| 单词 | 原则 |
| 释义 | 〔justice〕The principle of moral rightness; equity.公正：道义上公正的原则；公平合理〔axiom〕An established rule, principle, or law.公理，原理，原则：建立起来的规则、原理、或法律〔religion〕A cause, a principle, or an activity pursued with zeal or conscientious devotion.虔诚：以狂热或全神贯注的奉献来追求的一个事业，原则或活动〔inflexible〕 Inflexible implies unyielding adherence to rigidly fixed principles or purposes: inflexible 意指坚决遵照固定的原则或目标： 〔strict〕Conforming completely to established rule, principle, or condition:严守的：完全遵守已有的规则，原则或条件的：〔missionary〕One who attempts to persuade or convert others to a particular program, doctrine, or set of principles; a propagandist.倡导者：试图劝说或改变他人的观念使其相信某一特定项目，道理或原则的人；鼓吹者〔pianistics〕The art or principles of piano playing.钢琴演奏艺术：演奏钢琴的技巧或原则〔dereliction〕Willful neglect, as of duty or principle.玩忽职守：故意忽视（职责或原则）〔explain〕"I take the official oath today . . . with no purpose to construe the Constitution or laws by any hypercritical rules" (Abraham Lincoln). “今天我正式宣誓…没有用伪善的原则去解释宪法或法律的意图” （亚伯拉罕·林肯）。 〔party〕An established political group organized to promote and support its principles and candidates for public office.政党，党派：组建起来用以宣传和支持其原则以及帮助候选人竞选政治职务的政治团体〔whore〕To compromise one's principles for personal gain.为个人利益而采取妥协原则〔methodology〕Methodology can properly refer to the theoretical analysis of the methods appropriate to a field of study or to the body of methods and principles particular to a branch of knowledge.In this sense,one may speak ofobjections to the methodology of a geographic survey (i.e., objections dealing with the appropriateness of the methods used) or of themethodology of modern cognitive psychology (i.e., the principles and practices that underlie research in the field). In recent years, however,methodology has been increasingly used as a pretentious substitute for method in scientific and technical contexts, as inThe oil company has not yet decided on a methodology for restoring the beaches. This usage may have been fostered in part by the tendency to use the adjectivemethodological to mean "pertaining to methods,” in as much as the regularly formed adjectivemethodical has been preempted to mean "orderly, systematic.” But the misuse ofmethodology obscures an important conceptual distinction between the tools of scientific investigation (properly methods ) and the principles that determine how such tools are deployed and interpreted—a distinction that the scientific and scholarly communities, if not the wider public,should be expected to maintain.Methodology 可指对一个学科的研究方法进行的理论分析， 也可指一个学科特有的一整套方法与步骤。在这种意义上，人们可以说对于一个地理调查所用方法提出的异议 （即，关于所用方法是否适当所提的异议）， 也可以说现代认知心理学的研究方法 （即，形成一门学科的研究基础的原则和方法）。 然而，近些年来，在科学、技术语境中，methodology 越来越多地被用做颇带炫耀夸张色彩的 method 的替换词， 如说石油公司尚未决定恢复海滩环境的方法。 这种用法可能部分地起因于用形容词methodological 来表示“与方法有关的”意思的倾向， 因为用常规方法构成的形容词methodical 已先行意味着“有序的，有系统的”。 但是methodology 的这种错误用法模糊了一个重要的概念区分，那就是科学研究的方法（正确的说法应是 methods )和决定这些方法如何运用和阐释的原则之间的区分——这个区分， 如果不为更多的大众所认识，至少应为科学和学者圈子所坚持〔extract〕To deduce (a principle or doctrine); construe (a meaning).演绎，解释：推断（原则或教义）；分析（意义）〔law〕The body of rules and principles governing the affairs of a community and enforced by a political authority; a legal system:法律系统：规范某一社会事务的一套规则和原则，由政治权力机构实施；法律系统：〔institute〕Something instituted, especially an authoritative rule or precedent.原则，规则：制定出的东西，特别是权威的规则或先例〔claustrophobic〕This latter usage was unacceptable to 74 percent of the members of the Usage Panel,many of whom said thatclaustrophobic should be used only to describe a psychological state. In defense of this usage,however, it can be pointed out that it is well establishedand that it follows a general tendencyto combine adjectives with nouns according to a progressively looser construal of the semantic connection between the two.Thus the phrasetopless swimsuit came to be followed by topless dancers, which led in turn totopless bars, topless districts, and topless ordinances. By the same token,a room that induces a particular emotion may be described assad or cheerful without objection, and there seems to be no principled basis for drawing the line at calling itclaustrophobic. 后种用法为用法使用小组中74%的成员所不接受，其中许多人说claustrophobic 应只能用来描述一种心理状态。 为维护这种用法，毕竟要指出这种用法已经很好地确定了下来，并且它跟随一种普遍倾向，即通过对形容词与名词之间语义联系积极的、更密切的解释将两者合并。这样，词组topless swimsuit 导引出 topless dancers， 随之又引出topless bars，topless district 和 topless ordinance 。 