| 单词 | 以及 |
| 释义 | 〔Luce〕American writer and public official. She wrote several plays, includingThe Women (1936), and served as ambassador to Italy (1953-1956). 卢斯，克拉雷·布思：(1902-1987) 美国作家以及政府官员。她写过几个剧本，包括《女人》 （1936年），曾担任美驻意大利大使(1953-1956年） 〔tragopan〕Any of several Asian pheasants of the genusTragopan, the male of which has a brightly colored wattle and two blue hornlike appendages on the head. 角雉：亚洲产角雉 属雉鸡，雄雉头部有色彩艳丽的内垂以及两蓝色的角状附属物 〔mind〕 Intellect stresses the capacity for knowing, thinking, and understanding as contrasted with feeling and willing: Intellect 强调认知、思维以及理解等与知觉和愿望相对的能力： 〔stalactite〕The wordsstalagmite and stalactite have confused many a person. A look into the history of the Greek sources of these two words may help.Both words can be traced back to the wordstalassein, "to drip,” which is appropriatesince both words denote deposits in caves formed by the dripping of mineral-rich water.The Greek base from whichstalassein was formed was stalak- and to this base were added several endings that concern us,specifically-ma, a noun suffix most frequently denoting the result of an action, -mo-, a suffix denoting the action of a verb as well as a result, and -to-, an adjective suffix forming verbal adjectives. With these suffixes and the addition of the inflectional endings, as well as a sound change from (k) to (g) before (m),we getstalagma, "that which drops, a drop,” stalagmos, "dropping, dripping of stalactites,” and stalaktos, "dropping, dripping.” Using these Greek words,Olaus Wormius formed the Modern Latin wordstalactītēs, the stalac- part meaning "dripping" and the-ītēs part being commonly used to name fossils and minerals when preceded by a form expressing a physical characteristic, in this case "dripping.” Wormius also used the termstalagmītēs, the stalag- portion expressing the notion of what drops, taken either fromstalagma, "that which drops, a drop,” or stalagmos, "dropping of stalactites.” Stalactītēs and stalagmītēs, of course, are the sources of our English words stalactite (first recorded in 1677), the formation on the tops of caves, and stalagmite (first recorded in 1681), the formation on the bottoms of caves. They have been causing trouble ever since.单词stalagmite 和 stalactite 令许多人混淆。 对这两个词的希腊起源历史进行研究可能会帮助理解。这两个字都能追溯到单词stalassein （“滴下”）， 这是很恰当的，因为两个字都表示洞里由富含矿物的水下滴而形成的沉积。形成stalassein 的希腊根源是 stalak- ， 在这个根源上加上几个与我们有关的词尾，特别是-ma （往往用来表示动作结果的名词后缀）， -mo- （用来表示动词的动作和结果的后缀）和 -to- （形成动词性形容词的形容词后缀）。 通过这些后缀和屈折变化词尾的添加以及在(m)前面由(k)到(g)的变音，我们得到了stalagma （“滴下的东西，一滴”）、 stalagmos “滴，滴下钟乳石”和 stalaktos （“落下，滴下的”）。 利用这些希腊字，奥罗斯·沃米斯组成了现代拉丁单词stalactites ， stalac- 意指“滴”。 而-ites 当由一个表示物理特征的形式开头时，通常用来表示化石和矿物，指“滴下”。 沃米斯也使用stalagmites ， stalag- 表示滴下的东西的概念， 源于stalagma （“滴下的东西，一滴”）或 stalagmos （“滴下的钟乳石”）。 stalacitites 和 stalagmites ，当然是我们的英语单词 stalactite （首次出现于1677年）即洞穴顶部的形成物和 stalagmite （最早记载于1681年）即洞穴底部的形成物的源头。 自那以后它们就常造成一些麻烦〔plant〕The equipment, including machinery, tools, instruments, and fixtures and the buildings containing them, necessary for an industrial or manufacturing operation.