| 单词 | 保守 |
| 释义 | 〔powerful〕In the upper southern United States the wordspowerful and mighty are intensives used frequently like the adverb very : Your boy's grown powerful big.The new baby is mighty purty.Powerfulis used as an adjective in some expressions: The storm did a powerful lot of harm. In the same dialect regionthe nounpower has, in addition to its standard meaning, the sense of "a large number or amount.”This sense appears in theOxford English Dictionary as common in dialectal British English of the 18th and 19th centuries: "It has done a power of work" (Charles Dickens).All these derivative senses ofpower and might take advantage of the notion of strength inherent in these nouns, making them natural intensives. Colloquial English is always on the lookout for ways to make language more vivid with new intensives.We think of the upper southern part of the United States as linguistically conservative,but in fact it has preserved uses ofpower, powerful, and mighty that were innovative in their time. 在美国中南部powerful 及 mighty 这两个词用作强调词并与 very 一样用得很频繁： 你的儿子已长得很大了。新生儿非常干净。Powerful在有些表达中还用作形容词： 这暴风造成巨大灾害。 在同一方言区中，名词power 除了具有标准含义外， 还有“大的数字或数量”之意。该意义出现在牛津英语词典 中， 在18世纪及19世纪的英国英语方言中使用也十分普遍： “它已做了大量工作” （查尔斯·狄更斯）。所有power 及 might 的这些衍生意义都利用两个名词本身力量的含义而使它们成为强调词。 英语口语一直在寻求途径以运用新的强调词，使语言变得更为生动。我们认为美国中南部在语言的使用上是很保守的，但事实上，这部分地区却保留了在当时十分创新的power，powerful 及 mighty 的用法 〔retiring〕Shy and reserved; modest.离群索居的，孑身独处的：害羞而寡言保守的；谦虚的〔conservative〕Of or relating to the political philosophy of conservatism.保守的：保守主义政治主张的或与保守主义政治主张有关的〔reaction〕Opposition to progress or liberalism; extreme conservatism.保守：对社会进步或自由主义的反对；极端保守主义〔Hinayana〕A small, conservative branch of Buddhism following the Pali scriptures and the nontheistic ideal of self-purification to nirvana. Also called Theravada 小乘：佛教中较保守的一个小宗派，信奉巴利文佛教经典，并具为认为通过自律斋戒可达到涅槃的无神论思想 也作 Theravada〔hopefully〕And though this use ofhopefully may have been a vogue word when it first gained currency 30 years ago, it has long since lost any taint of jargon or pretentiousness for the general reader.The well-attested acceptance of the usage reflects an implicit popular recognition of its usefulness;there is no precise substitute.Someone who saysHopefully, the treaty will be ratified makes a hopeful prediction about the fate of the treaty,whereas someone who saysI hope (or We hope or It is hoped ) the treaty will be ratified expresses a bald statement about what is desired. Only the latter could be continued with a clause such asbut it isn't likely. · It might have been expected, then, that the initial flurry of objections tohopefully would have subsided once the usage became well established. Instead, increased currency of the usage appears only to have made the critics more adamant.In the 1969 Usage Panel survey the usage was acceptable to 44 percent of the Panel;in the most recent survey it was acceptable to only 27 percent.(By contrast, 60 percent accepted the analogous use ofmercifully in the sentence Mercifully, the game ended before the opponents could add another touchdown to the lopsided score. ) Yet the Panel has not shown any signs of becoming generally more conservative:in the very same survey panelists were disposed to accept once-vilified usagessuch as the employment ofcontact and host as verbs. · It seems that this use ofhopefully has been made a litmus test, which distinguishes writers who take an active interest in questions of grammar or usage from the great mass of people who keep their own linguistic counsel.No one can be blamed who useshopefully in blithe ignorance of the critics' disdain for it, since the rule could not be derived from any general concern for clarity or precision.But writers who are aware of the critical controversy face a more delicate decision.Some will simply flout the rule,seeing no reason that they should be deprived of a