| 单词 | 以致 |
| 释义 | 〔correct〕The wrong is too great to be redressed.大错特错以致无法补救。〔steep〕The central meaning shared by these adjectives is "so sharply inclined as to be almost perpendicular": 这些形容词共有的中心意思是“倾斜太大以致近乎垂直”： 〔blamed〕drove so blamed slow that we were late; called me a blamed fool.开得太慢，以致我们迟到了；叫我该死的傻瓜〔incurable〕Being such that a cure is impossible; not curable:不能医治的；无药可救的：情况如此以致不可救药的；治不了的：〔insanitary〕So unclean as to be a likely cause of disease:不洁的：如此不卫生以致可能导致疾病的：〔shambles〕The original sense ofshambles to denote a meat market is by now so obscurein American usage that it must be counted the height of pedantry to insist,as a few critics continue to do,that the word should be used metaphorically only to refer to a scene of carnage.作为指肉市的单词shambles 的原始意义， 现在已很模糊，以致在美语用法中认为这个词只能隐喻地指屠杀情景，若还象一些批评家继续做的那样，准会被看作是极度迂腐的做法〔ultramicroscopic〕Too minute to be seen with an ordinary microscope.超出普通显微镜可见范围的：太小了以致普通显微镜下看不到的〔overpopulate〕To fill (an area, for example) with excessive population to the detriment of the inhabitants, resources, or environment.使人口过密：使（如一地区）人口过剩，以致有害于居民、资源和环境〔buffalo〕The buffalo is so closely associated with the Wild West that it would seem natural to assume that its name comes from a Native American word, as is the case with the wordsmoose and skunk. In fact, however,buffalo can probably be traced back by way of one or more of the Romance languages, such as Portuguese, Spanish, or Italian, through Vulgar Latin and Latin and ultimately to the Greek wordboubalos, meaning "an antelope or a buffalo.” The buffalo referred to by the Greek and Latin words was, of course, not the American one but rather an Old World mammal, such as the water buffalo of southern Asia.Applied to the North American mammal,buffalo is in fact a misnomer, bison being the preferred term. As far as everyday usage is concerned, however,buffalo, first recorded for the American mammal in 1635, is older thanbison, first recorded in 1774. 野牛同西部荒原联系如此紧密以致人们很自然地认为这个名字源于美洲本地语言，就象这两个词moose 和 skunk。 然而，实际上buffalo 一词可以通过一种或更多种日耳曼语言，如葡萄牙语、西班牙语或意大利语溯源。 通过通俗拉丁语和拉丁语最终追溯到希腊词boubalos 意思是“羚羊或野牛”。 希腊语和拉丁语所指的野牛当然不是美洲野牛，而是东半球的一种哺乳动物，如南亚水牛。就北美哺乳动物来说，buffalo 实际上是用词不当， bison 才是合适的词。 然而就日常用法而言，buffalo 于1635年首次被用于记录美国哺乳动物， 比首次记录于1774年的bison 要早些 〔mix〕These verbs mean to put into or come together in one mass so that constituent parts or elements are diffused or commingled.这些动词意味着放入或混合成一团以致其构成部分或成分被分散或混合。〔Caracalla〕Emperor of Rome (211-217) who was obsessed with and sought to imitate Alexander the Great. His brutal, undisciplined rule of the empire, however, led to his assassination and left only a legacy of infamy.卡拉卡拉：罗马皇帝(211-217年），曾着迷地试图效仿亚历山大大帝。然而，他对帝国的残暴，不合理的统治，以致被暗杀，只留下遗臭万年的污名〔patience〕Too timorous to protest the disrespect with which she was being treated, the young woman could only accept it with resignation.这个年轻的女人太懦弱了以致无力抗争她所遭受的不敬，她只能接受这一事实。