工厂设备：工业或制造业生产所需的设备，包括机器、工具、仪器和固定装置，以及容纳它们的建筑物〔Lucas〕American film director, producer, and screenwriter best known as a pioneer of special effects, especially in hisStar Wars motion-picture series, including Star Wars (1977), The Empire Strikes Back (1980), and The Return of the Jedi (1983). 卢卡斯，乔治：美国电影导演、制片人和编剧，以电影特效先驱著称，尤其是《星际大战》 电影系列，包括 《星际大战》 （1977年）、 《帝国反击》 （1980年）以及 《绝地武士归来》 （1983年） 〔paleobotany〕The branch of paleontology that deals with plant fossils and ancient vegetation.史前植物学：古生物学的分支，研究植物化石以及古代植被〔Saramago〕Portuguese writer especially noted for his novels, which includeCountry of Sin (1947), Baltasar and Blimunda (1982), and The Stone Raft (1986). He was awarded the 1998 Nobel Prize for literature. 萨拉马戈，荷西：葡萄牙作家，因其小说而著名，包括《罪恶之国》 （1947年）、 《巴达萨与布莉穆妲》 （1982年），以及 《石筏》 （1986年）。他被授予1998年的诺贝尔文学奖 〔Crosby〕American singer and actor noted for his crooning voice and for roles in many films, includingGoing My Way (1944), for which he won an Academy Award. 克罗斯比，哈丽·莉莉丝：(1904-1977) 美国歌星和演员，以其低哼的嗓音以及在众多影片中扮演的角色而闻名，其中有一部影片是《走我的路》 （1944年），他因此获得了一项奥斯卡大奖 〔Lang〕Austrian-born American filmmaker. He madeMetropolis (1927), M (1931), and a number of other expressionist films before fleeing to Hollywood from Nazi Germany. His American films include Fury (1936) and The Ministry of Fear (1944). 兰，弗里兹：(1890-1976) 奥地利裔美国电影制作人，从纳粹德国逃往好莱坞之前他创作了《大都会》 （1927年）、 《M》 以及许多其他表现主义电影作品。他所创作的美国影片有 《狂怒》 （1936年）和 《恐惧内阁》 （1944年） 〔snowmobile〕A small vehicle with skilike runners in front and tanklike treads, used for driving in or traveling on snow. Also called skimobile 雪地机动车：前端有类似滑行装置以及类似坦克胎面的小车，用来在雪地上驾驶或旅行 也作 skimobile〔Adler〕Russian-born actor active in Yiddish theater. His childrenStella (born 1902) and Luther (1903-1984) became prominent American actors. 阿德勒，雅格布：(1855-1926) 活跃于犹太剧院的俄裔演员。其子斯特拉 （生于1902年）以及 路德 （1903-1984年）成为美国著名的演员 〔Skagway〕A town of southeast Alaska at the head of the Lynn Canal north-northwest of Juneau. It was a boom town and the gateway to the Klondike during the Alaskan gold rush (1897-1898). Population, 692.斯卡圭：美国阿拉斯加东南部一城市，位于林恩运河一端，在朱诺西北偏北。是一座在阿拉斯加淘金热(1897-1898年）中迅速发展起来的城市以及通往克朗代克的要道。人口692〔noise〕We couldn't hear the starting announcement above the hubbub of bettors, speculators, tipsters, and touts.在打赌者、投机者、密报者以及出售赛马情报者们的喧嚣声中我们无法听到开始的宣告。〔Glaspell〕American writer who cofounded an alternative theater group, the Provincetown Players (1915), and wrote novels, short stories, and plays, such asAlison's House (1930). 格拉斯佩尔，苏珊·吉丁：(1882-1948) 美国作家，创建了一个可替换演出剧团——普罗文斯敦剧团（1915年），写有小说、短故事以及剧本，例如《艾利森的房子》 （1930年） 〔Diaghilev〕Russian ballet impresario whose Ballets Russes company, founded in Paris in 1909, featured the extraordinary talents of, among others, the dancers Nijinsky and Pavlova, the choreographers Fokine and Massine, the composers Ravel and Stravinsky, and the artists Léger and Picasso.达基列夫，谢尔盖·巴甫罗维奇：(1872-1929) 俄罗斯芭蕾舞团经理，其芭蕾舞团于1909年在巴黎成立，有许多特别的天才是其特色，其中有舞蹈家尼金斯基和帕瓦洛娃、舞蹈动作指导富基尼和马歇尼、作曲家拉威尔和斯塔维斯基以及美术家莱热和毕加索〔bailiff〕An official who assists a British sheriff and who has the power to execute writs, processes, and arrests.