useful construction.Others may choose to avoid the usage,whether they are motivated by discretion or civility. ·Like other sentence adverbs such asbluntly and happily, hopefully may occasionally be ambiguous. In the sentenceHopefully, the company has launched a new venture, the word hopefully might be construed as describing the point of view of either the speaker or the subject. Such ambiguities can be resolved either by repositioning the adverb (as inThe company has launched the new venture hopefully ) or by choosing a paraphrase ( One may hope that the company has launched the new venture ). 尽管hopefully 的这一用法在30年前首次通用的时候曾是个时兴词， 但对于广大读者来说它早已失去了俚语或矫饰的色彩。屡经证实的对这一用法的接受反映了对其实用性的普遍默认；而且并不存在其他精确的代用词。有人如果说但愿条约能被批准 ， 便是对条约的命运作了充满希望的预测，反之如果有人说我希望 （或 我们希望 或 希望 ) 条约将会被批准 则表达了对其期望之物的大胆声明。 只有后者可以接从句象但这不大可能 。 也许我们本可以期待当这一用法已变得根深蒂固之后， 对hopefully 的一片反对声可稍事平息。 然而，这一用法的流行似乎反而使批评家们更为坚定。在1969年用法调查使用小组的调查中44%的成员接受这一用法；在最近一次的调查中却只有27%的成员接受。（相比之下，60%的人接受mercifully 在句子 幸好，在对手能够给这一边倒的比分再加上一分之前，比赛就结束了 中的类似用法） 但是并没有任何迹象表明调查小组成员正在普遍变得更保守：在同一次调查中小组成员们倾向于接受被一度废除的某些用法，如把contact 和 host 用作动词看来。 似乎hopefully 的用法已经成了一块试金石， 它把对语法和用法怀有浓厚兴趣的作家和保留着他们自己的语言学顾问的广大民众区分开来。那些全然忽视批评家们的蔑视使用hopefully 的人不该受到指责， 因为规则并不来源于任何对清晰和精确的关注。但是意识到了批评界争议的作者们面对着一个更为微妙的决定。有些人干脆违反规则，他们认为没有理由要失去这么一个实用的结构。另外一些人则选择避免这一用法，无论其动机是出于谨慎还是出于礼貌。象许多其它句中副词如bluntly 和 happily一样，hopefully 经常出现歧义。 在下句 Hopefully, the company has launched a new venture 中， hopefully 一词可以解释为记述说话者的观点或者句中主语的观点。 这种歧义可以通过调换副词位置（如公司已经满怀希望地到办了一个新企业 )或选择另一种说法( 有人希望这个公司已经创办了一个新企业 )来消除 〔shake〕"All of a sudden there came into being a vast conservative infrastructure: think-tanks . . . and more foundations than you could shake a stick at"(National Review)“突然出现了一个庞大的保守的行政机构；智囊团…及名目繁多的基金会”(国内评论)〔cohort〕"The cohort of people aged 30 to 39 . . . were more conservative"(American Demographics)“年龄在三十到三十九的一群人…更加保守”(美国人口统计数据)〔sound〕Compatible with an accepted point of view; conservative.保守的：与被接受的观点相一致的；保守的〔yarmulke〕A skullcap worn by Jewish men and boys, especially those adhering to Orthodox or Conservative Judaism.亚莫克便帽：犹太男子或男孩戴的一种无边便帽，尤指那些信奉东正教或保守犹太教的人〔right〕The people and groups who advocate the adoption of conservative or reactionary measures, especially in government and politics. Also called right wing 右翼分子：支持使用保守的或反动的措施的人或组织，尤指政府中或政治上的 也作 right wing〔sneak〕Snuck is an Americanism first introduced in the 19th century as a nonstandard regional variant ofsneaked. But widespread use ofsnuck has become more common with every generation. It is now used by educated speakers in all regions,and there is some evidence to suggest that it is more frequent among younger speakers thansneaked is. Formal written English is naturally and properly more conservative than other varieties, of course,and heresnuck still meets with much resistance. Many writers and editors have a lingering unease about the form,particularly if they recall its nonstandard origins.In fact, our consolidated citations, exhibiting almost 10,000 instances ofsneaked and snuck, indicate thatsneaked is preferred by a factor of 7 to 2. And 67 percent of the Usage Panel disapproves ofsnuck. Nevertheless, in recent yearssnuck has been quietly establishing itself in formal writing. An electronic search of a wide range of reputable publications turns up hundreds of citations forsnuck, not just in sports writingbut in news columns and commentary: Snuck 是一个美国独创词， 19世纪作为sneaked 的不标准的地方变体被首次引入。 在每一代，snuck 这个词都得到了广泛应用。 现在，任何地区受过教育的人都使用它，而且证据显示在年轻的使用者中，它比sneaked 更加常用。 当然，正式的文字英语自然要比其它语体保守一些，在这里，snuck 一词还是受到了排挤。 许多作家和编辑对这个词的形式有一种长久的反感，特别是联系到它不标准的起源。实际上，在我们反复验证过的显示约一万个使用sneaked 和 snuck 的引文中， 表明sneaked 受到青睐的程度为七比二。 用法专题使用小组成员中百分之六十七的人的反对snuck 一词。 但是，最近几年，snuck 在正式文体中也悄悄确立了它的地位。 对一系列著名出版物的电子扫描调查显示出几百处使用snuck 的地方， 而且不光是在体育文章中，在新闻专栏和评论中也有使用： 〔stodgy〕Prim or pompous; stuffy:古板的或做作的；保守的：〔gear〕geared the speech to a conservative audience.