〔tycoon〕Business tycoons may consider themselves captains or even princes of industry,but by virtue of being calledtycoons, they have already achieved princely status,at least from an etymological point of view.Tycoon came into English from Japanese, which had borrowed the title, meaning "great prince,” from Chinese.Use of the word was intended to make the shogun,the commander in chief of the Japanese army, more impressive to foreigners (his official titleshōgun merely meant "general"). In fact, the shogun actually ruled Japan,although he was supposedly acting for the emperor.When Matthew C. Perry opened Japan to the West in 1854,he negotiated with the shogun, thinking him to be the emperor.The shogun's title,taikun, was brought back to the United States after Perry's visit.Abraham Lincoln's cabinet members usedtycoon as an affectionate nickname for the President. The word soon came to be used for business and industry leaders—perhaps at times for those who had as much right to such an impressive title as did the shogun.The word itself now has an old-fashioned sound,but when we encounter it,we should think back to the days of Commodore Perry and President Lincoln,both of whom were real tycoons in their own ways.商界大亨可能把他们自己当成是工业界的长官或甚至王子，但是因为被叫做tycoon ， 他们早已达到了王子般的地位，至少从词源学的观点来说是这样。Tycoon 由日语进入英语， 而日语的这个头衔是从汉语借来的，意思是“大王”。使用这个词是为了使幕府将军，日本军队的总指挥官给外国人以深刻的印象（他的官方头衔shogun 的意思仅仅是“将军”）。 实际上，是幕府将军统治着日本，尽管他被认为是为天皇办事。当马修·C·佩里1854年使日本向西方开放时，他和幕府将军进行了谈判，以为他就是日本天皇。幕府将军的头衔taikun ， 在佩里访问美国后带到了美国。亚伯拉罕·林肯的内阁成员把tycoon 用作总统的充满感情的绰号。 这个词很快也被用于商界和工界的领导人，也许有时这些人象幕府将军那样有权以致给人深刻的印象。这个词本身听起来有点老派，但是当我们遇到它时，我们应该回想起佩里海军准将和林肯总统的时代，他们两人以各自的方式成为真正的巨头〔awkward〕too gauche to leave the room when the conversation became intimate.过于笨拙以致在谈话变得过于密切时无法离开房间。〔satiate〕The host served a dessert so sweet that it cloyed.主人端上的甜点太甜以致发腻。〔weak〕"These poor wretches . . . were so weak they could hardly sit to their oars" (Daniel Defoe). “这些可怜的穷人…那么虚弱以致几乎不能坐到他们的桨那里” （丹尼尔·笛福）。 〔Harding〕The 29th President of the United States (1921-1923), who made several misguided appointments that led to a corrupt administration. He died in office.哈定，沃伦·迦玛列：(1865-1923) 美国第29届总统（1921-1923年），他有许多误导的任命以致产生了一个腐败的政府，死于任内〔be〕Traditional grammar requires the nominative form of the pronoun in the predicate of the verbbe : It is I (not me ); That must be they (not them ), and so forth. Even literate speakers of Modern English have found the rule difficult to conform to,but the stigmatization ofIt is me is by now so deeply lodged among the canons of correctness that there is little likelihood that the construction will ever be entirely acceptable in formal writing.Adherence to the traditional rule in informal speech, however, has come to sound increasingly pedantic,and begins to sound absurd when the verb is contracted, as inIt's we. · The traditional rule creates particular problems when the pronoun followingbe also functions as the object of a verb or preposition in a relative clause, as in It is not them/they that we have in mind when we talk about "crime in the streets" nowadays, where the plural pronoun serves as both the predicate ofis and the object of have. In this example, 57 percent of the Usage Panel preferred the nominative formthey, 33 percent preferred the accusativethem, and 10 percent accepted both versions.But H.W. Fowler, like other authorities, argued that the use of the nominative here is an error caused by "the temptation . . . to assume, perhaps from hearingIt is me corrected to It is I, that a subjective [nominative] case cannot be wrong after the verb to be. ” Writers can usually find a way to avoid this problem: They are not the ones we have in mind, We have someone else in mind, and so on. See Usage Note at I 1we 传统语法要求系动词谓语中的代词用主格形式be ： It is I （而不是 me ）； That must be they （而不是 them ），等等。 