司法官：协助英国执行官的官员，有权执行令状、发传票以及逮捕〔copacetic〕We know very little about the origin of the wordcopacetic, meaning "excellent, first-rate.” Is its origin to be found in Italian, in the speech of southern Black people, in the Creole French dialect of Louisiana, or in Hebrew?John O'Hara, who used the word inAppointment in Samarra, later wrote thatcopacetic was "a Harlem and gangster corruption of an Italian word.” O'Hara went on to say, "I don't know how to spell the Italian,but it's something like copacetti.” His uncertainty about how to spell the Italian is paralleled by uncertainty about how to spellcopacetic itself. Copacetic has been recorded with the spellings copasetic, copasetty, copesetic, copisettic, and kopasettee. The spelling is now more or less fixed, however, ascopacetic or copasetic, even though the origin of the word has not been determined.The Harlem connection mentioned by O'Hara would seem more likely than the Italian,sincecopacetic was used by Black jazz musicians and is said to have been Southern slang in the late 19th century. Ifcopacetic is Creole French in origin, it would also have a Southern homeland.According to this explanation,copacetic came from the Creole French word coupersètique, which meant "able to be coped with,” "able to cope with anything and everything,” "in good form,”and also "having a healthy appetite or passion for life or love.”Those who support the Hebrew or Yiddish origin ofcopacetic do not necessarily deny the Southern connections of the word. One explanation has it that Jewish storekeepers used the Hebrew phrasekol bĕṣedeq, "all with justice,”when asked if things were O.K. Black children who were in the store as customers or employees heard this phrase ascopacetic. No explanation of the origin ofcopacetic, including the ones discussed here, has won the approval of scholars, as is clearly shown by the etymology ofcopacetic in the first volume of the Dictionary of American Regional English, published in 1985: "Etym unknown.” 我们对copacetic 这个词的词源所知甚少，其意为“极好的、一流的”。 它是起源于意大利语、南方黑人口语、路易斯安那州的克里奥耳人的法语方言还是希伯来语？约翰·奥哈拉在撒马拉的约会 中用到这个词， 他后来写到copacetic 是“变成哈莱姆黑人居住区和强盗土语的意大利词”。 奥哈拉还说，“我不知道原来的意大利词是如何拼写的，但是有点象copacetti"。与他不敢肯定如何拼写这个意大利词一样，他对copacetic 一词本身的拼法也不敢肯定。 Copacetic 曾经被拼写成 copasetic, copasetty, copesetic, copisettic 以及 kopasettee。 现在它的拼法多少已经固定成copacetic 或 copasetic， 尽管这个词的词源仍未被确定。奥哈拉所提及的它与哈莱姆黑人居住区的关系看上去比它和意大利语的关系更有可能，因为黑人爵士歌手曾用过copacetic 这个词，并且据说在19世纪晚期它曾是南方的俚语。 如果copacetic 在词源上是克里奥耳人的法语， 那么它也是从南方来的。根据这一解释，copacetic 来自克里奥耳人法语中 coupersetique 一词， 表示“有能力与人竞争的”、“有能力处理任何事情及一切事情的”、“以好的方式的”，还表示“对生活或爱情有正常的欲望或激情的”。那些认为copacetic 来自希伯来语或意第绪语的人并不一定否认这个词与南方的关系。 一种解释认为，犹太店主们在被询问是否一切都好时用了希伯来语中的短语kol bĕṣedeq 即“一切太平”之意， 在店里作工或买东西的黑人儿童将这个短语听成了copacetic。 在关于copacetic 词源的解释中，包括以上讨论的这些，没有一种得到学者们的认可， 这一点我们可以在美国方言英语辞典 （1985年出版）第一册关于 copacetic 一词的词源解释中清楚地看到：“词源不知” 〔nickel〕Symbol Ni A silvery, hard, ductile, ferromagnetic metallic element used in alloys, in corrosion-resistant surfaces and batteries, and for electroplating. Atomic number 28; atomic weight 58.71; melting point 1,453°C; boiling point 2,732°C; specific gravity 8.902; valence 0, 1, 2, 3. See table at element 符号 Ni 镍：一种银色的、坚硬有韧性的金属元素，用于合金、耐腐的表面和电池以及电镀。