调整演讲以适应保守的观众〔oscillate〕"The court has oscillated over the decades from more liberal to less, more conservative to less, depending upon who was president at the time of vacancies"(Gordon J. Humphrey)See Synonyms at swing “几十年来法庭一直（在自由和保守问题上）摇摆不定，自由多了就限制些，太保守了就自由点，这一切都取决于谁来填补总统这个空缺”(戈登J.汉弗莱) 参见 swing〔Derain〕French artist who was one of the original fauvists but eventually adopted a more conservative style.德兰，安德鲁：(1880-1954) 法国画家，最早的野兽派画家之一，但最后，他采取了一种更加保守的风格〔conservative〕Favoring traditional views and values; tending to oppose change.保守的：支持传统的观点和社会准则的；倾向于反对变革的〔Goldwater〕American politician. A conservative Republican, he served as U.S. senator from Arizona (1953-1965 and 1969-1987) and ran unsuccesfully for President in 1964.戈德华特，巴里·莫里斯：(生于 1909) 美国政治家，保守的共和党人，是亚利桑那州来的国会参议员（1953-1965和1969-1987年），1964年参加总统选举未获成功〔worst〕Under the most negative circumstances, estimation, or interpretation:在最坏的形式下：在最恶劣的环境，在最保守的估计下，在最不利的解释下：〔indrawn〕Emotionally unresponsive or reserved; withdrawn:内向的：性格上不活跃或保守的；沉默内向的：〔Fabian〕Cautious or dilatory, as in taking action.谨慎而保守的：谨慎的、保守的，如在采取行动中〔profane〕"Keep that which is committed to thy trust, avoiding profane and vain babblings" (I Timothy 6:20).“保守别人告诉你的秘密，避免世俗和傲慢的胡言乱语” （提摩太书第一卷6:20)。〔Chesterton〕British writer and critic known for his Roman Catholicism and his conservative political views. His works include essays, a series of detective novels featuring Father Brown, and volumes of criticism and polemics.切斯特顿，吉尔伯特·基思：(1874-1936) 英国作家和批评家，信仰罗马天主教，政治观点保守。他的著作包括散文，一系列以布朗神父为主角的侦探小说以及几卷评论及辩论文集〔constipated〕Stiff, stodgy, or recalcitrant:坚定的、保守的或顽强的：〔coy〕Tending to avoid people and social situations; reserved.怕羞的：倾向于逃避公众和社交场合的；保守的〔filiopietistic〕Of or relating to an often immoderate reverence for forebears or tradition.保守的：属于或关于对祖先或传统往往过于虔诚的〔minimalist〕One who advocates a moderate or conservative approach, action, or policy, as in a political or governmental organization.保守派，少数派：在政治或政府组织中宣扬中间或保守的路线、行动或政策的人〔redneck〕One who is regarded as having a provincial, conservative, often bigoted sociopolitical attitude.红脖子：被认为是持有狭隘保守，经常是有偏见的社会政治观点的人〔camp〕The council members disagreed, falling into liberal and conservative camps.理事会成员们意见相左，分成自由和保守两个阵营〔conservatize〕"He has prepared himself by . . . conservatizing his politics"(Peter Goldman)“他通过使自己的政治主张趋于保守来作好心理准备”(彼得·戈德曼)〔ascendant〕a conservative policy currently in the ascendant.目前保守政策处优势地位〔conservative〕Conservative Of or adhering to Conservative Judaism. Conservative 保守犹太教的或拥护保守犹太教的〔conservatize〕To make conservative or more conservative:使保守：使成为保守的或更加保守的：〔anonymous〕Having an unknown or withheld authorship or agency:匿名的：不知道，保守作者或机构的：〔reserve〕Self-restraint in expression; reticence:保守；慎言：在表达上的自我约束；沉默寡言：〔reactionary〕Characterized by reaction, especially opposition to progress or liberalism; extremely conservative.反应的，反动的，保守的：以反应为特征的，特点指反对社会进步或自由主义的；极端保守的〔possum〕Since English is a language that stresses some syllables and not others, weakly stressed syllables,especially those preceding strong stresses, are dropped at times.This process, called aphesis when it occurs at the beginning of a word,is more common in regional American dialects than in the more conservative Standard English,which tends to retain in pronunciation anything reflected in spelling.Although many American dialects feature aphesis,it is most famous in the dialects of the South,where it yields pronunciationssuch ascount of for (on) account of, tater for potato, possum for opossum, and skeeter for mosquito. 由于英语是一种强调某些音节而不强调另一些音节的语言，所以弱音音节，特别是那些在重音音节之前的弱音音节就常常被省掉了。这个过程，如发生于一个字的开头就叫做词首非重读短元音省略。这种现象在美国地方方言中比在更为保守的标准英语中要常见得多，因为标准英语趋向于将拼写中的每一个字母都在发音中加以保存。虽然许多美国方言具有词首非重读短元音省略的特征，但这一现象在南方的方言中最为显著，并产生了许多新发音，如(on) account of 被读成 count of，potato 被读成 tater，opossum 被读成 possum 以及 mosquito 则被读成 skeeter 〔mum〕Say nothing of the secret you know:保密：保守你知道的秘密： |
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