| 单词 | 偶然 |
| 释义 | 〔Hispanic〕There are a number of words denoting persons who trace their origins to a Spanish-speaking country or culture.Hispanic is the broadest of these terms, encompassing all Spanish-speaking peoples in both hemispheresand emphasizing the common denominator of language between communitiesthat sometimes have little else in common.It is widely used in both official and unofficial contextsand is entirely acceptable,although like the termSpanish American, it has occasionally been criticized as unduly emphasizing the role of European influences in shaping ethnic identity to the neglect of indigenous cultures.Latino is also in wide use, but it is somewhat less formal in most contextsand is generally restricted to persons of Latin-American descent.See Usage Note at Chicano 有许多单词表示那些来历或出身可以溯及西班牙语国家或文化的人，Hispanic 是这些词中应用最广泛的， 包括了两个半球所有讲西班牙语的民族，并且强调不同团体的语言上的共同特征，尽管它们在别的方面共同点很少。这个词被广泛地用于官方和非官方的语境中，并且被完全接受，尽管象Spanish American 一样， 偶然会有人批评它过分地强调在形成忽视本土文化的种族特性的欧洲影响。Latimo 应用得很广泛， 但在大多数语境下它不太正式，并且一般只限于有拉丁美洲血统的人 参见 Chicano〔phantasmagoria〕A fantastic sequence of haphazardly associative imagery, as seen in dreams or fever.幻觉效应：一连串偶然联想的幻景，如在梦中或发烧时〔accidental〕 Fortuitous stresses chance or accident even more strongly and inferentially minimizes relation or cause: Fortuitous 甚至更强调意外或偶然并且推论性地减小关系和原因： 〔tableau〕A striking incidental scene, as of a picturesque group of people:舞台造型：一个引人注目的偶然场景，如一群栩栩如生的人物群像：〔accident〕Lack of intention; chance:机遇，偶然：并非主观意图；机遇：〔passerby〕A person who passes by, especially casually or by chance.过路人：经过的人，尤指随意或偶然经过的人〔nonsignificant〕Having, producing, or being a value obtained from a statistical test that lies within the limits for being of random occurrence.非显著的：指含有、产生或是处于偶然变差限度之内的数据测试而获得的数值的〔arbitrary〕Determined by chance, whim, or impulse, and not by necessity, reason, or principle:任意的，武断的：由偶然、一时兴致或冲动而非由必然、推理或原则决定的：〔that〕The standard rule isthatthat should be used only to introduce a restrictive (or "defining") relative clause, which serves to identify the entity being talked about;in this useit should never be preceded by a comma.Thus, we sayThe house that Jack built has been torn down, where the clausethat Jack built tells which house was torn down, orI am looking for a book that is easy to read, wherethat is easy to read tells what kind of book is desired. Onlywhich is to be used with nonrestrictive (or "nondefining") clauses, which give additional information about an entity that has already been identified in the context;in this use,which is always preceded by a comma. Thus, we sayThe students in Chemistry 10 have been complaining about the textbook, which (not that ) is hard to follow. The clausewhich is hard to follow does not indicate which text is being complained about; even if it were omitted,we would know that the phrasethe textbook refers to the text in Chemistry 10. The use ofthat in nonrestrictive clauses like this, though once common in writing and still frequent in speech,is best avoided in formal style. ·Some grammarians have argued that symmetry requires thatwhich should be used only in nonrestrictive clauses, asthat is to be used only in restrictive clauses. Thus, they suggest that we should avoid sentences such asI need a book which will tell me all about city gardening, where the clausewhich will tell me all about city gardening indicates which sort of book is needed. Such use ofwhich is useful