愿参加古巴反对西班牙的暴动（1896-1898年），在菲律宾当过指挥官（1898-1901年）并在此俘虏了叛军领袖埃米利奥·阿吉纳尔多〔reaction〕Opposition to progress or liberalism; extreme conservatism.保守：对社会进步或自由主义的反对；极端保守主义〔Bakunin〕Russian anarchist and political theorist who was imprisoned and later exiled to Siberia for his revolutionary activities. He escaped to London (1861), where he opposed Karl Marx. Bakunin's theories of anarchy are considered the antithesis of Marx's communism.巴枯宁，米克海尔·亚力山德罗维奇：(1814-1876) 俄国无政府主义者和政治理论家，因其革命活动曾被关进监狱，后来被流放到西伯利亚。他于1861年逃亡伦敦，在那里他反对卡尔·马克思。巴枯宁的无政府主义理论被认为是马克思共产主义政府的对立〔Jackson〕The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers.杰克逊，安德鲁：(1767-1845) 美国第七任总统(1829-1837年），是1812年的战争中美军的将军，于1815年在新奥尔良打败英军。任总统期间他反对美洲银行，反对各州拥有把相抵触的联邦法律废除的权力，增大了总统的集权〔counter〕To move or act in opposition to; oppose.反向移动，对着干；反对〔Truth〕American abolitionist and feminist. Born into slavery, she was freed in 1827 and became a leading preacher against slavery and for the rights of women.特鲁斯，索乔尔纳：(1797?-1883) 美国废奴主义者和女权主义者，她生于奴隶家庭；1827年获得自由，并成为反对奴隶制并维护女性权利的主要倡导者〔Dixiecrat〕A member of a dissenting group of Democrats in the South who formed the States' Rights Party in 1948.美国南部民主党人：美国南部的民主党反对人士之一，1948年组成“邦联权力党”〔Josephus〕Jewish general and historian who took part in the Jewish revolt against the Romans. HisHistory of the Jewish War is the major source of information about the siege of Masada (72-73). 约瑟夫斯，弗莱维厄斯：() 犹太将领、历史学家，曾参加犹太人反对罗马人的起义。他的《犹太战争史》 是关于马萨达围困(72-73年）的重要史料来源 〔stomp〕 is also standard in the sense "to strike the ground with the foot, as in anger or frustration,”as inHe stamped his foot and began to cry. In an earlier surveythe use ofstomp in this example was rejected by a large majority of the Usage Panel. 的“在生气或懊恼时以脚跺地面”这个意义也很规范，如他用力跺了跺脚，开始哭起来了。 在早期的调查中，词语用法讨论小组的大部分成员反对stomp 用在这一例子中 〔imagism〕A literary movement launched by British and American poets early in the 20th century in reaction against Victorian sentimentalism that advocated the use of free verse, common speech patterns, and clear concrete images.意象主义：在20世纪早期由英美诗人发起的反对维多利亚式伤感主义的一场文学运动，主张使用自由体、普通的语言模式和清晰具体的影象〔overcome〕To surmount opposition; be victorious.得胜：战胜反对力量；取胜〔whatever〕Bothwhatever and what ever can be used in sentences such as Whatever (or What ever ) made her say that? Critics have occasionally objected to the one-word form,but it is supported by extensive precedent in reputable writing.The same is true of the formswhoever, whenever, wherever, and however when these expressions are used similarly. In adjectival uses only the one-word form is used:Take whatever (not what ever ) books you need. ? When a clause beginning withwhatever is the subject of a sentence, no comma should be used: Whatever you do is right. Otherwise, a comma may be used:Whatever you do, don't burn the toast. ? When the phrase preceding a restrictive clause is introduced bywhichever or whatever, that should not be used in formal writing. It is regarded as incorrect to writewhatever book that you want to look at; one should write insteadWhatever book you want to look at will be sent to your office or Whichever book costs less (not that costs less ) is fine with us. See Usage Note at however ,that whatever 和 what ever 这两个词都可用在例如 Whatever （或 What ever ) made her say that?（究竟是什么使得她说那样的话?） 这样的句子里。 批评家们经常反对单一词形，但有声望作品的大量先例却支持了单词形式。同样地，当whoever, whenever, wherever 及 however 这些表述被用于类似情况时，其情形也是如此。 用作定语时只用单词形式：Take whatever （不是 what ever ） books you need。（拿那些你要的书） ？ whatever 为句首的从句作句子主语时，不能用逗号： Whatever you do is right（无论你做什么都是对的）。 在其他情况可以用逗号：Whatever you do, don't burn the toast（不管你做什么，不要烤糊了吐司） ? 当先于一限定性从句的短语是由whichever 或 whatever引入时， that不能用在正式文体中。 这样的句子：whatever book that you want to look at（无论哪本你想看的书） 是被看作不正确的； 相反应该是Whatever book you want to look at will be sent to your office（你想看的任何一本书都将会送到你的办公室去） 或者 Whichever book costs less （不是 that costs less ) is fine with us（花费少一些的书比较适合我们） 参见 however,that〔Tory〕Often tory A supporter of traditional political and social institutions against the forces of democratization or reform; a political conservative. 