用同样的表示法，导致一种特殊情绪的状况可描述为无任何异议的sad 或 cheerful ， 称其为claustrophobic 似乎不存在什么描述性的原则 〔well〕Used as an adjective applied to people,well usually refers to a state of health, whereasgood has a much wider range of senses. It has always been a first principle of grammatical criticism that there should be no difference without a distinction,and perhaps for this reason, some critics have insisted that the expressionfeel good cannot be used in reference to health. It is true that there is a distinction betweenfeel well and feel good, but both can be applied to a state of health.Thus a patient suffering from a chronic disease might appropriately say to a doctorI feel good today, which implies a relative lack of physical discomfort.By contrast,I feel well today would be appropriate if the patient believes that the ailment has disappeared. See Usage Note at good 用作形容词来形容人时，well 通常指健康状况， 但是good 的意思更加广泛。 在语法评论中，没有区别就没有差别一直是第一性原则，也许正是因为如此，一些批评家坚持认为feel good 这一表达方式不能用来指健康。 诚然，feel well 与 feel good 有区别， 但是两者都可用来指健康。所以一位患有慢性病的病人完全可以对医生说I feel good today（我今天感觉不错） ， 这句话暗示着病痛相对减轻了。相反，I feel well today（我今天感到全好了） 也可以，如果病人确信病症已消失了 参见 good〔example〕A problem or exercise used to illustrate a principle or method.例证：用来举例说明一个原则或方法的一道问题或练习〔Islamism〕The religious faith, principles, or cause of Islam.伊斯兰教：伊斯兰教的宗教信仰，原则，或事业〔science〕Methodological activity, discipline, or study:分科：方法论的活动，原则或研究：〔arraign〕"Johnson arraigned the modern politics of this country as entirely devoid of all principle"(James Boswell)“约翰逊谴责本国近代的政治完全缺乏任何原则”(詹姆斯·博斯韦尔)〔Logos〕In pre-Socratic philosophy, the principle governing the cosmos, the source of this principle, or human reasoning about the cosmos.逻各斯：在苏格拉底之前的哲学中，支配宇宙的原则、这种原则的来源或人类关于宇宙的推理〔square〕She could not square the request with her principles.她的要求与她的原则不符〔inartistic〕Not conforming to the principles or criteria of art.非艺术的：不符合艺术原则或标准的〔dharma〕Individual conduct in conformity with this principle.行为法：个体的行为符合这个原则〔position〕A principle or proposition posited.原则，前提：假定的原则或命题〔postmodern〕Of or relating to art, architecture, or literature that reacts against earlier modernist principles, as by reintroducing traditional or classical elements of style or by carrying modernist styles or practices to extremes:后现代主义的：重新引入传统或古典的风格因素的，或将现代派风格或实践极端化的，反对早期现代派原则的绘画、建筑或文学的，与这种绘画，建筑或文学有关的：〔agnosticism〕The doctrine that certainty about first principles or absolute truth is unattainable and that only perceptual phenomena are objects of exact knowledge.不可知论：该学说认为第一原则的确定性或绝对真理无法达到，只有可感觉的现象才是真正意识的对象〔Judaism〕The monotheistic religion of the Jews, tracing its origins to Abraham and having its spiritual and ethical principles embodied chiefly in the Bible and the Talmud.犹太教：犹太人的一神教，起源可追溯到亚伯拉罕，其精神原则和道德准则主要包含在《圣经》和《犹太法典》中〔comity〕The principle by which the courts of one jurisdiction may accede or give effect to the laws or decisions of another.法院间的礼让承认：司法法庭可以同意或使另一项法律或决议生效的原则〔transcendentalism〕A philosophy associated with Kant, holding that one must transcend empiricism or what is experienced in order to ascertain the a priori principles of all knowledge.先验论：与康德有关的一种哲学，认为人必须超越经验主义或体验到的东西以探知所有知识的先验原则〔expedient〕Based on or marked by a concern for self-interest rather than principle; self-interested.基于私利的：依自身利害而定的，基于私利而非原则考虑的；自私自利〔unprincipled〕Lacking principles or moral scruples; unscrupulous:无道德顾忌的：缺乏原则或道德顾忌的；没有顾忌的：〔Locke〕English philosopher. InAn Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690) he set out the principles of empiricism, and his Two Treatises on Government (1690) influenced the Declaration of Independence. 洛克，约翰：(1632-1704) 英国哲学家。在《人类理智论》 （1690年）中，他提出了经验论原则，他的 《政府两记》 （1690年）影响了《独立宣言》 〔ideal〕An honorable or worthy principle or aim.高尚的、有价值的原则或目标〔fate〕The supposed force, principle, or power that predetermines events.命运：假想的影响、原则或力量，能注定事情〔idea〕An opinion, a conviction, or a principle:观点、信念或原则：〔cult〕Obsessive, especially faddish, devotion to or veneration for a person, principle, or thing.狂热崇拜：对某一人、原则或事物的过分的，尤指趋附时尚的奉献或敬奉〔improper〕Not consistent with established truth, fact, or rule; incorrect.错误的，不正确的：与既定真相、事实或原则不一致的；错误的〔imperative〕A rule, a principle, or an instinct that compels a certain behavior:驱使：迫使采取某一行为的规则、原则或本能： |
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