where two or more relative clauses are joined by and or or, as inIt is a philosophy in which the common man may find solace and which many have found reason to praise. Which is also preferred to introduce a restrictive relative clausewhen the preceding phrase itself contains athat, as inI can only give you that which I don't need (not that that I don't need ) or We want to assign only that book which will be most helpful (preferred tothat book that will be most helpful ). · That may be omitted in a relative clause when the subject of the clause is different from the referent of the phrase preceding the clause. Thus, we may say eitherthe book that I was reading or the book I was reading, where the subject of the clause (I ) is not the referent of the phrase the book. Omission ofthat in these cases has sometimes been described as incorrect, but the practice is extremely common and has ample precedent in reputable writing. ·There have also been occasional objections to the omission ofthat in its use to introduce a subordinate clause, as inI think we should try again. But this usage is entirely idiomatic and is in fact favored with some of the verb phrases that can introduce such clauses:thus, one would more normally write 标准规则中，that 应只被用于引导限定性（或“确定的”）关系从句， 这些从句用于明确正被谈论的实体；在这种情况下，前面决不能有逗号。因此，我们说杰克建的房子已经拆毁了 ， 在这里，从句杰克所建的 指明哪幢房子被拆毁了， 或者我正在找一本易读的书 ， 在这里，易读的 指明哪类书是需要的。 只有which 用于非限定性（或“不确定的”）从句中， 为已经在上下文中定义的实体提供附加信息；在此用法中，which 之前总有逗号。 因此，我们说化学10班的学生一直在抱怨这课本，实在 （不是 that ) 是太难懂了 。 从句which is hard to follow 并不指明哪一课本被抱怨； 即使它被省略，我们也知道the textbook 指化学10班的课本。 That 象这样用于非限定性从句中， 虽然在写作中曾很普遍而且在口语中依然频繁出现，但在正式文体中最好避免使用。一些语法学家认为对称性要求which 应只用于非限定性从句中， 就象that 只用于限定性从句中。 因此，他们建议我们应该避免诸如我需要一本关于城市园艺的书 这样的句子， 这里从句which will tell me all about city gardening 指明需要何种书。 当两个或多个关系从句被and 或 or 连接时， which 的这种用法很有用， 如是哲学使普通人找到慰藉并使许多人有理由去称颂。 Which 也用作引导限定性关系从句，在当前置短语中含有that 时， 如我只能给你我不需要的东西 （不是 that that I don't need )或 我们只想分发那本最用的书 （好于that book that will be most helpful )。 当从句主语与从句前短语所指不一致时，that 在关系从句中可以省略。 因此，我们可以说the book that I was reading 或者 the book I was reading 。 在这里，从句主语(I )和短语 the book 的主语不同。 在这些情况下，that 的省略有时被认为是错误的， 但是这在实际中极普遍而且在规范写作中有充分的先例。对于that 用于引导从句时被省略偶然持有异议， 如在我认为我们应该再试一次 中。 但这种用法完全符合语法而且实际上有一些引导这样从句的短语支持；因此，可以正常应用 〔contingent〕Happening by chance or accident; fortuitous.See Synonyms at accidental 偶然的：偶然或意外发生的；偶然的 参见 accidental〔comment〕a casual observation about the movie;关于电影的偶然观察；〔externality〕An incidental condition that may affect a course of action:外部因素：可能影响行动的进程的偶然条件：〔synchronicity〕Coincidence of events that seem to be meaningfully related, conceived in the theory of Carl Jung as an explanatory principle on the same order as causality.同时发生：按照卡尔·荣格的相同因果关系的解释理论，用于解释意义相关的偶然巧合事件〔frequency〕The ratio of the number of times an event occurs in a series of trials of a chance experiment to the number of trials of the experiment performed.频数：一系列实验中偶然现象次数与所做的一系列实验的次数的比率〔chance〕It chanced that the train was late that day.那天偶然火车晚点〔scratch〕A fluke or chance shot in billiards.侥幸击中：台球运动中侥幸或偶然击中〔fortuity〕The quality or condition of being fortuitous.偶然性，偶然：偶然发生的性质或状态〔scratch〕Done haphazardly or by chance.