| 单词 | 佩尔 |
| 释义 | 〔Glaspell〕American writer who cofounded an alternative theater group, the Provincetown Players (1915), and wrote novels, short stories, and plays, such asAlison's House (1930). 格拉斯佩尔，苏珊·吉丁：(1882-1948) 美国作家，创建了一个可替换演出剧团——普罗文斯敦剧团（1915年），写有小说、短故事以及剧本，例如《艾利森的房子》 （1930年） 〔spelt〕A hardy wheat grown mostly in Europe.斯佩尔特小麦：主要产于欧洲的一种耐寒性小麦〔guillotine〕"At half past 12 the guillotine severed her head from her body.”So reads the statementcontaining the first recorded use ofguillotine in English, found in theAnnual Register of 1793. The word occurs in a context clearly illustrating the function of theguillotine, "a machine with a heavy blade that falls freely between upright guides to behead a condemned person.” Ironically, the guillotine, which became the most notable symbol of the excesses of the French Revolution,was named for a humanitarian physician, Joseph Ignace Guillotin.Guillotin, a member of the French Constituent Assembly,recommended in a speech to that body on October 10, 1789,that executions be performed by a beheading device rather than by hanging, the method used for commoners, or by the sword, reserved for the nobility.He argued that beheading by machine was quicker and less painful than the work of the rope and the sword.In 1791 the Assembly did indeed adopt beheading by machine as the state's preferred method of execution.A beheading device designed by Dr. Antoine Louis, secretary of the College of Surgeons, was first used on April 25, 1792, to execute a highwayman named Pelletier or Peletier.The device was called alouisette or louison after its inventor's name,but because of Guillotin's famous speech,his name became irrevocably associated with the machine. After Guillotin's death in 1814,his children tried unsuccessfully to get the device's name changed.When their efforts failed,they were allowed to change their name instead.“十二点半，断头台斩落了他的头颅。”这句话如此写道。这是英语文章中第一次使用guillotine 这个词， 它出现在1793年的年度文摘 中。 该文中，该词清楚地体现了guillotine 的功用——“利用垂直向下砍落的重斧斩落犯人头颅的机器。” 令人啼笑皆非的是，这一成为法国大革命中恐怖暴行最显著标志的断头台，竟是因一个人文主义医生，约瑟夫·英格纳斯·吉约坦命名的。吉约坦是法国国民代表大会的成员，在1789年10月的一次发言中向大会提出，在处决犯人时以一种砍头的机器来代替处决普通犯人时所用的绞刑或是处决贵族时使用的宝剑。他认为用机器砍头比用绳子或宝剑快而且痛苦小。1791年，国民大会确实将用机器砍头定为国家处决犯人的方法。由外科医生院秘书长安东尼·路易医生设计的砍头装置在1792年4月25日处决拦路强盗佩尔蒂或佩尔捷时第一次使用。这个装置被称为路易塞特 或 路易森 ， 因由其发明者而得名。但是由于吉约坦那次著名的发言，他的名字不可避免地与这种机器联系在一起。1814年吉约坦死后，他的子孙试图为这种机器换个名字,但没有成功。当他们的努力失败后，他们得到允许，改换了自己的名字〔advance〕"advanced the China trip during which the first trade agreements . . . were signed"(Suzanne Perney)“在首次签署贸易协议的中国之行中做先遣人员”(苏珊·佩尔内)〔Singer〕Polish-born American Yiddish writer who has published such collections asGimpel the Fool (1957) and Passions (1975). He won the 1978 Nobel Prize for literature. 辛格，艾萨克·巴什尔维斯：(1904-1991) 波兰裔美国意第绪语作家，他出版的作品有《傻瓜吉姆佩尔》 （1957年）和 《情感》 （1975年）等选集。他荣获1978年诺贝尔文学奖 〔stapelia〕after Jan Bode van Stapel (died 1636), Dutch botanist 源自扬·博德·范 施塔佩尔 （卒于1636年），荷兰植物学家 〔Joseph〕Nez Percé leader who conducted a skillful but unsuccessful retreat from U.S. forces (1877).约瑟夫：内兹佩尔塞人首领，他曾娴熟地指挥过一次从美国军队那里的撤军，但未成功(1877年） |
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