原子序数28；原子量58.71；熔点1,453°C；沸点2,732°C；比重8.902；化合价0，1，2，3 参见 element〔Eisenstein〕Soviet filmmaker considered among the most influential directors in the history of motion pictures. His films includePotemkin (1925) and Alexander Nevsky (1938), his first film with sound. 爱森斯坦，谢尔盖·米哈伊洛维奇：(1898-1948) 苏联电影摄制人，被认为是电影史上最有影响的导演之一，他导演的影片包括《战舰波将金号》 （1925年），以及他的第一部有声电影 《亚历山大·涅夫斯基》 （1938年） 〔Jacobs〕American tennis player who won the U.S. Open singles title four times (1932-1935) and the Wimbledon singles title in 1936.雅各布斯，海伦·赫尔：美国网球选手，四次蝉联美国网球公开赛女单冠军（1932年-1935年）以及1936年的英国温布尔登女单冠军〔focus〕"He was forever taken aback by[New York's] pervasive atmosphere of purposefulness—the tight focus of its drivers, the brisk intensity of its pedestrians" (Anne Tyler)“他久久地惊诧于［纽约］ 所弥漫的那种目的性很强的气氛——司机们的高度集中以及行人的步伐紧凑快速” (安妮·泰勒)〔Henson〕American puppeteer and creator of the Muppets, a troupe of puppets including Kermit the Frog, Ernie and Bert, and Big Bird.汉森，吉姆：(1936-1990) 美国木偶剧表演家，提线木偶即包括青蛙克米特、厄尼和伯特以及大鸟的一群木偶形象的创造者〔Weed〕American journalist and politician. Editor of theAlbany Evening Journal (1830-1862), he exerted great political influence as a leader of the Whig Party and later of the Republican Party. 威德，瑟洛：(1797-1882) 美国新闻工作者和政治活动家。曾任《奥尔巴尼晚报》 编辑（1830-1862年），作为辉格党的领导人以及后来共和党的领导人，他都产生了很大的政治影响 〔palladium〕A soft, ductile, steel-white, tarnish-resistant, metallic element occurring naturally with platinum, especially in gold, nickel, and copper ores. Because it can absorb large amounts of hydrogen, it is used as a purification filter for hydrogen and a catalyst in hydrogenation. It is alloyed for use in electric contacts, jewelry, nonmagnetic watch parts, and surgical instruments. Atomic number 46; atomic weight 106.4; melting point 1,552°C; boiling point 3,140°C; specific gravity 12.02 (20°C); valence 2, 3, 4. See table at element 钯：一种柔软的，易拉长的，银白色的，保持光泽的金属性元素，常与铂共生，尤其在金、镍和铜矿中存在。因为它能吸收大量氢，常用作除氢的过滤器或氢化作用的催化剂。其合金可用于电子接触器、珠宝、无磁性表部件以及外科医用器具。原子序数46；原子量106.4；熔点1,552°C；沸点3,140°C；比重12.02（在20°C时）；化合价2，3，4 参见 element〔Styron〕American writer primarily known for his novels, includingLie Down in Darkness (1951) and The Confessions of Nat Turner (1967). 斯蒂伦，威廉：(生于 1925) 美国作家，主要以其长篇小说著名，包括《在黑暗中躺下》 （写于1951年）以及 《奈特·特纳的忏悔录》 （写于1967年） 〔uraeus〕The figure of the sacred serpent, an emblem of sovereignty depicted on the headdress of ancient Egyptian rulers and deities.圣蛇象：古代埃及统治者以及被奉若神明的人的冠冕上刻饰的象征着权威的神蛇饰物〔Hamburg〕A city of northern Germany on the Elbe River northeast of Bremen. Founded by Charlemagne as a defensive citadel in the early ninth century, the city quickly grew in commercial importance and in 1241 formed an alliance with Lübeck that became the basis for the Hanseatic League. Today Hamburg is a major port and financial, industrial, and cultural center. Population, 1,592,447.汉堡：德国北部一座城市，位于不莱梅东北部易北河岸，于9世纪早期作为一座防御性的城堡要塞为查理曼大帝所建，这座城市的经济上的重要性迅速提高。在1241年它与吕北克建立联盟，这是后来汉萨同盟的基石。今日，汉堡已成为重要的港口，同时又是金融、工业以及文化中心。