偶然的：偶然或碰巧地干的〔nerd〕The wordnerd and a nerd, undefined but illustrated, first appeared in 1950 in Dr. Seuss'sIf I Ran the Zoo : "And then, just to show them,I'll sail to Ka-Troo And Bring Back an It-Kutch a Preep and a Proo a Nerkle a Nerd and a Seersucker, too!” (The nerd itself is a small humanoid creature looking comically angry,like a thin, cross Chester A. Arthur.)Nerd next appears, with a gloss, in the February 10, 1957, issue of the Glasgow, Scotland, Sunday Mail in a regular column entitled "ABC for SQUARES": "Nerd—a square, any explanation needed?”Many of the terms defined in this "ABC" are unmistakable Americanisms,such ashep, ick, and jazzy, as is the gloss "square,” the current meaning ofnerd. The third appearance ofnerd in print is back in the United States in 1970 in Current Slang : “Nurd [sic], someone with objectionable habits or traits. . . . An uninteresting person, a ‘dud.’” Authorities disagree on whether the two nerds—Dr. Seuss's small creature and the teenage slang term in theGlasgow Sunday Mail —are the same word. Some experts claim there is no semantic connectionand the identity of the words is fortuitous.Others maintain that Dr. Seuss is the true originator ofnerd and that the wordnerd ("comically unpleasant creature") was picked up by the five- and six-year-olds of 1950 and passed on to their older siblings, who by 1957, as teenagers,had restricted and specified the meaning to the most comically obnoxious creature of their own class,a "square.”单词nerd 和 a nerd，无定义但有说明， 第一次出现于1950年瑟斯博士写的要是我管动物园 中： “然后，仅仅是为了给他们看，我将航行到Ka-Troo，并带回It-Kutch a Preep和a Proo a Nerkle a Nerd ，还有一件印度泡泡纱！”（蠢货本身是一个具有人类特点的小动物，一副好笑发怒的样子，像瘦小很生气的切斯特·A阿瑟）。Nerd 接着在1957年2月10日苏格兰格拉斯哥人一期杂志上再次出现，还有一个解释。 星期日邮报 在一常设栏目中出了题为“古板之人ABC"的文章： "Nerd——古板之人，还需要任何解释吗?”许多在这个"ABC"中定义的术语是明显的美国特有词，如hep,ick 和 jazzy ， 正如nerd 的现行意思“古板之人”一样， nerd 第三次出现于印刷品中又回到了1970年美国的 最新俚语 中： “Nurd ［原文如此］带有令人不快的习惯或品质的人…一个没趣的人，一个‘饭桶。’” 权威们对这两个蠢货--瑟斯博士所指的小动物和格拉斯奇星期日邮报 上的青少年俚语是否是同一个词持不同意见。 有些专家宣称此处无语义联系，两个词的相似属偶然。其他人则坚持瑟斯博士是nerd 一词的始创者， 且nerd 一词（意为“令人不快的滑稽小动物”）让1950年时五、六岁的孩子们学会并传给了比他们大些的兄姐。 到1957年，作为青少年，他们把意思限定和专指他们当中最滑稽讨厌的家伙，即“古板守旧”的人〔common〕The violinist gave a very ordinary performance marked by an occasional memory lapse.小提琴手因偶然记忆失误表现很平常。〔happenstance〕A chance circumstance:偶然：偶然情况：〔pick〕To come upon and follow:追踪：偶然遇上并跟随：〔Montale〕Italian poet whose works, which greatly influenced 20th-century Italian literature, includeLe Occasioni (1939) and Satura (1962). He won the 1975 Nobel Prize for literature. 蒙塔莱，尤金诺：(1896-1981) 意大利诗人，其作品深深影响过20世纪的意大利文学，他的作品包括《偶然集》 （1939年）和 《萨图拉》 （1962年）。他获得1975年诺贝尔文学奖 〔overhear〕To hear something without the speaker's awareness or intent.无意中听到，偷听到：无意中或偶然偷听到某事〔blepharospasm〕Spasmodic winking caused by the involuntary contraction of an eyelid muscle.脸痉挛：由于眼睑肌肉偶然挛缩而引起的痉挛性眨眼〔aleatory〕An object placed inside the piano added an aleatory element to the piece.放置在钢琴里的物品给这段乐曲加了一些偶然成分〔accidental〕"The court tries to understand ‘whether the young man's misconduct was adventitious or the result of some serious flaw in his character’” (Harry F. Rosenthal). “法庭想弄明白这个年轻人的错误行为是偶然犯下的还是他性格中固有的缺陷造成的” （哈利·F·洛桑塔尔）〔fluorescence〕The emission of electromagnetic radiation, especially of visible light, stimulated in a substance by the absorption of incident radiation and persisting only as long as the stimulating radiation is continued.荧光：尤指可见光等电磁辐射的散光，因某物偶然受到辐射而发光，持续时间由刺激物辐射的时间长短决定〔mention〕The act of referring to something briefly or casually.说到：简要或偶然提到某事的行为〔recreational〕"You can't accept recreational drug use and expect to control the drug problem"(Lacy Thornburg)“你不可能一方面接受游戏性偶然使用毒品而另一方面期待着控制毒品问题”(拉西·桑伯格) |
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