常作 tory 保守主义者；顽固派：留恋过去的政治和社会体制，反对民主或改革力量的人；政治上的保守主义者〔gift〕Gift has a long history of use as a verb meaning "to present as a gift; endow.” The practice appears to provide a useful distinction,in as much as the verbgive can sometimes be ambiguous between "to transfer physical possession" and "to transfer ownership"; and in fact a verb analogous togift is found in a number of other languages (for example, Italianregalare, "to give as a gift,” from regalo, "gift, present"). Unfortunately the verbal use ofgift in Modern English is irredeemably tainted (as is its derivative giftable ) by its association with the language of advertising and publicity (as in Gift her with this copper warming plate ). In an earlier surveythe usage was rejected by a large majority of the Usage Panel.Where clarity is required, substitutessuch asgive as a gift, bestow, or donate are recommended. · The phrasefree gift should, of course, be considered redundant. But the increasing currency of its use is indicative mainly of the degree to which the wordgift itself has been expropriated by advertisers to refer to merchandise offerings to which an obligation is attached—if not a direct price, then taking a test drive,sitting through a sales pitch, or enrolling in a book club.It is perhaps to this use ofgift, rather than to the redundancy free gift, that critics ought most strenuously to object. Gift 作动词意为“赠送礼物，赠予”的用法已有很长的历史了， 这种惯用法的出现提供了有用的区分，因为作为动词give 可能有时会在“传递有形财产“和”传递所有权“之间有模棱两可的意思； 但事实上类似于gift 的词是在其它语言上建立起来的 （如意大利语的regalare “作为礼物给予”来自于 regalo “礼物，礼品”）。 不幸的是gift 在现代英语中动词性质的用法由于广告语言和公众语言的联系而不可挽回地被污染了（如它的派生词 giftable ）（又如在 给她这个铜暖盘作为礼物 ）。 在较早的一个调查中，这种用法被大部分的用法专题使用小组的成员所反对。为了在此处的用法更清晰的一些替代词，如give as a gift, bestow 或 donate 被采纳了。 词组free gift 自然是应该被认为是多余的， 但是这种用法的迅速使用主要表示了gift 这个词被广告商所侵用而用来指提供商品优惠是一种附加的义务——如果不是直接的价格， 那么就参加一次竞赛活动，等待商品广告宣传或在一个读书俱乐部中报名登记。也许gift 的这种用法应该比冗余的 free gift 更为批评家所坚决反对 〔obedient〕too acquiescent to challenge the propriety of offering a bribe.对爱赌的行为太过默许而不反对。〔Sertorius〕Roman general who ruled much of Spain in defiance of the Roman Senate.萨特斯，昆图斯：(123?-72) 领导西班牙人反对罗马议会的罗马将军〔discountenance〕Disfavor or disapproval.不赞同，不支持，反对〔aye〕"between the Scylla and Charybdis of Aye and No"(John Henry Newman)“在赞成和反对的之间进退两难”(约翰·亨利·纽曼)〔object〕They objected that discipline was lacking.他们提出缺少纪律作为反对的理由〔divide〕To cause (members of a parliament) to vote by separating into groups, as pro and con.表决：使（国会成员）分成赞成与反对的两组进行投票〔mutual〕Mutual is uncontroversially used to describe a reciprocal relationship between two or more things, in which use it can be paraphrased by expressions involvingbetween or each other. Thustheir mutual animosity means "their animosity for each other" or "the animosity between them,” anda mutual defense treaty is one in which each party agrees to come to the defense of the other. Butmutual is also widely used where one might expect "common,” as inThe bill serves the mutual interests of management and labor and particularly in the expressionour mutual friend, which was widespread even before Charles Dickens used it as the title of a novel.Critics have often objected to this use,but it is well established in reputable writing.However,mutual in this latter sense is reserved to describe relations that hold between two or more specific parties and a third person or thing. It cannot be used as a substitute forcommon in the sense "general": Mutual 毫无争议地被用来描述两者或者更多事物之间的相互关系， 可以用一些包括between 或 each other 的表达来解释。 因此他们相互的敌意 意思为“他们彼此之间产生的敌意”或者“他们之间的敌意”， 相互防御条约 意为一个政党同意帮助另一政党进行防御的条约。 但是Mutual 也广泛地用来表示“共同的”， 就象在这个议案满足劳资双方的需要。 特别是在短语我们共同的朋友， 甚至在查理·狄更斯把它作为一本小说名之前就已经广泛应用。评论家们一直以来常常反对这种用法，但是在规范的写作中它已被完全确定下来了。但是mutual 后来产生的意思被用来描述两个或者更多特定元素及物和第三者之间的关系。 当意为“普遍的”时，它不能代替common 来表述“总体”的含义： 〔object〕To put forward in or as a reason for opposition; offer as criticism:提出…作为反对的理由；反对说…：〔Bran〕A gigantic Celtic god and ruler of Britain. After he was mortally wounded in battle, his head was buried in London, where it served as a protection against invaders.布兰：似巨人般的凯尔特人的上帝和不列颠统治者。在战斗中因伤致死后，他的头被埋葬在伦敦，以作为一种反对侵略者的保护力量 |
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