即使现代英语有文化的人也发现很难遵守这个规则，而It is me 的烙印现在已深刻地印入了判断是否正确的准则之中， 以致很少有可能使这种用法在正式书面语中被完全接受。但是在非正式讲话中奉行传统规则已经日益变得象在卖弄学问。并且当系动词被缩减时，就象在It's we 中一样，听起来反而象是不合语法的。 当代词跟在be 后面做动词宾语或做关系从句中的介语宾语时，传统的规则就象在 当我们谈到当今“街上的犯罪”时，他们不是我们心中所想的那些人， 句中复数代词同时充当is 的宾语和 have 的宾语。 在这个例子中57%的用法使用小组更喜欢用主格形式they， 33%更喜欢用宾格形式them， 而10%则两种都接受。但是象其他的权威一样，H.W.福勒争论道，在这里用主格是一个错误，它之所以错是因为“多半听到了It is me 都被改正成 It is I 而拿不定主意，以为主格的情况在动词 to be 后面不可能错。” 作家们常常能够找到一个办法来避免这个问题： 他们不是我们所想的人，我们脑子里想的是另一些人等等 参见 I1we〔reek〕Reek is a word that can be said to have been degraded by the company that it has kept. The Old English wordrēocan, one of two ancestors of our word, meant "to emit vapor, steam, or smoke,” while the other Old English ancestor,rēcan, meant "to fumigate, expose to smoke,” or "to cause to emit smoke, burn incense.”Burning incense and fumigating are certainly a far cry from the sort of thing now denoted by the verbreek. But at least in one case Old Englishrēocan did mean "to stink,” hardly a surprise when one considers how bad some smoke smells. Middle Englishreken, the descendant of these two Old English words, never meant "to stink,” but it could refer to a stench while meaning "to rise, ascend.”It would seem that the various exhalations of heated persons and animals, of freshly shed blood, and of smoke referred to by Middle Englishreken and its Modern English descendantreek eventually overwhelmed the word, so that as far as concrete senses are concerned, we largely think of it as meaning "to stink.”Reek 这个词可以说是近墨者黑的典型。 意为“散发出蒸气或烟”的古英语单词是reocan 的两个词源之一， 而另一个古英语词源是recan ， 意为“熏，与烟接触，”或“使散发烟，焚香”。焚香和熏的义项与今天使用的动词reek 的意义已相差甚远。 但至少古英语中reocan 确有“发出恶臭”之意，想到烟有多难闻，生出这一意思也就不足为奇了。 中古英语reken 是这两个古英语词的后代， 但却从无“发出恶臭”之意，在表示“上升，登高”之意时可以指臭气。中古英语reken 一词可指发热的人和畜的各种呼气、刚流出的鲜血以及烟， 其现代英语传下的词reek 最终覆盖了此词的本来意义， 以致我们一般认为该词的具体意思是“发出难闻的气味”〔calve〕To break at an edge, so that a portion separates. Used of a glacier or an iceberg.崩解：在边缘崩裂以致一部分分离开去。用于冰川或冰山〔mix〕Greed and charity don't mix. Toblend is to mix intimately and harmoniously so that the components shade into each other, losing some or all of their original definition: 贪婪和怜悯是不相容的。 Blend 是紧密而和谐地混合以致各成分彼此融合而失去其某些或全部的原始定义： 〔malign〕"My character was traduced by Captain Hawkins . . . so much so, that even the ship's company cried out shame" (Frederick Marryat).“我的人格遭到了霍金斯船长的羞辱…以致船员们都替我觉得无地自容” （弗雷德里克·马里亚特）。〔space〕I was supposed to meet her, but I spaced out and forgot.我本应该和她见面的，但我昏昏沉沉地以致把事给忘了〔misfit〕One who is unable to adjust to one's environment or circumstances or is considered to be disturbingly different from others.不适应环境的人：不能适应其环境或氛围的或被认为与他人不同以致烦扰他人的人〔inconceivable〕So unlikely or surprising as to have been thought impossible; unbelievable:不可思议的; 难以置信的：如此难以置信或令人吃惊以致已经认为不可能的；难以相信的：〔Chatterton〕British poet who fooled scholars by ascribing his poetry to a 15th-century monk, Thomas Rowley. Unable to support himself by writing, Chatterton became dejected and took his own life at age 18. His work and example influenced the romantic poets.查特顿，托马斯：(1752-1770) 英国诗人，曾称其诗为15世纪修士托玛斯·罗利所来愚弄学者。查特顿无法通过写作维持生计，以致穷困潦倒并于18岁自杀。他的作品及事例影响了浪漫主义诗人〔campylotropous〕Having an ovule partially inverted and curved such that the micropyle nearly meets the funiculus.