人口1,592,447〔camas〕Any of several plants of the genusCamassia in the lily family, especially C. quamash of western North America, having grasslike leaves, a raceme of blue flowers, and a bulb that was an important food for various Native American peoples. Also called quamash 卡马夏：一种百合科卡马夏 属的植物，特别是生长在北美洲西部的 卡马夏 ，长有草状叶子、由蓝色花朵组成的总状花序以及一种作为各种美洲土著人重要食物的球茎 也作 quamash〔Bakhtin〕Russian linguist and literary critic, whose writings, includingProblems of Dostoyevsky's Works (1929) and The Dialogic Imagination (1975), were very influential in 20th-century structuralism, poststructuralism, social theory, and the theory of the novel. 巴克廷，米克黑尔·密赫罗夫斯基：俄罗斯语言学家和文学批评家，其作品包括《杜斯妥也夫斯基作品中的问题》 （1929年）以及 《对话的想象》 （1975年），对20世纪的构造主义、后构造主义、社会理论及小说理论影响极深 〔metallurgy〕The science that deals with procedures used in extracting metals from their ores, purifying and alloying metals, and creating useful objects from metals.冶金术：研究从金属矿中提炼金属、提纯与合成金属，以及用金属制造有用物质过程的技术〔Byron〕British poet acclaimed as one of the leading figures of the romantic movement. The "Byronic hero"—lonely, rebellious, and brooding—first appeared inManfred (1817). Among his other works are Childe Harold (1812-1818), The Prisoner of Chillon (1816), and the epic satire Don Juan (1819-1824). Byron was notorious for his love affairs and unconventional lifestyle. He died while working to secure Greek independence from the Turks. 拜伦，乔治·戈登：(1788-1824) 英国诗人，被公认为是浪漫主义运动的先驱。那象征着孤独、反抗和沉思的“拜伦式英雄”的形象最早出现在《曼弗雷德》 （1817年）里。他的其它著作有 《查尔德·哈洛尔德游记》 （1812至1818年）、 《希永的囚徒》 （1816年）以及讽刺长诗 《唐璜》 （1819至1824年）。由于他的恋爱经历和反传统的生活方式，拜伦在当时是名誉扫地的。他在从事希腊脱离土耳其而独立的工作去世 〔Ute〕A Native American people formerly inhabiting a large area of Colorado, Utah, and northern New Mexico, with present-day populations in northeast Utah and along the Colorado-New Mexico border.犹他人：原居住在科罗拉多州，犹他州及新墨西哥州北部等大部分地区的印第安人，现今他们居住在犹他州的东北部地区以及科罗拉多州和新墨西哥州的边界〔continual〕Constant stresses steadiness or persistence of occurrence and unvarying nature: Constant 侧重于事件发生的稳定性和持续性以及经久不变的特点： 〔Spielberg〕American film director whose works includeRaiders of the Lost Ark (1981) and E.T. (1982). 斯皮尔伯格，史蒂文：(生于 1947) 美国电影导演，他的作品包括《夺宝奇兵》 （1981年）以及 《外星人》 （1982年） 〔sirocco〕A hot, humid south or southeast wind of southern Italy, Sicily, and the Mediterranean islands, originating in the Sahara Desert as a dry, dusty wind but becoming moist as it passes over the Mediterranean.西罗科风：吹过意大利南部、西西里以及地中海诸岛的炎热而闷湿的南风或东南风，是发源于撒哈拉沙漠的干燥多尘的风，但是在经过地中海的过程中变得湿润〔center〕andThe trade is centered at Amsterdam; as well as for usagessuch asA storm of battle centered around the king, in which examplearound seems to be the only appropriate choice. See Usage Note at equal 以及贸易集中于阿姆斯特丹； 也有这样的用法，如战斗的风暴围绕着国王 ， 在这个例子里around 似为唯一适当的选择 参见 equal〔Baird〕British electrical engineer and pioneer in the field of television, radar, and fiber optics.贝尔德，约翰·洛吉：(1888-1946) 英国电子工程师和电视、雷达以及光学纤维领域的先驱者〔Tokugawa〕Of or relating to a family of shoguns that ruled Japan from 1603 to 1867, a period marked by centralized feudalism, the growth of urban centers, exclusionary policies against the West, and a rise in literacy.德川（幕府）家族的：属于在公元1603至1867年期间统治日本的幕府家族的，或与其相关的；该时期的主要特色为中央集权封建社会、幕府体制的成长、反西方的锁国政策以及文学艺术的提升〔Houdon〕French sculptor who executed statues of Washington and Voltaire and busts of Jefferson, Rousseau, and Lafayette.乌东，简·安东尼：(1741-1828) 法国雕塑家，他曾雕刻了华盛顿及伏尔泰的全身像以及杰弗逊、卢梭和拉菲德的半身像 |
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