弯生胚珠的：具有部分地反向生长并变弯曲以致卵孔几乎碰到珠柄的胚珠的〔impotent〕Lacking in power, as to act effectively; helpless:无力的，无效的：缺乏力量以致不起作用的；无助的：〔conventional〕Devoted to or bound by conventions to the point of artificiality; ceremonious.因袭的：过分注意或拘泥于习俗以致有点做作的；拘泥于俗套的〔bad〕Bad is often used as an adverb in sentences such asThe house was shaken up pretty bad orWe need water bad. This usage is common in informal speechbut is widely regarded as unacceptable in formal writing.In an earlier survey,the sentenceHis tooth ached so bad he could not sleep was unacceptable to 92 percent of the Usage Panel. · The use ofbadly with want, once considered incorrect,is now entirely acceptable: Bad 在句子中常用作副词， 如这座房子摇晃得很厉害， 或是我们非常需要水。 在非正式演讲中这一用法很普遍，但在正式书面语中广泛地被认为不能接受。在早期的调查中，句子他牙疼得厉害以致睡不着觉。 对于92%的用法小组成员来说是不能接受的。badly 和 want 连用的用法， 曾经被认为是不正确的，现在则完全被接受： 〔satiate〕The actor is so vain that he can never be satiated with adulation.那个演员太爱虚荣以致奉承已不能使他满足。〔watertight〕So tightly made that water cannot enter or escape.水密的：制造之紧密以致水无法进入或漏出的〔accolade〕Those who have received so many accolades that they have no fear of getting it in the neck may have to reconsider their situation.In tracingaccolade back to its Latin origins, we find that it was formed from the prefixad-, "to, on,” and the noun collum, "neck,” which may bring the wordcollar to mind. From these elements came the Vulgar Latin word.accollāre, which, in turn, was the source of Frenchaccolade, "an embrace.” An embrace was originally given to a knight when dubbing him,a fact that accounts foraccolade having the technical sense "ceremonial bestowal of knighthood,” the sense in which the word is first recorded in English in 1623.那些接受了如此多的拥吻以致不怕再在颈部接受的人，也许应考虑一下他们所处状况。追溯accolade 的拉丁文辞源， 我们可以发现它是由前缀ad- “到在…之上”之意和名词 collum， “颈部”之意， 这词使我们想起collar 一词。 从这些成分组成俗拉丁词accollare， 而这词反过来又成为法语词accolade， “拥抱”的词源。 原来是指骑士授予时所给予的拥抱，这事实可解释accolade 一词带“授予骑士称号的典礼”的意义， 这个词带这种意义在英语中是在1623年第一次使用〔cold〕So intense as to be almost uncontrollable:勉强忍住的：如此强烈以致几乎不能控制的：〔beignet〕New Orleans, Louisiana, has been a rich contributor of French loan words and local expressions to American English.One variety of speech in this city is so distinctive that it has a name:yat. Many of the words, such asbeignet, café au lait, faubourg, lagniappe, and krewe, reflect the New World French cuisine and culture characterizing this city and much of southern Louisiana. Other words reflect distinctive physical characteristics of the city:banquette, a raised sidewalk, and camelback and shotgun, distinctive architectural styles found among New Orleans houses. 路易斯安娜州的新奥尔良对法语词汇和当地表达方式溶入美式英语起了很大贡献。这个城市里的语言是如此独特以致人们叫它yat。 许多词如beignet，cafè au lait，faubourg，lagniappe 和 krewe 反映了该城和南路易丝安娜州大部地区的新大陆上法式的烹饪和文化特色。 其它词反映了该城独特的外貌和特征：banquette 高起的人行道， camelback 和 shotgun 新奥尔良房屋的独特建筑形式 〔derisory〕a contribution so small as to be derisory.贡献如此之小以致受人嘲笑〔tailgate〕To drive so closely behind (another vehicle) that one cannot stop or swerve with ease in an emergency.追尾：紧随（另一辆车）行驶，其车距太小以致驾驶者在出现紧急情况时无法制动或转向〔scaler〕An electronic circuit that records the aggregate of a specific number of signals that occur too rapidly to be recorded individually.计数器：一种总括记录成堆信号的电路，记录那些因传送太快以致不能单个记录下来的信号 |
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